TOPIC 3

Plumbing History
 (17th century) birth of the plumbing profession
 The WALLED CITY known as Intramuros was established by the Spaniards as a
model community
 (1902) City of Manila was the model community
 Master Plumber John F. Hass (first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction
and Inspection.)
 (1935) National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP)
 City Ordinance 2411 (the Plumbing Code for the City of Manila)
 June 18, 1955, R.A. 1378, (PLUMBING LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES) signed
by President Ramon Magsaysay.
 National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA)
 Republic Act No. 6541 (Building Code of the Philippines)
 Board of Master Plumbers (BOMP)
Principles
1. pure and wholesome water
2. sufficient volume and at pressure
3. proper performance and cleaning
4. explosion through overheating
5. intended for human habitation
6. at least one water closet and one kitchen sink
7. ventilated enclosures
8. adequate cleanouts
9. ensure satisfactory service
10. water- sealed trap
11. trap seals under ordinary use
12. foul air to the building
13. defects in the workmanship
14. sewage-disposal process
15. backflow of sewage
16. lighted and ventilated
17. disposing of the building sewage
18. overflow in the building
19. Registered Master Plumbers
20. accessible for their intended use
21. fixture usage
22. acceptable form of treatment
 BEAMS AND FOUNDATIONS
 The word “foundation” comes from the Latin word “fundatio” or “fundare”, which
means “to lay a base for”, “confirm”, or “establish.” Fundare can also mean bottom
or base.
 “Fonder” and “fondation” arose as Old French words, and merged with the English
word “found” to create “foundation” in late Middle English.
 It is defined as that part of the structure that transfers the load from the structure
constructed on it, as well as its weight over a large area of soil in such a way that the
amount does not exceed the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil and the
settlement of the whole structure remains within a tolerable limit.
Foundation Objectives
 Distribute the weight of the structure over a large area of soil.
 Avoid unequal settlement.
 Prevent the lateral movement of the structure.
 Increase the structural stability.
Shallow Foundation
 near the surface of the earth or transfer the loads at shallow depth is called the shallow
foundation.
 3m or less than the footing
 cheaper
 easier to construct
 lightweight structure
Types of Shallow Foundation
 Isolated Spread Footings
o Single Pad Footing
o Stepped Footing for a Column
o Sloped Footing for a Column
o Wall Footing without Step
o Stepped Footing for Walls
o Grillage Foundation
 Wall Footings/Strip Footings Wall
o also known as continuous footing. This type is used to distribute the loads
of structural or nonstructural load-bearing walls to the ground in such a
way that the load-bearing limit of the soil is not outperformed.
 Combined Footings
o similar to the isolated footing. When the columns of the structure are carefully
placed, or the bearing capacity of the soil is low and their footing overlap
each other, combined footing is provided.
 Cantilever or Strap Footings
o similar to combined footings. Reasons for considering or choosing strap
footing are identical to the combined one. In strap footing, the foundation
under the columns is built individually and connected by a strap beam
 Raft or Mat Foundations
o Raft or mat foundations are used where other shallow or pile foundations are
not suitable. It is also recommended in situations where the bearing capacity
of the soil is inadequate, the load of the structure is to be distributed over
a large area or structure is subjected continuously to shocks or jerk.
Deep Foundations
  placed at a greater depth below the ground surface and transfers structure loads to
the earth at depth. The depth to width ratio of such a foundation is usually greater
than 4 to 5.
Types of Deep Foundations
 Pile Foundations
o common types of deep foundation. They are used to reduce cost, and when as
per soil condition considerations, it is desirable to transmit loads to soil
strata which are beyond the reach of shallow foundation.
 Sheet Piles
o sections of sheet materials with interlocking edges that are driven into the
ground to provide earth retention and excavation support.
 Load Bearing Piles
o used to transfer the vertical loads from the structure to the soil. These
foundations transmit loads through the soil with poor supporting property
onto a layer which is capable of bearing the load.
 Soil Compactor Piles
o One of a group of piles, driven in a pattern, to compact a surface layer of
loose granular soil to increase its bearing capacity.
 Timber Piles
o a trunk of a tree, trimmed of branches. A timber pile is usually designed for a
maximum load of 15 to 25 tons/pile.
 Concrete Piles
o a foundation driven deep into the ground to support the structure, unlike
shallow or wide foundations such as isolated footings or combined footings.
They are usually much thinner in diameter or width than in length.
 Steel Piles
o a big screw, made of galvanized steel with a helical flange that not only helps
to insert the pile, but also helps secure it into the ground.
 Composite Piles
o piles of two different materials are driven one over the other, so as to enable
them to act together to perform the function of a single pile.
 Pier Foundations
o an underground structure that transmits a more massive load, which cannot
be carried by shallow foundations. It is usually shallower than piles. The pier
foundation is generally utilized in multi-story structures.
 Caisson Foundations
o a watertight retaining structure used as a bridge pier, construction of the
dam, etc. It is generally used in structures that require foundation beneath a
river or similar water bodies.