ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

(GE3271)

LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

 NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

NPR NAGAR, NATHAM

Vision
 To develop students with intellectual curiosity and technical expertise to meet the global
needs.

Mission
 To achieve academic excellence by offering quality technical education using best
teaching techniques.
 To improve Industry – Institute interactions and expose industrial atmosphere.
 To develop interpersonal skills along with value based education in a dynamic
learning environment.
 To explore solutions for real time problems in the society.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Vision
 To impart quality technical education and nurture excellence to meet the
impending challenges in emerging technologies.

Mission
 To instill the thirst for advancement in communication and technology to
address the social conflict.

 To equip the students with analytical and practical skills to improve their
achievements that will be reflected in their academic performance.

 To inculcate ethics and transform lives through value based education.

 To increase industrial interaction to ascertain prevailing technologies

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

To enable graduates
 To pursue research, or have a successful career in academia or industries associated
with Electronics and Communication Engineering, or as entrepreneurs.
 To provide strong foundational concepts and also advanced techniques and tools in
order to enable them to build solutions or systems of varying complexity.
 To critically analyze existing literature in an area of specialization and ethically
develop innovative and research oriented methodologies to solve the problems
identified.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

On completion of the program the students will be

 Highly proficient in the fundamental concepts and able to find solutions for real time
complexities.
 Able to utilize advanced tools and techniques to develop innovative research ideas for new
applications.
 Index
Sl. Page
No. Date Name of the Experiment Marks Signature
No.

CYCLE I

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

1 Introduction to switches, fuses, indicators and lamps-
Basic switch board wiring with lamp, fan and three
pin socket
2 Staircase wiring
3
Fluorescent Lamp wiring with introduction to CFL
and LED types.
4 Energy meter wiring and related calculations/
calibration
5
Study of Iron Box wiring and assembly
6
Study of Fan Regulator (Resistor type and Electronic
type using Diac/Triac/quadrac)
7
Study of emergency lamp wiring/Water heater
CYCLE-II

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PRACTICES

8
Soldering simple electronic circuits and checking
continuity.
9 Assembling and testing electronic components on a
small PCB.
10 Study an elements of smart phone..
11 Assembly and dismantle of LED TV.

12 Assembly and dismantle of computer/ laptop

12
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
13
Measurement of resistance to earth of electrical
equipment.
14
Residential house wiring using switches, fuse,
indicator, lamp and energy meter.
Ex. No: 1

Date:

INTRODUCTION TO SWITCHES, FUSES, INDICATORS AND LAMPS-

BASIC SWITCH BOARD WIRING WITH LAMP, FAN AND THREE PIN SOCKET

Aim :

To study about the switches, fuses, indicators and lamps- basic switch board wiring
with lamp, fan and three pin socket.

SWITCHES :

A switch responds to an external force to mechanically change an electric signal. Switches

are used to turn electric circuits ON and OFF and to switch electric circuits.

The types of switches are classified into four types namely:

SPST (Single Pole Single throw)

SPDT (single pole double throw)

DPST (double pole, single throw)

DPDT (double pole double throw)

Switches in Electrical Circuits: Pole & Throw

Pole” indicates the number of circuits that one switch can control for one operation of the
switch. “Throw” indicates the number of contact points. NO and NC contacts are single
throw. Changeover contacts are double throw.
If one switch can control one circuit for one operation, it is a single-pole switch. If it can
control two or three circuits for one operation, it is a double-pole or a triple-pole switch.

Single-
pole, The switch contains one circuit
Single- with NO or NC contacts.
throw
Single-
pole, The switch contains one circuit with
Double- changeover contacts.
throw

Double-
pole, The switch contains two circuits
Single- with NO or NC contacts.
throw

Double-
pole, The switch contains two circuits with
Double- changeover contacts.
throw

SWITCH OPEN
If the switch used in the circuit is in ‘off’ position, then the circuit is said to be open
circuit. There will not be any flow of current in open circuit.
SWITCH CLOSED
If the switch used in the circuit is in ‘on’ position, then the circuit is said
to be closed circuit. There will be normal flow of current in closed circuit.
SHORT CIRCUIT

When the positive terminal and negative terminal of any circuit comes in contact and
very high current flows through the circuit, then it is called as short Electrical Circuit.

