A Smart Atmospherics Conditions Tracker System

A
Major Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

J. S. UNIVERSITY, SHIKOHABAD

Session 2024-25

Submitted To : Submitted By:

(Mr. Abhinav Gupta) Rohit Yadav (221060012034)
Asst. Professor Atul Yadav (221060012013)
CSE Department
Raj Kashyap (221060013032)
JSU, Shikohabad
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Rohit Yadav (221060012034), Atul Yadav (221060012013)

Raj Kashyap (221060013032), of BCA 3rd year, Computer Science have completed their
major project entitled “A Smart Atmospherics Conditions Tracker System” during the
year 2024-2025 under my guidance and supervision.

I approve the project for the submission for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree Bachelor of Computer Application.

Guide Name: Approved by:

(Mr. Abhinav Gupta) (Mr. Rupendra Kumar)
Asst. Professor Head
CSE Department CSE Department
JSU, Shikohabad JSU, Shikohabad
 J. S. UNIVERSITY, SHIKOHABAD

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE

We, Rohit Yadav (221060012034), Atul Yadav (221060012013)

Raj Kashyap (221060013032),, students of Bachelor of Computer Application, J. S.
University, Shikohabad hereby declare that the work presented in this Major project
entitled “A Smart Atmospherics Conditions Tracker System” is outcome of our own
work, is bonafide, correct to the best of our knowledge and this work has been carried out
taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any patented
work and has not been submitted to any University for the award of any degree or
professional diploma.

Rohit Yadav (221060012034)

Atul Yadav (221060012013)
Raj Kashyap (221060013032)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, we would like to thank our guide and advisor, Mr. Abhinav
Gupta, CSE Department, for giving us an opportunity to work on this challenging
topic and providing us ample and valuable guidance throughout the Project.

We also greatly indebted to Mr. Rupendra Kumar, Head, CSE Department,

without his encouragement and constant guidance we could not have finished this project.
He has been always a source of inspiration and motivator for innovative ideas during the
entire span of this work.
We are grateful to Dr. Gaurav Yadav, Director, J. S. University, Shikohabad,
for providing all the necessary resources to carry out this Project work. We would like to
thank all Lab staff members of CSE Department, JSU and friends, for their support.

We will be failing in our duty if we don’t acknowledge the people behind this work
to give us moral and psychological support. Our special thanks to our parents for their
endless care and constant support.

Rohit Yadav (221060012034)

Atul Yadav (221060012013)
Raj Kashyap (221060013032)
 ABSTRACT

This project, A smart atmospheric conditions tracker system is a web-based system designed to

provide users with accurate and reliable weather forecasts. The application allows users to search for

weather information by city name and view forecasts for the next five to six days, including detailed

weather conditions at three-hour intervals. The primary objective of this project is to offer a user-friendly

interface that displays essential weather data such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and

precipitation. The system also features a convenient location-based service that automatically detects the

user’s current location and provides real-time weather updates. In addition to weather forecasting, the

application enables users to easily switch between Celsius and Fahrenheit for temperature readings and

supports both light and dark modes for better user experience in varying lighting conditions. The project

addresses the need for accessible and precise weather information, enhancing users' ability to make

informed decisions based on forecast data. With a sleek and responsive design, the application is suitable

for diverse users, providing valuable information in real time.

The objective of this project is to develop an intuitive and user-friendly weather forecasting

application that provides accurate and up-to-date weather information for any location. The

application allows users to search for cities and receive detailed weather forecasts for the next 5-6

days, with updates at three-hour intervals. The project aims to offer essential weather data such as

temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation, allowing users to plan their activities

accordingly. The application enhances the user experience by providing features like search

functionality, the ability to view multiple-day forecasts, and potentially integrating user location to

offer weather updates based on their current geographical position. Additionally, the project aspires to

incorporate user-centric features like light and dark mode options and the ability to toggle between

Celsius and Fahrenheit units for temperature display. The overall goal is to create a comprehensive

weather application that serves as a reliable source of information, easily accessible on both desktop

and mobile devices, catering to a wide range of users. It also aims to improve decision-making by

offering detailed weather forecasts in a simple yet visually appealing interface.

