Sl. No.
Working Stress Method Limit State Method
This method is based on the elastic theory which assumes This method is based on the actual stress-strain
1. that concrete and steel are elastic and the stress strain curves of steel and concrete. For concrete the
curve is linear for both. stress-strain curve is non-linear.
In this method the factor of safety are applied to the yield In this method, partial safety factors are applied to
2.
stresses to get permissible stresses. get design values of stresses.
Design loads are obtained by multiplying partial
3. No factor of safety is used for loads.
safety factors of load to the working loads.
4. Exact margin of safety is not known. Exact margin of safety is known.
Q.) state the different types of loads (ANSWER): a) Permanent or fixed load b) Not fixed or changing loads.
Dead Loads : Itis fixed kind of load that the structure needs to resist all along its life. This includes; self weight of
member or members resting on the member considered. Live Loads :- These loads are varying type of loads which
are changing. These loads are due to living users of the structures, movable furniture, storage of goods that may
varies. For RCC structures, Live or Imposed loads are taken as per unit area,
Wind Loads :- High rise buildings, towers, large chimney structures are often subjected to heavy wind loads;
therefore, for such structures, wind loads are to be considered. Wind load depends on various parameters and
need to be evaluated based on : 1. Wind intensity or speed 2. Size, shape, height of building and its alignment
with respect to wind direction.
Snow Load :Inthe areas where snow fall may occur, this loadneeds to be considered while designing the structures
Q.) Explain the types of limit state method :ANSWER: @1)Ultimate Load Method: 1)Ultimate Load Method
(ULM) was introduced in around 1950to overcome the drawbacks of WSM.2)In ULM, more specific factors of
safety are assumed. For concrete the factor of safety is 1.5 and for steel it is 1.15. These are known as partial
safety factors for material strength and denoted byYm. (@2). Limit state method: In LSM, serviceability limits for
deflection, cracks are introduced for different weathering conditions. In LSM, the concrete strength is revised, by
the mor factor of safety of 1.5 for ultimate load method. 0.67fck Therefore, design strength will be, = 0.46 W.r.t.
fck the final factor of safety will be 2.25
State the advantages of limit state over working stress method (ANSWER) @1) it proves to be echonomical as
compared to WSM. @2). It incorporates the basic principles of ULM method but at the same time, eliminates the
drawbacks of ULM @3). It’s a combination of other two types of design philosophy @4) it uses modern method of
design of structure which involve wide range of logical and technical consideration.
Q). Explain the design philosophies (ANSWER) 1).Working Stress Method (WSM) (2) Ultimate
LoadMethod(ULM) (3) Limit State Method (LSM) -(@1)The structures are being built since ancient era. Many of
the structures built in thousands of years back, are still there in existence. Before introduction of design methods,
construction of structures was fully based on experience of the mason or the worker whoever was building that
particular structure. Therefore, there was no uniformity of the concept and the design pattern of structures the
invention of cement as a modern structural element brings the revolution in the structural engineering and
construction industry. – (@2)After invention of cement and its manufacturing in different parts of world, the
behavior of cement was studied and the need of uniform design philosophy was felt by the industry. After 1870,
researches are started with reinforced concrete and the first method which was presented as a technical design
method for reinforced concrete work was, working stress method WSM.
Q.) state the assumptions in the limit state method @(1)Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after
bending. @(2)The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is 0.0035 in bending.
@(3)Tensile strength of concrete is ignored. @(4)Maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at
failure shall not be less. @(5)There is a perfect bond between steel and concrete. @(6)The stresses in the
reinforcement are derived from stress strain curve for the type of steel used.
Q)What is mean by modular ratio and what are its significance in design. (ANSWER): @1)Definition:
Modular ratio (n) is the ratio of the elastic modulus of a particular material in a cross-section to the elastic
modulus of the “base” or the reference material. 2)Significance: The concept of modular ratio is very important in
the computation of properties of reinforced, prestressed, jacketed, encased, and composite cross-sections. The
properties of each component of the cross-section are scaled by the modular ratio of the corresponding material.
This is necessary so that the final properties can be multiplied by the modulus of elasticity ( or ) in determining the
total cross-section stiffness.
Q).Explain the structural properties (ANSWER): Structural properties means subsurface engineering properties or
geotechnical information used for the purpose of designing structures such as bridges, buildings, highways,
pipelines, or for assessing slope stability samples.