FUSES
An electrical fuse is a safety device that operates to provide protection against the
overflow of current in an electrical circuit. An important component of an electrical fuse
is a metal wire or strip that melts when excess current flows through it.

INDICATORS
An electric current flow indicator senses electrical current flowing through an
electrical device and produces a visible feedback to indicate proper operation. The current
flow indicator has a voltage and current regulation circuit having first and second inputs
connected to first and second conductors, respectively.
WIRING

WIRING METHODS
A circuit is a path along which the electric current flows from the negative Side of
the power source to the positive side. There are three types of electrical circuit.
Series circuit
Parallel circuit
Combination of series and parallel circuit.
SERIES CIRCUIT
The series circuit provides a single, continuous path through which current flows. In
this the devices are connected one after another and the current flows through them until it
returns to the power source. The circuit is shown in fig. Hence, even when one device breaks
down the remaining devices will not operate because the circuit is broken.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
In parallel circuit the devices are connected side by side so that, current flows in a
number of parallel path. The parallel circuit is shown in fig. In this type of circuit each device
is connected across the power source so that even if one device breaks down, the other
devices continue to operate. Hence this type of circuit is used in home wiring.
THREE PIN SOCKET
3-pin plug consists of three pins (hence the name). It is important to know how to
wire a 3-pin plug correctly. The 3-pin plugs are designed so that electricity can be supplied to
electrical appliances safely. Each wire has its own specified color, as shown below and each
pin must be correctly connected to the three wires in the electrical cable.
EXP NO: 2
STAIR CASE WIRING

Aim:

To wire for a stair case arrangement using a two-way switch.

Tool Required:
1. Screw driver 2.Hammer 3.Pliers 4.Line tester

Components Required:
1. Two-way switches 2. Bulb holders 3. Bulbs
4. Joint clips 5. Wires 6. Screws
7. Ceiling rose and 8. Switch board

Procedure:

1. Mark switch and bulb location points and draw lines for wiring on the wooden
Board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the two-way switches and bulb holder in the marked position on the wooden
Board.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the bulbs by giving electric supply to the circuit.

Theory:

A two switch is installed near the first step of the stairs. The other two way
 switch is installed at the upper part where the stair ends. The light point is provided
between first and last stair at an adequate location and height if the lower switch
switches on the light. The switch at the top or vice versa can switch it off. Two number
of two way switches are used for the purpose. The supply is given to the switch at the
short circuited terminals. The connection to the light point is taken from the similar
short circuited terminal of the second switch; other two independent terminals of each
circuit are connected through cables.

Result:
The staircase wiring is completed and tested.
EXP NO: 3 FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING

Aim:

To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control.

Tools Required:
1. Screw driver 2. Hammer 3. Pliers 4. Line tester

Components Required:
1. Switch 2. Tube light with fitting 3. Joint clips
4. Wires 5. Screws 6. Switch board

Working of the Fluorescent Tube Light:

The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube

and a frame. The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power
rating is 40 W and 230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the
supply is switched on, the current heats the filaments and initiates emission of
electrons. After one or two seconds, the starter circuit opens and makes the choke to
induce a momentary high voltage surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes place
through argon and produces bright light.

Procedure:

1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw
lines for wiring on the wooden board.
 2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving
electric supply to the Circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - TUBE LIGHT

STARTER

40 W, 230 V

HOLDER FLUORESCENT TUBE

FLUORESCE
FLUORESCENT TUBE HOLDER
NT TUBE

CHOKE 1 - WAY SWITCH

1 , 230V
50 Hz AC
P N
Result:
The wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.

EXP NO: 5 MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE PHASE

ENERGY METER

Aim:
To measure Energy consumed in a single phase circuit using
Energy meter.

