Edexcel As Level Biology

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 GENE 222 Phylogenetic Assignment
GENE 222 Phylogenetic assignment

Question One

A.Sceptrophasma hispidulum
B.Heteropteryx dilatata
C.Eurycnema goliath
D.Phyllium siccofolium
E.Timema knulli

Question Two

These sequences are sourced from Subunit 1 of the Cytochrome Oxidase gene in the Mitochondria.

Question Three

There appears to be a greater interspecific variation along this fragment every three base pairs, which
would suggest a non random pattern. During translation of the DNA sequence, tRNA anticodons
bind to DNA codons specifically, in order to translate the correct amino acid sequence. However,
there is plasticity associated with the third codon position of each tRNA anticodon. This means that
changes can occur on the third base pair of a codon without changing the amino acid that codon
codes for the translation of, and therefore without disrupting the amino acid sequence. This is likely
why greater variation is observed every third base pair, as it is not naturally selected against.

Question Four

Pairwise distance matrix

Question Five

UPGMA Tree

A.Sceptrophasma hispidulum
B.Heteropteryx dilatata
C.Eurycnema goliath
D.Phyllium siccofolium
E.Timema knulli

Question Six ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

This is likely due to the fact that the molecular phylogeny tree published in Whiting et al (2003)
Nature 421:264, is constructed from more complete genomic data from each organism, and therefore
provides a more holistic and inclusive basis for genetic comparison than the above UPGMA tree,
which was constructed from only 81
 Self Esteem
Self Esteem is a personal judgment of one s worth and the satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one
s own self. By this definition Self Esteem is how each individual person views them selves as a
person both mentality and physically. According to William James, the American psychologist, self
esteem involves only one mental perception of the own qualities and their physical. Self esteem
plays an important role of who people are and starts at a very young age. There are both positives
and negative cycles of self esteem. Self esteem is the one of the most important aspects in psychology
because it can either give confidence or accept defeat. William James introduced self esteem during
his later years has a psychologist, to which a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The feedback given to us can also bring family and friends closer to you because you are asking
for their input, however because self esteem is a personal judgment, you may need to take
feedback with a grain of salt. Self esteem also has two interrelated components self efficacy, and
self respect. Self efficacy is described as an individual s perception of how effective behavior will
be in any particular circumstance. (Ciccarelli G 16) Self respect is described as a sense of one s
own dignity or worth. Self efficacy can determine whether or not a person will accept a challenge
or bow down in avoidance. Self respect will either raise or plummet because of efficacy. The
concept of self efficacy is the focal point of Albert Bandura s social cognitive theory. By means of
the self system, individuals exercise control over their thoughts, feelings and actions. Among the
beliefs with which an individual evaluates the control over his/her actions and environment, self
efficacy beliefs are the most influential arbiter of human activity. Self efficacy the belief in one s
capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments is
constructed on the basis of the four most influential sources: enactive attainment, vicarious
experience, verbal persuasion and physiological as well as emotional factors. Self efficacy plays the
central role
 The Role Of Women In The Mahabharata
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE MAHABHARATA The role of women in the Mahabharata
makes an interesting and fascinating study providing insight into the strengths and weaknesses of
their character. In the Mahabharata, four women play pivotal role in the course of events. The men
play dice and wage wars in Mahabharata, as anywhere else; but it is the women who hold power
and influence. It is the women who direct the course of events and unconsciously determine the fate
of men and their generations to follow. The women are the true leaders of the Epic. These women
displayed that the truly powerful do not cling to power. They knew when and how to wield it but
also, even more important, to when not to use it.
The first is Satyavati, a fisherwoman in earlier ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He said that victory had indeed accrued to the righteous as the Pandavas had fought for a righteous
cause. Gandhari, however, could not forgive Lord Krishna whom she held responsible for all the
tragic events. She cursed him saying that the whole of his clan of Yadavas would die fighting one
another. Her words came to be true. After the war, she retired to the forest with her husband and
sister in law, Kunti, where they perished in a forest fire. Kunti Kunti was the wife of Emperor
Pandu and mother of the Pandavas. She was the daughter of King Surasena, father of Vasudeva,
Krishna s father. Her father gave her in adoption to his brother inlaw, King Kuntibhoja, and hence
she was called Kunti. Her name at birth was Pritha, and therefore, one of the names of her son,
Arjuna, is Partha. A large part of Kunti s character has already been considered earlier when studying
Karna in the Mahabharata: how she invoked the Sun God, abandoned the newborn out of a sense of
shame because she was not married, how she met Karna again on the eve of the battle and revealed
to him for the first time his divine birth. Kunti accompanied her sons during their first period of
exile, having escaped from the arson of the house of combustible material
 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Linocut
LinocutA block made of linoleum
Carving tools Paper fabrics