 INDEX

S.No. Index Page No.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-6

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Aim 1

1.3 Existing System 2

1.4 Proposed System 2

1.5 Feasibility Study 3-4

1.6 Project Work Schedule 5

1.7 Organisation of Report 6

Chapter 2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 7

2.1 Hardware Requirement 7

2.2 Software Requirement 7

Chapter 3 DESIGN & PLANNING 8-14

3.1 Software Development Life Cycle Model 8

3.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW 9

3.3 User Flow Diagram 10

3.4 ER Diagram 11
 3.5 DFD Diagram 12-14

Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS 15 - 20

4.1 FRONT END 15 - 16

4.2 BACK END 17 - 19

Chapter 5 TESTING 20- 30

5.1 UNIT TESTING 20 - 21

5.2 INTEGRATION TESTING 22 - 23

5.3 SOFTWARE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION 24 - 26

5.4 Black-Box Testing 27

5.5 White-Box Testing 28 - 29

5.6 SYSTEM TESTING 30

Chapter 6 RESULTS 31 - 35

Chapter 7 ADVANTAGES 36

Chapter 8 CONCLUSION 37

BIBLIOGRAPHY 38
 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Weather Forecasting project is a user-friendly application that allows users to search for

weather information by city name and receive forecasts for the next 5-6 days. The

application provides detailed weather updates at 3-hour intervals, ensuring accurate and

timely information for users. It features a clean and responsive design, making it accessible

across various devices. The platform also includes useful features such as the ability to track

current weather conditions, view future weather predictions, and access location-based

weather data. Users can search for weather conditions in multiple cities and explore

information like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and general atmospheric conditions.

The goal of the project is to provide an efficient tool for everyday users, enabling them to

plan their activities based on reliable weather data. Furthermore, it incorporates user

experience features such as search functionality, easy navigation, and a visually appealing

interface. By leveraging weather data, the project aims to enhance the daily decision-

making process for users, offering a seamless and engaging weather-checking experience.

1.2 AIM

The aim of this project is to develop a user-friendly, responsive weather forecasting

application that provides users with accurate and reliable weather predictions. The project

focuses on enabling users to search for weather conditions in any city across the world and

view forecasts for the next five to six days, with detailed updates at three-hour intervals. The

goal is to create a platform that delivers current weather information, including temperature,

humidity, wind speed, and overall atmospheric conditions. By incorporating location-based

services, the application ensures that users can receive real-time weather updates specific to
their geographic region. This project is designed with an emphasis on usability, offering

features like intuitive navigation, easy-to-understand weather data presentation, and an

appealing visual design. It aims to serve as a practical tool for users who require precise

weather forecasts for various activities such as travel planning, outdoor events, and day-to-

day decision-making.

1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing methods for weather forecasting are typically accessed through websites or

mobile applications provided by established weather services like national meteorological

departments or large-scale platforms like weather.com. While these platforms offer reliable

and real-time weather data, they tend to be cluttered with information that may not be

necessary for all users, leading to a cumbersome user experience. Additionally, many such

platforms require manual searching for cities or specific locations, lacking advanced features

such as personalized location tracking or the ability to switch seamlessly between weather

units

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed weather forecasting system aims to simplify and enhance the user experience

by offering a responsive and visually appealing platform for weather updates. This system

allows users to search for their desired locations and receive forecasts for the next 5-6 days

with updates every 3 hours. It will also include an option to detect the user's location

automatically through geolocation services, making it easier for users to get instant weather

updates without having to search manually. A key feature of the proposed system is the

flexibility it offers in switching between Celsius and Fahrenheit, catering to a global user

base with different temperature preferences. Additionally, the interface will feature light and

dark modes for personalized user comfort, making it accessible in different lighting
 environments.

1.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY

A feasibility study is a high-level capsule version of the entire System analysis and Design Process.
The study begins by classifying the problem definition. Feasibility is to determine if it’s worth doing.
Once an acceptance problem definition has been generated, the analyst develops a logical model of
the system. A search for alternatives is analyzed carefully. There are 3 parts in feasibility study.

1) Operational Feasibility

2) Technical Feasibility

3) Economical Feasibility
1.5.1 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

Operational feasibility is the measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes

advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the requirements

identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development.The operational feasibility

assessment focuses on the degree to which the proposed development projects fits in with the existing

business environment and objectives with regard to development schedule, delivery date, corporate

culture and existing business processes.To ensure success, desired operational outcomes must be

imparted during design and development. These include such design-dependent parameters as

reliability, maintainability, supportability, usability, producibility, disposability, sustainability,

affordability and others. These parameters are required to be considered at the early stages of design if

desired operational behaviours are to be realised. A system design and development requires

appropriate and timely application of engineering and management efforts to meet the previously

mentioned parameters. A system may serve its intended purpose most effectively when its technical