Apparatus required:

SL.NO. Components Required Range Type Quantity

Ammeter (0-10) MI
1 1

Load
2 ------ LAMP --

Volt meter (0-300)

3 MI 1

Energy Meter
4 1 Ph,300V, 10A -- 1

Autotransformer 1KVA
5 230/(0-240) V 1PH 1

Formula used:

1200 Rev = 1kwhr

 /
1Rev =1x1000x3600 1200 = 3000(Watt-sec)

For N Rev Indicated energy (Ei) = N x 3000 (Watt-sec)

% Error = (E I -E a) x100/Ei

Calculated energy Ea = (VL x IL) x T (Watt-sec)

Where

Load voltage IL-Load current

Energy meter constant =------------------(Rev/sec)

ENERGY METER INTERNAL CONNECTION

TABULATION:

Volt meter Time taken Calculated Indicated

Ammeter readings
S.NO readings for
(Volts) (Amps) Energy (Ea) Energy (Ei )
5 Rev(Sec)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Supply is switched on and load is applied and Ammeter,
Voltmeter readings and Time taken by the discs for particular
number of revolution are noted using stop Watch.
3. Step 2 is repeated for various load conditions.
4. % Error is calculated

RESULT:
Thus energy consumed in a single phase circuit is measured.
 STUDY OF IRON BOX WIRING AND ASSEMBLY

Aim:

To Study the various parts and assembly of Iron box wiring.

Principle:

There are various electrical inventions used for domestic purposes such as the electric
fire, the electric iron, and electric water heater which all depend on one common principle;
when a current is passed through a piece of wire, the wire heats up and emits heat radiation.

Thisheat is distributed and used for various purposes.

The Electric Iron:

An electric Iron is a general household appliance used to press the wrinkles out of the
clothes. This works on the basis that the combination of heat and pressure removes wrinkles.
The principle of the electric iron is that when current is passed through a coil, the coil gets
red hot and transfers the heat to the base plate of the electric iron through conduction.

In the earlier days, steam irons were used, but now electric iron is preferred over
steam ones. Steam irons have some maintenance issues due to clogging. Steam irons usually
have vents through which the water passes. As the steam iron gets used, slowly the minerals
from the water accumulate at the vents and block the water from passing through. Thus, the
efficiency of the steam iron is compromised. So, the steam iron has to be cleaned and
maintained regularly to ensure its proper working. If you live in an area where hard water is
used, then clogging is a major problem.

This drawback is eliminated in electric iron as it uses a heating element and there are no vents
in it. There is considerably less maintenance in an electric iron when compared to steam iron.

There are two types of electric irons:

 Automatic

 Non-Automatic

There is not much difference between the two types. The former has one regulator to control
the temperature of the element and in turn the temperature of the iron.

Parts of an Electric Iron

1. Sole Plate

The soleplate is the thick, triangular-shaped slab of iron that forms the base over
which the electric iron is built. The bottom surface and edges are heavily chromium-plated, to
prevent them from rusting. The base plate should hold the iron pressure plate and cover plate
in position. For this purpose, we can see two or sometimes three studs in the base plate. These
studs aid in holding the position of the cover plate and pressure plate.

2. Pressure Plate

This plate is generally called the top plate as it follows the shape of the soleplate. The
pressure plate has some holes through which the studs from the base plate pass through. We
should tighten the nuts on the studs in such a way that the pressure plate and sole plate are
pressed tightly against each other. In some iron, the pressure plate is heavy and made of cast
iron while in some other cases, it is a thin sheet of steel, about ¼ cm thick.In the automatic
type of electric iron, the pressure plate has a rectangular or circular hole for locating the
thermostat.

3. The Heating Element

 The heating element is present between the soleplate and pressure plate. It is pressed
hard between the two plates. The heating element consists of nichrome wire wound around a
sheet of mica. The two ends of the nichrome wire are connected to the contact strips. The
contact strips are connected to the terminals of the iron. There are two reasons for which mica
is chosen as the heating material. Mica is a very good insulating material. Besides, that mica
can also withstand very high temperatures. The entire assembly of mica sheet, nichrome wire,
and contact strips are riveted together resulting in a mechanically sound and robust
construction. There is an asbestos sheet, which separates and thermally insulates the top plate
from the heating element.