Q).Enlist the types of loads acting on structure with there IS specification. (ANSWER): (1)Dead Loads :
IS:875(part I). 2)Snow Load : IS:875 (Part IV). 3)Live load: IS:875 (part II). 4) Seismic or Earthquake Load : IS :
1893 (part I)
Q) State the different load
combinations.(ANS)>sketch
IS : 456 - 2000, Table no.18, provides different loading
combinations and their partial safety factors for limit
state design. These combinations are generally
considered while designing the RCC building
Q). Explain the stress -strain behaviour of steel and concrete (ANSWER) (@a). Stress-strain Curve of Steel Bars:
The stress and strain are proportional to each other, so as the stress is removed the steel bar would regain its
original shape. (@b).Stress strain curve in concrete: The stress-strain curve for concrete is having parabolic shape
up to 0.002 strain and the constant up to limit state of 0.0035.
#(QUESTION NUMBER 4)#
Q).Explain the characteristic strength in detail. Q).Explain the terms of *(2 same question)*
1) characteristic strength 2)characteristics load 3) partial safety factor (ANSWER)
(@1). Characteristics strength: It is the minimum possible strength of given material such that there are only 5%
of chances that strength will be less than this strength. Such strength is known as characteristic strength. (@2):
characterics load: The maximum worst possible load that should be resisted by structure such that, there are only
5% chances that load may be greater than the calculated load throughout life span of structure. In other words
characteristics load is the worst possible load which should be resisted in its serviceable life of structure.
(@3). Partial safety factor: Partial safety factors are factors which can be applied to the individual input variables
in a design equation to give the given target reliability without having to carry out the probabilistic calculations.
Q) State the values of partial factor of safety for material and load. (ANSWER)
(@1) 1.15 for concrete and 1.5 for steel. (@2) 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
(@3) 1.5 for both concrete and steel. (@4) 1.15 for both concrete and steel.
Q). Why do we provide the cover to RCC structure? (ANSWER)> (@1) concrete cover for steel bar is much
necessary to protect the steel against corrosion (rusting) and to provide resistance against fire. (@2).If fire occurs
in the building, the steel might lose so much strength to impair its reinforcing effect and the beams might
collapse. (@3).We provide cover to provide strength.
(@4)We provide cover to prevent the steel from rust. (@5) We provide cover to make strong in compression
State the grade of steel and concrete.(ANSWER) Steel* 1) grade Fe250 2)grade Fe415 3) grade Fe500
Concrete* 1)M5=1:5:10 2)M10=1:3:6 3)M15=1:2:4 (4)M20=1:1.5:3
Q). Difference between Factor of Safety and Partial (ANSWER)
safety factor.
FACTOR OF SAFETY>. PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR>.
1. Definition: The factor by which the yield stress of the 1. Definition: The factor normally greater than unity by
material of a member is divided to arrive at the which either the loads (actions) are multiplied or the
permissible stress in the material. resistance are divided to obtain the design value.2.
2. Purpose: It’s basic purpose is to determine the Purpose: It’s basic purpose is to determine design value
permissible stress in the structure.3. Application: These of load and permissible value of stress.3. Application: It
factor of safety is generally used in working stress is generally used in Limit state design method.4. It is of
method (WSM).4. Example: Working stress(permissible two types: a) Partial FOS for load b) Partial FOS for
stress in WSM)=Yield stress (fy)/FOS material strength
MODULE^6 Q). Why the bends and hooks are provided in reinforcement?
1). To prevent from buckling of column. 2).To prevent concrete from splitting outward.
3). It prevent slippage of steel from the concrete. 4).Hooks are provided for to resist seismic movement.
5).To Keep longitudinal steel bars in position and hold steel tightly.
Q). Define development length and what is its significance?
DEFINATION: A development length can be defined as the amount of reinforcement(bar) length needed to be
embedded or projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength between the concrete and steel
Significance: The development length is needed to provide support to the beam to reduce the chances of the
beam coming out of the concrete column. Hence it acts as a supporting member for the reinforced beam in the
concrete column.
Q).Draw the stress block diagram of balanced section, under reinforced section, over reinforced section^^^
(QUESTION NO 5) (Q)Explain the concept of balanced section under reinforced section and over reinforced
section in LSM. (ANS)* 1). Balanced section: reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel also
reaches yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure strain in bending are called balanced
section. (@2). Under reinforced section: reinforced concrete beam section in which the steel reaches yield strain
at loads lower than the concrete reaches failure strain are called under reinforced section. (@3).Over reinforced
section: reinforced concrete section in which the failure strain in concrete is reached earlier than the yield strain
of steel is reached are called over reinforced section.