and operating characteristics are engineered into the design. Therefore, operational feasibility is a

critical aspect of systems engineering that needs to be an integral part of the early design phases.
1.5.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This involves questions such as whether the technology needed for the system exists, how difficult it
will be to build, and whether the firm has enough experience using that technology. The assessment is
based on outline design of system requirements in terms of input, processes, output, fields, programs
and procedures. This can be qualified in terms of volume of data, trends, frequency of updating
inorder to give an introduction to the technical system. The application is the fact that it has been
developed on windows XP platform and a high configuration of 1GB RAM on Intel Pentium Dual
core processor. This is technically feasible .The technical feasibility assessment is focused on gaining
an understanding of the present technical resources of the organization and their applicability to the
expected needs of the proposed system. It is an evaluation of the hardware and software and how it
meets the need of the proposed system.

1.5.3 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

Establishing the cost-effectiveness of the proposed system i.e. if the benefits do not outweigh the
costs then it is not worth going ahead. In the fast paced world today there is a great need of online
social networking facilities. Thus the benefits of this project in the current scenario make it
economically feasible. The purpose of the economic feasibility assessment is to determine the positive
economic benefits to the organization that the proposed system will provide. It includes quantification
and identification of all the benefits expected. This assessment typically involves a cost/benefits
analysis.
1.6 GAANT Chart
1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT
1.7.1 INTRODUCTION

This section includes the overall view of the project i.e. the basic problem definition and the
general overview of the problem which describes the problem in layman terms. It also
specifies the software used and the proposed solution strategy.

1.7.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

This section includes the Software and hardware requirements for the smooth running of the
application.

1.7.3 DESIGN & PLANNING

This section consists of the Software Development Life Cycle model. It also contains
technical diagrams like the Data Flow Diagram and the Entity Relationship diagram.

1.7.4 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

This section describes the different technologies used for the entire development process of
the Front-end as well as the Back-end development of the application.

1.7.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section has screenshots of all the implementation i.e. user interface and their description.

1.7.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This section has screenshots of all the implementation i.e. user interface and their description.
 CHAPTER 2 : SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

2.1 Hardware Requirements

Number Description

1 PC with 250 GB or more Hard disk.

2 PC with 2 GB RAM.

3 PC with Pentium 1 and Above.

2.2 Software Requirements

Number Description Type

1 Operating System Windows XP / Windows

2 Back-End Technology Node.Js, MySQL, MongoDB

3 Front-End Technology AngularJs , React Js

4 Browser Google Chrome

 CHAPTER 3 : DESIGN & PLANNING

3.1 Software Development Life Cycle Model

3.1.1 WATERFALL MODEL

The waterfall model was selected as the SDLC model due to the following reasons:

Requirements were very well documented, clear and fixed.

Technology was adequately understood.
Simple and easy to understand and use.
There were no ambiguous requirements.
Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model.
Each phase has specific deliverables and a review process.
Clearly defined stages.
Well understood milestones.Easy to arrange tasks.
3.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW
3.3 Use Case Diagram
3.4 ER Diagram
3.5 DFD Diagram

3.5.1 Zero-Level DFD Diagram

3.5.2 First-Level DFD Diagram
3.5.3 Second-Level DFD Diagram
 CHAPTER 4 : IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

In this Section we will do Analysis of Technologies to use for implementing the project.

4.1 : FRONT END

AngularJs
4.1.1
AngularJS is a JavaScript-based open-source front-end web application framework. It is maintained
by Google and is used for building dynamic, interactive web pages and single-page applications.
AngularJS provides a structure for building web applications by breaking down an application into
smaller components, making it easier to manage and maintain. The framework makes use of two- way
data binding, which means that changes in the model are automatically reflected in the view and vice
versa.

One of the key features of AngularJS is the Directives. Directives are HTML elements, attributes, or
components that provide additional functionality to AngularJS applications. These Directives can
manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM), bind events, and bind data to the view. AngularJS
provides a set of built-in Directives, such as ng-model, ng-repeat, and ng-if, that simplify the process
of building web applications. Additionally, developers can create custom Directives for specific
functionality, making AngularJS highly customizable.

Another key feature of AngularJS is its ability to handle complex forms and validation. AngularJS
provides an extensive set of form controls and validators, making it easy to build complex forms and
validate user input. The framework also provides a mechanism for handling errors and displaying
error messages, which makes it easier to catch and debug issues in an application. AngularJS also
integrates well with other libraries and frameworks, such as jQuery and Bootstrap, making it easy to
build web applications with rich user interfaces and interactions.