Linocut is a form of relief printing in which the artist cuts a design into the surface of the block.
Then a mirror image is created when the artist places a paper or fabric over the surface and presses
down with a hand or a roller. The raised parts of the piece transfer over on to the paper or fabric to
create the overall desired print. Linocut has both benefits and drawbacks as a form of printmaking.
The major benefit of this form of art is that it is softer than wood making it easier to carve and use.
Another benefit is that color can be added to the prints. However, there are several drawbacks of
using linocut such as linoleum wears down more quickly under pressure, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The artist first coats the metal plate in an acid resistant substance known as ground and is drawn
on. The artist then uses a sharp tool or etching needle down to the plate. Hard grounds are
employed for finely detailed linear work. Soft ground can also be used, and virtually any tool can
be used to expose the plate and resembles crayon and pencil drawings (Sayre, 2012). Whichever
ground is used by the artist is then placed in an acid bath. The acid eats, or etches, into the plate
where the lines have been drawn; the longer the exposed plate is left in the bath, and the stronger
the solution, the greater the width and depth of the etched line (Sayre, 2012). An artist can also
create a way in stopping out a section by using varnishes or ground over the etched surface. Once
the plate is finished being exposed to acid, it is inked and printed. Etching has both benefits and
drawbacks. Some of the benefits to etching are that it is a fluid and free process and it is able to
capture the sense of immediacy as a sketch. However, some drawbacks to etching include it is a
medium that requires calculations and planning, an ability to manipulate chemicals, and a
willingness to risk losing everything in order to achieve the desired effect (Sayre,
 The Third Crusade Begins (Crusaders)
The Third Crusade Begins On the 21st of January 1188, Philip II of France and Henry II
Plantagenet of England, who was the father of King Richard I, had a meeting in France with the
Archbishop of Tyre Josias, who described the position of the crusaders located in Jerusalem, and
the loss of the Holy Land. This persuaded them to participate in the third crusade. This meeting
was where they also planned the third crusade, and decided that the French and English Crusaders
would march together. They also imposed a tax, named the Saladin Tithe , in order to fund the
crusade. This would make a person pay one tenth of their income over three years, however, if you
were a participant in the crusade, you would not have to pay. This also proved to be a great
recruiting tactic.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, on the 6th of December, the fortress of Safed, another fortress belonging to the
crusaders, surrendered to Saladin. Due to the victories of the Muslims, the armed forces for the
third crusade were gathered under the Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, King Philip II
Augustus of France, King Henry II of England, who was followed by his son Richard I of
England after his death. The crusade is set off with Frederick I Barbarossa. However, his march
through Byzantine was rushed due to an alliance formed between Emperor Isaac II Angelus and
Saladin. This alliance was signed against the crusaders. On the 18th of May, Frederick I
Barbarossa was able to successfully seize Seljuk, a city of Iconium, located in Central Anatolia. On
July 6th, King Henry II of England died and was replaced by his son Richard I, or Richard the
Lionheart. The following days, Saladin successfully conquered Jabalah Castle, Sahyun Castle, and
Baghras Castle from the
 Orthopedic Research Paper
The Department of Orthopedic is a medical specialist that deal with the prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment of bones and muscles malformation. The department focus on providing great patients
care. Orthopedist is the physician who treat patients of all ages for diseases and conditions of the
musculoskeletal system. There are several physicians that specializes in treating the organs of the
musculoskeletal system. Musculoskeletal disorders are very common, with aging. Musculoskeletal
system consists of the muscles, bones, tendons, articulation (joints) , and other connective tissue that
is found in the cranium (skull), neck, shoulders, carpus (wrists), back, hips, legs, patella (knees), and
feet. The major or most common diseases or condition
 The Issue Of Judicial Review
Judicial review provides the courts with the authority to review and change laws that the
government proposes that violates the Constitution. In this paper, I will discuss the issue of judicial
review. More precisely, I will be focusing my argument on Jeremy Waldron s objection to radical
disagreement, which states that we cannot agree upon what our rights are, therefore we do not know
which ones should be put in the charter. I will argue that Jeremy Waldron s argumentis a good
objection to judicial review, because if we cannot agree upon what moral rights are, how are we
going to be able to apply them to the charter. I will begin by outlining the key points in Waldron s
argument. I will then continue to outline why Waldron s objections are strong. Finally, I will argue
that radical disagreement is a strong objection to judicial review.