Q).State the advantages and disadvantages of flanged section.(ANSWER)>ADVANTAGES (@1). Since the beam is
cast monolithically with the slab, the flange also takes up the compressive stresses which means, it will be much
more effective in resisting the sagging moment acting on the beam. (@2).Better headroom is the direct outcome
of the first point since the depth of the beam can be considerably decreased. (@3). For larger spans, T beams are
normally preferred rather than rectangular beams as the deflection is decreased to a good extent.
DISADVANTAGES. (@1). There is a considerable increment in the shear stress at the junction of the flange and
the web of the beam due to the change in cross-section. Hence casting should be done very carefully to assure
both are bonded well.
(@2). Since the beam slab is monolithic (rigid), it becomes very feeble in resisting lateral shear forces. (cracks
develops quickly). Thus usually in earthquake-prone zones using T beams for high-rise buildings is reinforced with
mechanical stiffeners in the junction.
(@3). There will be little savings in steel too.
Q). State the necessity of flanged section.
(@1). Flanged section have greater second moment of inertia as compared to the ordinary beams, so they have
greater ability to resist bending effectively. (@2). The distribution of the material mass in the flanged section is
consist of Flanges and web. Flanges are more effective in resisting bending stresses while the Web is more
resistive in shear stresses.(@3). The flanged section has separate parts for resisting both bending and shear forces
as a result very good in resisting stresses as compared to ordinary rectangular beams in buildings and bridges.
Q). Why the doubly reinforced section is used? (ANS)>(@1). Doubly reinforced sections are generally resorted to
in situations where the cross sectional dimensions of the beam are restricted. (@2). Where singly reinforced
section is not adequate in terms of moment-resisting capacity. (@3). Doubly reinforced sections also used in a
situations where reversal of the moment is likely.
QUESTION NO 6** Q). Define the bond state and explain the type of bond (ANS)
BOND:it can also be defined as an arrangement of bricks in brick wall construction is called brick bonds. There are
many various bonds in brick masonry and each has its own look, installation difficulties, and in the case of walls,
structural considerations.(@1).strecher bond: Bricks are laid horizontally and flat with a long side called a
stretcher bond. (@2).Header bond: all bricks are placed as headers on the faces of any type of wall
(@3).English bond: is one of the strongest bonds but it requires more facing bricks than any other bond.
(@4). Flemish bond: This bond is that difficult in construction and requires high skill to lay it perfectly.
Q). Why the bond stress is more in compression bond the tension bond?>>Bond stress is the result of the
bonding between the concrete surface and the reinforcement steel. It varies depending upon the type of concrete
and type of reinforcement used. If plane rounded steel is used as reinforcement then the bond stress will be less,
if same concrete is used with HYSD steel as reinforcement then the bond stress is higher. >>In Simple terms it is
like grip, more grip if surface is rough and less grip if surface is smooth and rounded.
Q). What do you understand by the development length of bar?
A development length can be defined as the amount of reinforcement(bar) length needed to be embedded or
projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength between the concrete and steel (or any other
two types of material).
>>>Reason to provide: To develop a safe bond between the bar surface & the concrete so that no failure due to
slippage of bar occurs during the ultimate load conditions. >>>>Importance: Provision of appropriate
development is an important aspect of safe construction practices. Proper development length in reinforcement
bars shall be provided as per the steel grade considered in design
Q). What is the lap splice? Why the splicing is done? What are the IS code providing lap splice(ANS). Lap splice: A
lap splice is when two pieces of rebar overlap to form a continuous reinforcement is called as lap splice. >>>spacing
is done: This helps transfer loads properly throughout the structure. >>>Spacing between the vertical stirrups in
beams must be as specified by IS: 456-2000 and IS: 13920-2016.
Q). Define the doubly reinforced section and sate is necessity.
DEFINATION: Doubly reinforced beam is defined as the beam in which the reinforcement is provided by the steel
in both tension and compression zone of the beam. If it is known that the depth of the beam is fixed, then the
best option is to provide the doubly reinforced beam for resisting the particular moment.
NECESSITY: (@1). In the case of continuous beams or slab, the sections at supports are generally designed as
doubly reinforced sections.
(@2). When the loads are eccentric. (@3). When the bam is subjected to accidental or sudden lateral loads.