In conclusion, AngularJS is a powerful and flexible framework that makes it easy to build dynamic,
interactive web applications. With its two-way data binding, Directives, and ability to handle complex
forms and validation, AngularJS provides developers with a structure for building robust web
applications. Additionally, its integration with other libraries and frameworks makes it a popular
choice for building modern, dynamic web applications. Whether you are building a single- page
application, a complex form-based application, or a simple website, AngularJS is a great choice for
developers looking for a modern and flexible framework to build their applications.
4.1.2 React Js
ReactJs is an open-source JavaScript library for building user interfaces. It was developed by
Facebook and is used for creating fast and scalable single-page applications. ReactJs allows
developers to build reusable UI components, which can be combined to create complex user
interfaces. The library uses a virtual DOM, which is a representation of the actual HTML DOM in the
memory, to make changes to the user interface faster and more efficient.

ReactJs has become a popular choice for front-end development due to its simplicity and flexibility.
The component-based architecture of ReactJs makes it easier to manage and maintain large-scale
applications. Components in ReactJs can be easily reused across different parts of the application,
which leads to better code organization and less duplication of code. ReactJs also provides a rich set
of tools and libraries, including React Native, which allows developers to build native mobile apps
using React.

In addition to its component-based architecture, ReactJs also offers other features that make it a
popular choice for front-end development. One of these features is the ability to manage the state of
the application using Redux, which is a popular state management library for React. Redux makes it
easier for developers to manage the state of their application, which is particularly important in large-
scale applications. ReactJs also provides support for server-side rendering, which allows for improved
performance and better SEO for the application. The library is also highly performant, as changes to
the user interface are made using the virtual DOM, which allows for efficient updates to the user
interface.

Overall, ReactJs is a powerful and versatile library for building user interfaces. Its component-based
architecture and support for server-side rendering make it a popular choice for front-end development,
while its virtual DOM and state management capabilities make it highly performant and efficient.
Whether you are building a single-page application, a mobile app, or a complex user interface,
ReactJs has the tools and libraries to help you build it quickly and efficiently. With its growing
popularity and community of developers, ReactJs is likely to continue to evolve and provide even
more capabilities for front-end development in the future.
4.2 : BACK END

4.2.1 Node.Js

Node.js is a powerful and widely used open-source platform that is built on Chrome's JavaScript
runtime and allows developers to easily create scalable, fast, and high-performance server-side
applications. It was first introduced in 2009 and has since gained significant popularity among
developers and enterprises for its simple and efficient event-driven architecture, and its ability to
handle multiple simultaneous connections. Node.js is based on JavaScript, which is one of the most
popular and widely used programming languages, making it easy for developers to pick up and use.

One of the key benefits of Node.js is its event-driven architecture, which makes it possible for
developers to create applications that can handle a large number of connections simultaneously.
This is because Node.js uses non-blocking input/output, which means that when a task is running, it
does not block the execution of other tasks. This is particularly useful when developing web
applications, where multiple users may be sending requests at the same time. Node.js also has a
large library of modules, making it easy to add functionality to your application. For example, you
can add an HTTP server, connect to a database, or process data in real-time.

Another benefit of Node.js is its speed and scalability. Node.js is built on Chrome's JavaScript
runtime, which is known for its high performance, and it uses an event loop to handle incoming
requests, which allows it to process a large number of requests quickly. Additionally, Node.js is
designed to be lightweight and efficient, making it ideal for applications that need to handle a large
number of connections and requests. Its scalability means that you can easily add more resources to
your application as it grows, without having to rewrite the entire codebase. This makes it a great
choice for companies that want to quickly develop and deploy high-performance applications that
can handle rapid growth.

In conclusion, Node.js is a versatile and powerful platform that is suitable for a wide range of
applications, from web development to Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Its event-driven
architecture, speed, scalability, and the large library of modules make it an ideal choice for
developers and enterprises who want to quickly create and deploy high-performance applications.
Additionally, the fact that Node.js is based on JavaScript, a widely used programming language,
means that it is easy for developers to pick up and use, making it accessible to a large community of
developers. With its growing popularity and strong community, Node.js is definitely a platform that
is worth considering for any development project.
4.2.1 MySQL

MySQL is a popular open-source relational database management system that is widely used by web-
based applications, including e-commerce and content management systems. It was first introduced
in 1995 and since then, has become one of the most preferred databases for web-based applications.
MySQL is known for its fast, reliable, and flexible features, making it the ideal choice for developers
who need a database that can handle large amounts of data, support multiple users and transactions,
and handle complex queries.