In his book Law and Disagreement, Jeremy Waldron concentrates on the issue of theme [of]
reasonable disagreement, [and the inability that he] cannot restrain [himself] from saying that
anyone who thinks a narrative like this [a charter of rights as rational pre commitment] is
appropriately modeled by the story of Ulysses and the sirens is an idiot (Waldron 2004). In the
story of Ulysses and the sirens Ulysses decides to be tied down to the mast of his ship, so he
would not succumb to the temptations of the siren. Ulysses knows in advance that it is a good idea
to restrict himself now, so he won t face the consequences later. Just as
 Surrealism And Its Impact On The 19th Century During The...
There have been some controversy during the early 20th century during the world wars. Art lost
its meaning during this time and the only way to give it meaning again was to make it different,
to offend people to help to make a point. This is similar to the artist/rapper Eminem, how his use of
profane language draws attention to his work and its controversy makes it a topic of conversation.
After the rise of abstract art rose a new style called Dadaart. This was one of the most unusual time
in part as it went against the common idea as to what art is. Dada led to Surrealism which began to
flourish in the 1920 s. Because these two movement are so close together there will be many
different similarities and differences between the two. While both have the same underlying
message, surrealism is more sexual in comparison compared to dada but both had the same message
to give, although each has its own method to achieve its goals.
The modernist admiration for primitivism led to Dada, the most unusual art movement of the
twentieth century. (Experience Humanities, pg 581) The idea of Dada is to show the problems in
society but disrupting the system. This was in particularly done to show how WWI had devalued
art. Dada artist did a lot to disrupt the system like Hurl gobs of spit in the faces of the bourgeoisie.
They staged exhibits in public lavatories, planned meetings in cemeteries, and arranged lectures
where the speakers were drowned out by a bell (Experience Humanities pg
 The Renaissance Was A Period Of The Art And Learning...
The Renaissance was a period of the rebirth of the art and learning styles based on Greco Roman
inspiration. These ideas had been lost in Europe due to the Dark Ages. The Renaissance began in
the 1300s, and it reached its crowning point during the 1500s. During this time, trading was
thriving, and this allowed for innovative ideas to spread. Trade routes from the Middle East and far
East brought mathematical and scientific advancements to Europe. The profits from trade allowed
prosperous merchants to support artists to create new works of art. The rebirth was also included
the influence of new ways of looking at the world. Also during this time artists and writers switched
their attention towards an individualistic point of view. By incorporating new skills in their
creations, they were able to express a humanismaspect. This was an era of great revolution in
political, social, economic, and cultural extents.
Ideals in the Renaissance involved the significance of an individual, which was humanism,
inspiration from the Romans and Greeks, and realism. Someone was considered an ideal in the
Renaissance if they had many special qualities or gifts in various areas. Renaissance humanism was a
response to the standard educational program that focused on logic and linguistics and the other
great later medieval Christian philosophy, Scholasticism. (roebuckclasses.com) This means that
throughout the Renaissance, education was an important factor. During this time, the
 Factors that affect how the PH changes during a titration...
Factors that affect how the PH changes during a titration experiment. Concentration of the alkali
Having a higher concentration of alkali will mean that there will be more molecules closer
together for the acid to collide with. This will speed up the reaction as collision theory suggests
that molecules have to collide to react and if there are more molecules to collide with the reaction
will happen faster as there is a higher chance of a collision. Volume of alkali An increase in volume
would mean that the neutralisation would take longer as you would need an equal amount of the
same strength acid in order to neutralise it. Furthermore in collision theory if there is a bigger space
that the molecules are in then the molecules are less... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore it is transparent so I can easily see the colour change. White tile I will use a white
tile as it will enable me to see the colours much easier than on a tile of another colour such as red
or black. Measuring cylinder This will enable me to measure out 25mlᵌ of alkali into the conical
flask. Funnel A funnel will allow me to pour the acid into the burette without it spilling which
will limit safety hazards. Hydrochloric acid 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 molar 50cmᵌ for each test. This
is the acid that we are allowed to use and the highest concentration we can have is 1 molar to limit
risks. Furthermore the school already has 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 molar already made up. Moreover
I have picked five equally spaced concentrations because I will need I large range of results to
identify a trend which will be easier if I have equally spaced concentrations. Furthermore I have
not used over 1M because it is safer. Sodium Hydroxide 1.0 molar 25cmᵌ for each test I will use
this because it is already made up by the school. Furthermore it will limit risks as it is diluted
sodium hydroxide. Burette holder I will use this so the burette does not slip over which could
break it or spill acid making the test unrepeatable. Clamp stand I will use this so that I can clamp
the burette onto it with the holder. This will stop the burette falling over and keep it upright so the
acid flows properly. Universal
 Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment 1
Student Name: Sunil
Student id: 11587717
Subject : SITC513_201560_SM_I (Wireless Networking Concepts)