4. The Cover Plate

The cover plate is made of a thin sheet of iron. It is placed on top of the base plate and
it covers all the internal parts of the iron. The handle and connector are only attached to the
cover plate.

5. Handle

The handle can be made either with wood or plastic. The handle is attached to the
cover plate with the aid of screws. Studs can also be used for this purpose.

6. Pilot Lamp

The pilot lamp is housed in the cover plate of the electric iron. One end of the pilot
lamp is connected to the supply, while the other end is connected to the heating element. The
Shunt resistance is provided across the pilot lamp which assists in providing a voltage drop.
The shunt is designed to provide a voltage drop of 2-5 volts.

7. Thermostat

When it comes to an automatic electric iron, the thermostat is the most important
item. It uses a bimetallic strip to operate the switch which is connected in series with the
resistance (or) heating element.The bimetallic strip is a simple element that converts a
temperature change into mechanical displacement. A bimetallic strip consists of two different
metals bonded together. The two metals should have a different coefficient of expansion. If
such a strip is heated, it starts to curve towards the metal having a lower coefficient of
expansion. On cooling, it straightens and comes back to the normal position.
 The bimetallic strip is attached to a contact spring through small pins. The contact
point between the strip and contact points remains closed. When the temperature rises
significantly, the unusual expansion causes the strip to curve and the contact between the
strip and contact spring opens. Thus, the supply to the heating element is temporarily stopped
(until the temperature goes down to normal). A special device called the cam is placed near
the contact spring, with which we specify the amount of curving of the bimetallic strip
required to separate the contact. Thus, using a bimetallic strip, the temperature is kept
constant within certain limits.

8. Capacitor

The thermostat helps in maintaining the temperature within limits. But frequent making
and breaking of circuitsdamage the contact points and it may also result in interference with
radio reception. To avoid this, a capacitor of a certain range is connected across the two
contact points.

Working of an Electric Iron

When a current is passed through the heating element which is placed between the
soleplate and pressure plate, the element gets heated up and transfers its heat to the soleplate
through conduction and in turn, the soleplate also gets heated up. Now to remove the
wrinkles in clothing, we should apply heat and pressure. Heat is formed due to the coil and
when we press the clothes with iron, the wrinkles are removed. For maintaining the optimum
temperature, a thermostat is used along with a pilot lamp which serves as an indicator.

Assembly

Whenall the parts aremanufactured, the iron isassembled on an automated

assembly line. The sole plate is the first part on the assembly line. The thermostat is either
screwed onto the plate, or welded to the plate by a robot. It is secured on an automated line
with screws or other industrial fasteners. The handle and body are attached over the
sole plate, thermostat and water tank, and fixed by screws. Sometimes this process is
automated, but it also can be done manually. The electrical cord is the last piece to be
added. Sometimes this process is automated, but it also can be done manually. After
an automated testing process, the irons are inspected by hand. Completed irons are
packed into individual boxes with instructions and other documents by hand. (For some
companies, this is an automated process.) The individual boxes are placed in shipping cartons
or master packs for distribution to warehouses.
Result

Thus, the Parts and Assembly of an Iron box wiring was studied.

STUDY OF FAN REGULATOR

Aim:

To Study the simple fan regulator circuit using DIAC/TRIAC.

Simple Electronic Voltage Regulator

Due to the advancement in power electronic technology, the alternative design of fan
regulator (voltage regulator) can be easily implemented to reduce the energy losses that are
caused by conventional voltage regulators.This type of voltage regulator is an energy-saving
device that uses TRIAC, DIAC, and potentiometric resistance. This method provides the
step-less control of the fan speed by deriving the required amount of power from the main
supply at a given instant.Hence, the power is conserved rather than wasted unnecessarily.