MySQL is written in the C programming language and uses a Structured Query Language (SQL) for
data management. It supports a wide range of data types, including text, numbers, and dates, and also
offers a range of functions, triggers, and stored procedures. Additionally, it supports ACID
(Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) transactions, which ensure that all transactions are
completed successfully, or rolled back if there is an error, ensuring data consistency and
reliability.One of the reasons for MySQL's popularity is its ease of use. MySQL is designed to be
user-friendly, making it easy for developers to create and manage databases. It is also highly
customizable, which allows developers to tailor their databases to meet their specific needs.
Additionally, MySQL is very flexible and can be used for a wide range of applications, from small
websites to large enterprise systems. It is also highly scalable, meaning that it can handle large
amounts of data and can be easily scaled to accommodate growing data requirements.

One of the key advantages of using MySQL is its open-source nature. The source code is available to
anyone, and developers can make modifications to the software to suit their specific needs. This has
led to a large and thriving community of developers and users, who are constantly working on
improving and enhancing the software. There are also numerous plugins and extensions available
that can be used to extend the functionality of MySQL. Additionally, because it is open-source,
there is no need to purchase licenses or pay for upgrades, which can save organizations a significant
amount of money. Furthermore, because it is widely used, there are a large number of online
resources and support available, making it easy for new users to get up and running quickly.

In conclusion, MySQL is an open-source database management system that offers a range of features
and functions that make it the ideal choice for web-based applications. Its fast, reliable, and flexible
features make it a popular choice for developers and businesses alike. Its scalability features, which
allow for horizontal and vertical scaling, make it an excellent choice for growing businesses. With its
wide range of data types and functions, support for ACID transactions, and its popularity, MySQL is
likely to continue to be a popular choice for developers and businesses in the years to come.
4.2.1 MongoDB
MongoDB is an open-source database management system that utilizes the NoSQL database model.
The software was first developed by MongoDB, Inc. in 2007 and has since become one of the most
widely-used databases in the world, powering websites and applications of all sizes and industries.
MongoDB is designed to be highly scalable, flexible, and performant, making it an ideal choice for
a wide range of use cases, from simple blogs to complex, data-intensive applications.

One of the key advantages of MongoDB is its scalability. Unlike traditional relational databases,
MongoDB uses a document-oriented data model, which allows for a more flexible and scalable
architecture. This model allows for the easy distribution of data across multiple servers, providing
greater reliability and fault tolerance. This scalability is particularly useful for organizations that
require high levels of performance, as well as for businesses that experience rapid growth or require
real-time access to large amounts of data. In addition, MongoDB has a robust set of tools and
features designed to help organizations manage their data, including backup and recovery, security,
and performance tuning.

Another major benefit of MongoDB is its flexibility. Unlike relational databases, MongoDB does not
require a fixed schema, which makes it much easier to make changes and additions to the database
over time. This flexibility is especially useful for organizations that require a highly adaptable
database to accommodate rapidly changing requirements or that have complex data structures.
Additionally, MongoDB provides a number of tools for analyzing and aggregating data, including
MapReduce, which allows for the creation of custom data processing pipelines. This level of
flexibility and analytical capabilities makes MongoDB a popular choice for organizations
looking to gain insights into their data, such as businesses in the financial, healthcare, and retail
industries.

Overall, MongoDB is a highly-regarded database management system that is widely used by

organizations of all sizes and industries. With its scalability, flexibility, and powerful analytics
capabilities, MongoDB provides a comprehensive solution for organizations looking to manage and
analyze large amounts of data. Whether you are looking for a database for a small website, a complex
data-intensive application, or anything in between, MongoDB is a powerful and versatile solution
that is sure to meet your needs.
 CHAPTER 5 : TESTING

5.1 : UNIT TESTING

5.1.1 Introduction
In computer programming, unit testing is a software testing method by which individual
units of source code, sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control
data, usage procedures, and operating procedures, are tested to determine whether they are fit for
use. Intuitively, one can view a unit as the smallest testable part of an application. In procedural
programming, a unit could be an entire module, but it is more commonly an individual function or
procedure. In object-oriented programming, a unit is often an entire interface, such as a class, but
could be an individual method. Unit tests are short code fragments created by programmers or
occasionally by white box testers during the development process. It forms the basis for component
testing. Ideally, each test case is independent from the others. Substitutes such as method
stubs, mock objects, fakes, and test harnesses can be used to assist testing a module in isolation.
Unit tests are typically written and run by software developers to ensure that code meets its design
and behaves as intended.