Q). Explain the concept of balanced section, under reinforced section, over reinforced section
Balanced section: Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel also reaches yield strain
simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure strain in bending are called balanced sections. >Under-
Reinforced Beam Section: Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the steel reaches yield strain at loads
lower than the load at which the concrete reaches failure strain are called under-reinforced sections. >Over-
Reinforced Beam Sections: Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the failure strain in concrete is reached
earlier than the yield strain of steel is reached, are called over-reinforced beam sections.
Q).Derive the equation of moment of resistant of singly reinforced beam. *( >=means next line)*
>>Compressive force, C=C=0.36fckBxu >>Tensile force, TT=0.87fyAst=0.87fyAst >>Lever
arm, LA=d−0.42xuLA=d−0.42xu
>>Moment of Resistance, MOR=C×LA=T×LAMOR=C×LA=T×LA
>>MOR=0.36fckBxu(d−0.42xu)MOR=0.36fckBxu(d−0.42xu)
>>MOR=0.87fyAst(d−0.42xu)MOR=0.87fyAst(d−0.42xu) >>The above are general formulas for MOR
>>For under-reinforced section, xu<xu,lim >>Xu,lim depends on fy & d only
>>Fe250 (mild steel), xu,lim=0.53dxu,lim=0.53d >>Fe415, xu,lim=0.48dxu,lim=0.48d >>Fe500, xu,lim=0.46d
>>Therefore, >>Fck=grade of concrete >>Fy=grade of steel >>B=width of beam
>>d= effective depth of beam >>Xu=depth of NA >> Xu.lim=limiting depth of NA >> Ast=area of
steel
Differentiate between one way and two way slab Two slab:
Oneway slab: 1)The loadings are imposed and held up in both
1)The utmost load is transmitted by the larger side. directions i.e. longer and shorter directions.
2)Bending moment occurs only in one direction i.e. 2)Bending moment occurs in both directions i.e. shorter
shorter direction. and longer.
3)One way slabs have less steel content. 3)Two way slabs have more steel content as compared
4)It is economical near about 3.5 m. to one way slabs.4)It is practicable for the panel sizes of
5)The deflected structure is cylindrical. approximately 6m x 6m.
5)The shape of deflected structure is like a dish or
saucer.
Differentiate between the balanced section, under reinforced section and over reinforced section *(ANS) niche
Balanced section; Under reinforced section Over reinforced section
1)steel and concrete both are fully 1)steel is fully stressed 1)concrete is fully stressed.
stressed 2)this is economical 2)this is uneconomical
2)this is uneconomical 3)safe failure, ductile failure 3)sudden failure brittle failure
3)sudden failure 4)preferred by designers crushing failure
4)not preferred by designers 4)not preferred by designers
What is the general requirement of good stair? (ANS) niche hai
1). Location of Staircase: Staircase should be located such that it can be easily accessible from different rooms of
the building 2. Width of Stair: It should be wide enough, so that a user can easily use it without any
inconveniency. 3). Pitch of Stair: The pitch of stair should not be more than 37 degree in any type of stairs, so that
climbing the stairs is less tiresome and dangerous. 4). Head Room: The head room or clearance between the tread
and the soffit should not be less than 2 m (7.2 feet), so that even a taller person can use the staircase comfortably.
5). Winders: The introduction of winders in a stair should be avoided if possible. They are dangerous and increase
the cost of construction
Q).Explain the different modes of failure in case of footing
1). General Shear Failure: General shear failure has a well-defined failure pattern.
2). Uneven settlement of masonry: The mortar used in masonry is compressed or shrink by applying a heavy load
on it before it hard properly due to that, the masonry settles unevenly. 3). Sub-soil Moisture movement: It is the
one of the most common causes of foundation failure, which is mainly occur in cohesive soil. 4). Lateral force
applied on a super structure: The lateral force is applied to the superstructure due to wind, earthquake. If
foundation or structure is not designed to resist such forces then the foundation or structure fails due to
overturning.
Q).Explain the types of footing and its function. (ANS)> 1) Isolated Footing: Economical when columns are placed
at longer distances. 2) Strip Footing: It doesn’t require expensive tools to construct.3) Sloped footing: it is used to
distribute the load evenly from columns to the soil. 4) Eccentric footing: It is primarily used to the property line
and avoids tilting the floor in a multi-story building.
Q).State the equation of Xu limiting and Mu limiting for different grade of steel (DIAGRAM ANS)