Required Components for Voltage Regulator Circuit:

 Resistor R1 – 10 KΩ
 Variable resistance or potentiometer R2 – 100 KΩ
 Polyester capacitor C1 – 0.1 µ F (For operating range of up to 400 V)
 DIAC, D1 – DB3
 TRIAC, T1 – BT136
 A single-phase ceiling fan or AC motor – 220 V, 50 Hz (range below 200 Watts)
Circuit Diagram of Voltage Regulator using TRIAC, DIAC

Voltage Regulator Circuit Connection

 Recognize the terminals of all the components for positive and negative terminal
connections. Choose the ceiling fan or any AC motor provided it should be rated
below 200 watts (According to the values of the components selected)
 Take a zero board or printed circuit board (PCB) and connect the circuit as given in
the below diagram.
 The firing circuit consists of resistor R1, potentiometer R2, capacitor C1 and a DIAC.
Connect the one terminal of the DIAC to the voltage divider combination of resistors
and capacitor as shown in figure.
 Consider the data sheet of TRIAC BT 136 for recognizing the terminals of TRIAC
and to know the other detailed information. Connect MT1 terminal to the neutral
while MT2 to one end of the AC motor or load. And connect the gate terminal to the
other end of DIAC.
 Connect the load or ceiling fan between the Phase or Line terminal of the AC power
supply and the MT2 terminal of TRIAC.
Operation of the Electronic Voltage Regulator Circuit

 Before giving the power supply to this simple fan regulator circuit, keep the variable
resistor or potentiometer in maximum resistance position so that no triggering is
applied to TRIAC and hence the TRIAC will be in cutoff mode.
 Turn ON the power supply of the circuit and observe whether the fan is in standstill
condition or not. Vary the potentiometer position slowly so that the capacitor starts
charging at the time constant determined by the values of R1 and R2.
 Once the voltage across the capacitor is more than the break over voltage of the
DIAC, DIAC starts conducting. Thus, the capacitor starts discharging towards the
gate terminal of TRIAC through DIAC.
 Therefore, TRIAC starts conducting and hence the main current starts flowing into the
fan through the closed path formed by TRIAC.
 By varying the potentiometer R2, the rate at which capacitor is going to be charged
get varied this means that if the resistance is less, the capacitor will charge at a faster
rate so the earlier will be the conduction of TRIAC.
 As the potentiometer resistance gradually increases, the conduction angle of TRIAC
will be reduced. Hence the average power across the load will be varied.
 Due to the bidirectional control capability of both TRIAC and DIAC, it is possible to
control the firing angle of the TRIAC in both positive and negative peaks of the input.
Note
 As a safety measure, test the good working condition of this circuit by applying a low
voltage supply like 24V AC or 12 V AC with a small load like a low wattage bulb
before connecting to the mains supply.
 If the load exceeds 200 watts, choose the higher watt capacity TRIAC in place BT
136 TRIAC.

Advantages of Simple Fan Regulator Circuit

 Continuous and step-less control of the fan speed is possible

 Power saving is achieved at all the speeds by minimizing the energy losses
  A simple circuit that requires a smaller number of components
 Efficient as compared with the resistive type due to lower power consumption
 Cost-effective

Result

Thus,the design of a simple fan regulator using DIAC/TRIAC studied.

STUDY OF EMERGENCY LAMP WIRING

Aim:

To Study the various componentsand working of Emergency Lamp Wiring

Emergency Light:

An emergency light is used to automatically turn ON a lamp which is operated by a

battery. It stops the user from being in a difficult situation because of unexpected darkness
and helps the user to get access to make an instantaneous emergency light. This circuit uses
light-emitting diodes in its place of the incandescent lamps; therefore, making the circuit is
very power efficient as well as brighter with its light o/p. In addition, the circuit uses an
innovative theory to enhance the economical characteristic of the unit.
Emergency lights are connected to the electrical supply of the building. Each light has
its circuit. These lights include a battery so that it works like a backup power supply once the
building loses its power supply. Here, the lifespan of a battery is short when we compare it
with other kinds of lighting systems. So, all the emergency lights must be checked to make
sure the battery can give emergency light for a minimum of 90 minutes. These tests are
necessary to check the performance of the battery every six months with professionals.