5.1.2 Benifits
The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are
correct. A unit test provides a strict, written contract that the piece of code must satisfy. As a result, it
affords several benefits.

1) Find problems early : Unit testing finds problems early in the development cycle. In test-driven
development (TDD), which is frequently used in both extreme programming and scrum, unit tests are
created before the code itself is written. When the tests pass, that code is considered complete. The
same unit tests are run against that function frequently as the larger code base is developed either as
the code is changed or via an automated process with the build. If the unit tests fail, it is considered
to be a bug either in the changed code or the tests themselves. The unit tests then allow the location
of the fault or failure to be easily traced. Since the unit tests alert the development team of the
problem before handing the code off to testers or clients, it is still early in the development process.

2 ) Facilitates Change : Unit testing allows the programmer to refactor code or upgrade system
libraries at a later date, and make sure the module still works correctly (e.g., in regression testing).
The procedure is to write test cases for all functions and methods so that whenever a change causes
a fault, it can be quickly identified. Unit tests detect changes which may break a design contract.

3 ) Simplifies Integration : Unit testing may reduce uncertainty in the units themselves and can be
used in a bottom-up testing style approach. By testing the parts of a program first and then testing the
sum of its parts, integration testing becomes much easier.

4 ) Documentation : Unit testing provides a sort of living documentation of the system. Developers
looking to learn what functionality is provided by a unit, and how to use it, can look at the unit tests
to gain a basic understanding of the unit's interface (API).Unit test cases embody characteristics that
are critical to the success of the unit. These characteristics can indicate appropriate/inappropriate
use of a unit as well as negative behaviors that are to be trapped by the unit.

5.2 : INTEGRATION TESTING

Integration testing (sometimes called integration and testing, abbreviated I&T) is the
phase in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. It
occurs after unit testing and before validation testing. Integration testing takes as its
input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in
an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated system
ready for system testing.

5.2.1 Purpose
The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance, and
reliability requirements placed on major design items. These "design items", i.e., assemblages (or
groups of units), are exercised through their interfaces using black-box testing, success and error
cases being simulated via appropriate parameter and data inputs. Simulated usage of shared data
areas and inter-process communication is tested and individual subsystems are exercised through
their input interface. Test cases are constructed to test whether all the components within
assemblages interact correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is
done after testing individual modules, i.e., unit testing. The overall idea is a "building block"
approach, in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to support
the integration testing of further assemblages.Software integration testing is performed according to
the software development life cycle (SDLC) after module and functional tests. The cross-
dependencies for software integration testing are: schedule for integration testing, strategy and
selection of the tools used for integration, define the cyclomatical complexity of the software and
software architecture, reusability of modules and life-cycle and versioning management.Some
different types of integration testing are big-bang, top-down, and bottom-up, mixed (sandwich) and
risky-hardest. Other Integration Patterns[2] are: collaboration integration, backbone integration,
layer integration, client-server integration, distributed services integration and high-frequency
integration.

5.2.1.1 Big Bang

In the big-bang approach, most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete
software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing. This method is very
effective for saving time in the integration testing process. However, if the test cases and their results
are not recorded properly, the entire integration process will be more complicated and may prevent
the testing team from achieving the goal of integration testing.A type of big-bang integration testing
is called "usage model testing" which can be used in both software and hardware integration testing.
The basis behind this type of integration testing is to run user-like workloads in integrated user-like
environments. In doing the testing in this manner, the environment is proofed, while the individual
components are proofed indirectly through their use. Usage Model testing takes an optimistic
approach to testing, because it expects to have few problems with the individual components. The
strategy relies heavily on the component developers to do the isolated unit testing for their product.
The goal of the strategy is to avoid redoing the testing done by the developers, and instead flesh-out
problems caused by the interaction of the components in the environment.

5.2.1.2 Top-down And Bottom-up

Bottom-up testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components are tested
first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the
component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.All the bottom or low-level modules, procedures or
functions are integrated and then tested. After the integration testing of lower level integrated
modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. This
approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.
This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report
testing progress in the form of a percentage.Top-down testing is an approach to integrated testing
where the top integrated modules are tested and the branch of the module is tested step by step until
the end of the related module.Sandwich testing is an approach to combine top down testing with
bottom up testing.
5.3 : SOFTWARE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION

5.3.1 Introduction
In software project management, software testing, and software engineering, verification and
validation (V&V) is the process of checking that a software system meets specifications and that it
fulfills its intended purpose. It may also be referred to as software quality control. It is normally the
responsibility of software testers as part of the software development lifecycle. Validation checks
that the product design satisfies or fits the intended use (high-level checking), i.e., the software meets
the user requirements.This is done through dynamic testing and other forms of review.Verification
and validation are not the same thing, although they are often confused. Boehm
succinctly expressed the difference between

Validation : Are we building the right product?