Answer 1.
In elecronic, broadcast, transportation, filters are used to select the desired signal, and deny or
block unwanted signals. Or put in other words, they may be the only way we have to block.The
doing so, we want to signal and other frequency or with a device, is frequency selective it behave
different towards different frequencies. Such device is called a filter. (Bertrand, 2002)
Irrespective of the mechanism by which the filler does its job, filters can be broken down into four
basic types.
1.Low pass filter
2.High pass filter
3.Band pass filter
4.Band stop filter (Bertrand, 2002)
Low pass filter It passed all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mixer:
Mixer is an active or passive device, from a switching signal Frequency to another. It can be
adjusted or the demodulated signal. It has three signals Connection, which is called a port in the
language of radio engineers. There are three ports. It is the RF input, a local oscillator input, and
intermediate Frequency output. (NA, NA)

Here Figure (a) show up conversion and figure (b) show down conversion:

Dual band (DSB) signal comprising on the lower sideband, and a single sideband (SSB) signal may
be generated by filtering or by using a single sideband mixer.

Single sideband modulation may be viewed as the removal or reduction of the amplitude modulation
signal component. In order to see how the SSB is created, it is necessary to use an amplitude
modulated signal as a starting point. (Rosu, NA)

Amplitude modulated carrier

It shows sidebands on either side of the carrier
From this it can be seen, the signal having the two sidebands, each other s mirror, and a carrier. To
improve the efficiency of the signal, both in terms of power and spectrum use, carriers can be
removed, or at least reduce it, and remove one sideband one is a mirror. (Poole,
 World Of Warcraft During The Hakkar Outbreak
I feel like the players that played World of Warcraft during the Hakkar outbreak responded like
any other civilians would in a real life viral outbreak. One way the players did this was they tried
to help each other. They would send players into the outbreak zones that could heal their fellow
players. According to Christakis, and Fowler, the players with healing powers were, often rushing to
the center of the outbreaks to try to help, and they typically died as a result (pg. 577). As Americans
we often rush in to try helping others at the first sign of trouble without always thinking about the
consequences. In the beginning of Hakkar that is what the unaffected players tried, to cure or heal
the players in trouble. Instead, those rushing to aid were infected and they spread the virus.... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think hospitals in the infected areas would also create infection zones. When a person comes to a
hospital the doctors don t start with placing the person in quarantine, even if they are unsure what
illness the person has. This action would cause doctors and nurses to become infected. The
developers made quarantines to separate the infected zone from non infected zones. But, the
developers soon found out they couldn t keep people in the quarantine zones. Christakis, and
Fowler write this effort failed because players refused to be quarantined (pg. 577). I have no doubt
that people told to stay in a quarantined area would become irritable quickly. Tensions would increase
and cause the people in quarantine to begin rioting, breaking free of the quarantine. The virus then
continues to spread becoming