Types of Emergency Lights:

There are different kinds of lights available in the market in different sizes and shapes.
Each light is designed based on the application. There are some common emergency lighting
systems used in buildings are

 Exit Lights
  Batten Lights
 Oyster Lights
 Spotfire Lights

An emergency light is an integral part of household electronics nowadays. We all know

Emergency light is used during a power failure to light up the home. As it is used during the
power failure, it should last long, hence generally bright white LEDs are used in emergency
light because they produce more light and consume less power. An emergency light is a very
useful and popular project in the DIY section. So today we are going to build a simple and
cost-effective emergency light.In this emergency light circuit, when the power goes OFF, the
emergency light activates automatically. We have used four bright white LEDs, more LEDs
can be added to produce more light considering that total current consumption should not
exceed the supply current. Ultra-bright white LED consumes 3v and 20mA current.

Components Required:
 Transformer- 9-0-9 500mA
 Bridge rectifier
 Diode- 1N4007
 IC 7808 voltage regulator
 Capacitor 1000uF, 0.01uF
 Relay- 6v
 Resistors- 100 ohm
 LEDs- Ultra bright white LED
 Rechargeable 6v, 4.5Ah Battery

Circuit Diagram

We can divide this LED emergency light circuit into two parts; the first part is used
to drop down the 220v AC voltage into 8v regulated DC, with the help of a Transformer and
bridge rectifier. And second part consists of a Relay and rechargeable battery, which is used
to lighten the LEDs during power failure.
 In the first part of the circuit, we have used Transformer 9-0-9 500mA, to step
down the 220 voltage into 9v. The bridge rectifier is the combination of 4 diodes thatare used
to remove the negative half component of AC. This process is called the Rectification.
Further, a 1000uF capacitor has been used for Filtration, which means removing the ripples in
a resulted wave. And voltage regulator 7808 has been used to regulate the DC wave, to
provide the uninterrupted and smooth 8v DC supply

The second part of the emergency light circuit consistsof the main functionality,
which is to automatically switch ON the emergency light (Array of white LEDs) on Power
Failure. We have used Relay here to automate this. A 6v, 4.5Ah rechargeable battery is
connected to the Array of LEDs, through a Relay. Normally when there is no power failure,
the coil of the relay remains energized and the lever is attracted towards the NO (normally
open) terminal and NC (normally connected) terminal remains open. In this situation LEDs
are disconnected from the rechargeable battery and remain OFF, also the battery is getting
charged through the power supply from the transformer. A diode D5 is used to prevent the
battery from flowing back.

Now when the power fails, the relay coil becomes de-energized and the lever gets
connected to the NC terminal, which connects the LEDs to the rechargeable battery, and the
LEDs array goes ON. This is how this emergency light works. Now when the power is
restored, the relay gets activated and the lever again connects to the NO terminal which in
turn disconnects the LEDs from the battery and connects the battery to the transformer for
charging.

Generally, 6v, 4.5Ah rechargeable battery comes with a Deep discharge recovery and
overcharge protection mechanism, but we can use a Zener diode of 6.8v to protect the battery
from overcharging. We can also use other rechargeable batteries like Nickel-
cadmium batteries (NiCad), Nickel-metal hydride batteries, cell phone batteries, etc. Further,
we can also use PNP transistor BD140 in place of Relay. PNP transistor can be used here as a
switch, like it will be OFF when continuously voltage is applied to the base of it, in a case
when power is there and it will be ON, in case of power failure which connects the LEDs to
the rechargeable battery, and activates the LED emergency light.

This emergency light can also be made using LDR (light dependent resistor), in which light
will automatically switch ON according to darkness, which means it remains to switch OFF
in presence of light and switch ON in absence of light

Result
Thus, the various components and working of Emergency Lamp wiring were studied.
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PRACTICES
.