Verification : Are we building the product right?

According to the Capability Maturity Model (CMMI-SW v1.1)

Software Verification: The process of evaluating software to determine whether the products of a
given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase.

Software Validation: The process of evaluating software during or at the end of the development
process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements.

In other words, software verification is ensuring that the product has been built according to the
requirements and design specifications, while software validation ensures that the product meets the
user's needs, and that the specifications were correct in the first place. Software verification ensures
that "you built it right". Software validation ensures that "you built the right thing". Software
validation confirms that the product, as provided, will fulfill its intended use.

From Testing Perspective

Fault – wrong or missing function in the code.

Failure – the manifestation of a fault during execution.
Malfunction – according to its specification the system does not meet its specified functionality

Both verification and validation are related to the concepts of quality and of software quality
assurance. By themselves, verification and validation do not guarantee software quality;
planning, traceability, configuration management and other aspects of software engineering are
required.Within the modeling and simulation (M&S) community, the definitions of verification,
validation and accreditation are similar:
M&S Verification is the process of determining that a ⦁ computer model, simulation, or federation of
models and simulations implementations and their associated data accurately represent the
developer's conceptual description and specifications.
M&S Validation is the process of determining the degree to which a model, simulation, or federation
of models and simulations, and their associated data are accurate representations of the real world
from the perspective of the intended use(s).

5.3.2 Classification of Methods

In mission-critical software systems, where flawless performance is absolutely necessary, formal
methods may be used to ensure the correct operation of a system. However, often for non-mission-
critical software systems, formal methods prove to be very costly and an alternative method of
software V&V must be sought out. In such cases, syntactic methods are often used.

5.3.3 Test Cases

A test case is a tool used in the process. Test cases may be prepared for software verification and
software validation to determine if the product was built according to the requirements of the user.
Other methods, such as reviews, may be used early in the life cycle to provide for software
validation.

5.4 : Black-Box Testing

Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application
without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually
to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It typically comprises
most if not all higher level testing, but can also dominate unit testing as well.

5.4.1 Test Procedures

Specific knowledge of the application's code/internal structure and programming knowledge in
general is not required. The tester is aware of what the software is supposed to do but is not aware
of how it does it. For instance, the tester is aware that a particular input returns a certain, invariable
output but is not aware of how the software produces the output in the first place.

5.4.2 Test Cases

Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to
do. Test cases are generally derived from external descriptions of the software, including
specifications, requirements and design parameters. Although the tests used are
primarily functional in nature, non-functional tests may also be used. The test designer selects both
valid and invalid inputs and determines the correct output, often with the help of an oracle or a
previous result that is known to be good, without any knowledge of the test object's internal structure.

5.5 : White-Box Testing

White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing,
and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal structures or workings of an
application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing an internal
perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester
chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is
analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT). White-box testing can be applied
at the unit, integration and system levels of the software testing process. Although traditional testers
tended to think of white-box testing as being done at the unit level, it is used for integration and
system testing more frequently today. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during
integration, and between subsystems during a system–level test. Though this method of test design
can uncover many errors or problems, it has the potential to miss unimplemented parts of the
specification or missing requirements.

5.5.1 Levels

1 ) Unit testing : White-box testing is done during unit testing to ensure that the code is working as
intended, before any integration happens with previously tested code. White-box testing during unit
testing catches any defects early on and aids in any defects that happen later on after the code is
integrated with the rest of the application and therefore prevents any type of errors later on.

2 ) Integration testing : White-box testing at this level are written to test the interactions of each
interface with each other. The Unit level testing made sure that each code was tested and working
accordingly in an isolated environment and integration examines the correctness of the behaviour in
an open environment through the use of white-box testing for any interactions of interfaces that are
known to the programmer.

3 ) Regression testing : White-box testing during regression testing is the use of recycled white-
box test cases at the unit and integration testing levels.

5.5.2 Procedures
White-box testing's basic procedures involves the tester having a deep level of understanding of the
source code being tested. The programmer must have a deep understanding of the application to
know what kinds of test cases to create so that every visible path is exercised for testing. Once the
 source code is understood then the source code can be analyzed for test cases to be created. These
are the three basic steps that white-box testing takes in order to create test cases:

Input involves different types of requirements, functional specifications, detailed designing of

documents, proper source code, security specifications. This is the preparation stage of white- box
testing to layout all of the basic information.
Processing involves performing risk analysis to guide whole testing process, proper test plan, execute
test cases and communicate results. This is the phase of building test cases to make sure they
thoroughly test the application the given results are recorded accordingly.
Output involves preparing final report that encompasses all of the above preparations and results.

5.6 : SYSTEM TESTING

System testing of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system to
evaluate the system's compliance with its specified requirements. System testing falls within the
scope of black-box testing, and as such, should require no knowledge of the inner design of
the code or logic. As a rule, system testing takes, as its input, all of the "integrated" software
components that have passed integration testing and also the software system itself integrated with
any applicable hardware system(s). The purpose of integration testing is to detect any inconsistencies
between the software units that are integrated together (called assemblages) or between any of the
assemblages and the hardware. System testing is a more limited type of testing; it seeks to detect
defects both within the "inter-assemblages" and also within the system as a whole.

System testing is performed on the entire system in the context of a Functional

Requirement Specification(s) (FRS) and/or a System Requirement Specification (SRS). System
testing tests not only the design, but also the behavior and even the believed expectations of the
customer. It is also intended to test up to and beyond the bounds defined in the software/hardware
requirements specification(s).
 CODING

HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Weather Forecast App</title>
<style>
body { font-family: Arial; padding: 20px; }
#weather { margin-top: 20px; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Weather Forecast</h1>
<input type="text" id="cityInput" placeholder="Enter city name" />
<button onclick="getWeather()">Get Weather</button>

<div id="weather"></div>

<script src="script.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

SCRIPT.JS
async function getWeather() {
const city = document.getElementById('cityInput').value;
const apiKey = 'YOUR_API_KEY'; // Replace with your OpenWeatherMap API key
const url = `https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=${city}&appid=${apiKey}&units=metric`;

const response = await fetch(url);

const data = await response.json();

if (data.cod === 200) {

document.getElementById('weather').innerHTML = `
<h3>Weather in ${data.name}</h3>
<p>Temperature: ${data.main.temp} °C</p>
<p>Condition: ${data.weather[0].description}</p>
`;
} else {
document.getElementById('weather').innerHTML = `<p>City not found.</p>`;
}
}
 PYPHON
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# Sample weather dataset

data = pd.read_csv('weather.csv') # Ensure this contains temp, humidity, pressure, etc.
X = data[['humidity', 'pressure']] # Features
y = data['temperature'] # Target

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2)

model = LinearRegression()
model.fit(X_train, y_train)

predicted_temp = model.predict([[80, 1010]]) # Example input

print(f"Predicted temperature: {predicted_temp[0]:.2f} °C")
CHAPTER 6 : RESULTS
 CHAPTER 7 : ADVANTAGES

1. Accurate Weather Predictions: The application provides real-time weather forecasts for

multiple days, helping users plan their activities efficiently based on accurate weather

data.

2. User-Friendly Interface: It features a clean, intuitive, and responsive design, ensuring a

seamless experience for users of all skill levels.

3. Geolocation-Based Forecast: The app has the ability to detect a user's location

and provide localized weather information automatically, enhancing usability.

4. Extended Forecast Duration: The project offers weather predictions for up to six

days with regular updates, giving users insights into short-term and long-term weather

trends.
 CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSION

The Weather Forecasting project provides an efficient solution for predicting weather conditions for

the next 5-6 days, with detailed forecasts available at 3-hour intervals. The application allows users to

search for weather updates by city name and provides an easy-to-understand interface for

viewing upcoming weather changes. Its intuitive design ensures that users can quickly access relevant

weather data, which is crucial for making daily decisions related to travel, outdoor activities, and

personal plans. By offering reliable forecasts, the project demonstrates a valuable contribution to

personal convenience and planning. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of accessibility and

ease of use, allowing users from various regions to benefit from real-time weather information. The

project showcases the ability to integrate real-world data into a user-friendly platform, allowing for

seamless interaction with global weather systems. Overall, this project addresses the critical need for

accessible weather forecasting solutions, making it a useful tool for anyone seeking quick and

accurate weather updates. Through its practical application, this weather forecasting tool exemplifies

how modern digital solutions can significantly enhance daily life by providing essential information

in a simple, effective manner.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm

https://www.javatpoint.com

https://www.w3schools.com

https://html.com