Percentage

%
% Augustus Caesar,
1

100 (or 19%)

everything
the first

on goods sold

rerum venalium, which

sold'. During the

computationswith
Emperor

at

literally

17h century, interest

The word 'percent' has

of the

auctions. This tax

translates to
Roman Empire,levied

'a

Middle Ages of Europe (5h to 15 century).

denominationof 100 became ubiquitous.

which means 'by the hundred'.

In
its

our modern society, percentages

roots in the Latin

are widely used in

By the

were quoted in terms of hundredths.

rates
a tax of

was known ascentesima

hundredth of the value of

phrase per centu.

to convey statistical
frequently employed
businesses and are also
are some other uses of
percentage?
information in reports. What

%%
Learning Outcomes
What will we learn in this chapter?
change are
.What percentage andpercentage
.
How to use percentagesgreater
than 100%

by percentage
.Howto compare two quantities

OXFORD
UNIVERssTY PReSs
 Introductry
Problem
years 2020to 2021 in the provinces
stages in the of
enrolment atvarious education
Fig 8.l showsthe KPunjab
17.0% and
Stn
47.29%
19.5% 91% 19%5
Total
47.19%
17.9%
17.8%
94% 54422%
Punjab
47.49% 14.7%
Sindh
23.5% B2% S2

High Higher
Middle
Pre Primary Primary Secondary Degree

Fig. 8.1
2022)
2020-21 by NEMIS-PIE, February
Education Statistics
(Source:Pakistan
enrolled in middle
of Punjab are lor school
many students fromthe province below?
you tell how
1. Can
If not, explain
why not. schools in Sindh is
Ifyes,explain how. primary and middle higher than
enrolment in pre-primary,
Can you tell if thetotal thatin

how. If not, explain why not.

Punjab? lfyes, explain enrolled in
students from Sindh
and Punjab are respectively high schools,
Since 9.4% and 8.2% the ,why is
of
3. the
Fig.8.1 only 9.1%?
in the first row of
total percentage

are calculated in various

are going to learn more about how percentages contexts, so
that we
Inthis chapter, we
can
presented.
correctly interpret the information

81)Percentage
Percentages are used to convey informationin everyday life. We often see Infomaticn
advertisements or newspaper reports with headlinessuch as Warehouse Sale at
50% offand 'Gross Domestic Product is up by The word'percent orgti
0.5%: from the Ltin phrase pe
50% and 0.5% are examplesof
percentages.
centum, which means e
hundred' or 'outof eery

The symbol, %,is used to hundred.

represent percent.Thus 50% is read as '50percent
 Class Identifying percentages used in daily life
Discusson
t advertisement on grapefruits.
following
dthe

Originatingin the West Indies, the grapefruit is ahybrid of the pomelo and the sweet
orange. Florida produces upto 75% of the world's supplyof grapefruit. Its fruits tend
to besweeter and less pulpy than those produced in California. Just one grapefrit
delivers 16096 of our recomnendeddaily intake of vitamin C

Fig. 8.2

with
your classmates how to interpret the various percentages found in the advertisement.
Discuss supply of
supply of grapefrui' mean that Florida produces 759% of the world's
75% of the world's
up to
Does

160% our recommende

grapefruit? than 100%? Consider the phrase 'onegrapefruit delivers of
be greater

Can apercentage What does it mean?

of vvitamin
Cin the advertisement.
daily
intake

fraction and decimal

A Percentage,
i.e. Attention
percent is defined as x parts per hundred,
school, we have learnt that x

s 100
In primary 100%= 100
x% = 100

and vice versa.

expressed asa fraction, or a decimal,
Therefore, a percentage can be

example,
Decimal to percentage
For

Percentage to decimal
Fraction to percentage
Percentage to fraction
=0.72 x 100%
72 18 18
x 100% 729%
=72
100
0.72

72%= 25 25 =72%
100
=0.72
18
=72%
25

as a fraction and as a decimal.

percentages
Practise Now 1A 1. Express each of the following
76% (b) 9%
0d (a)
Questions
fractions or decimals as a percentage.
Expresseach of the
following
CIse 8A 2.
13 (b) 0.25
2al (a)
bl 20

OXEORD CHAPTY
 Coeveesion ieoleing en iotegerpercentages
W (a) xpress each of the folllowing percentages as a fraction and
() 22S9% as
decimal

(h) Fxpres each of the following aapercetage

(0) 0.769

solutor

ca) 0 -00 14
3 100
7
150

100 convverted

4.67 100 (to 3 s.f.)

Since
ay
4%.
thatthe
0.0467 d
bave
eourie
aferens
e
= 22.5
va
(iü) 22.5%
100
225 (a)(0)
HCFof 225 and 1000 is 25 Leve
1000 on-e
aswetss
corTe63
signihcant
40
unless
theSgare
22.5 tates quei,
22.59% = othervese
100
0.225

5
(b) (1) 2x100% since 100% =
1
6
=250
3
9% ALtention

(b)0)
You
= 83-%
can
alsoleare
answer as
(to3s£).83.39%
y
(iü) 0.769 =0.769 x 100%
=76.9%

Practise Now 1B 1. Expresseach of the following percentages asa fraction and asa decimal

arand 5
(a) 93%
6
(b) 14.7%
Further Questions
Exercise 8A 2. Express each of the following as a percentage.
Questions 3a),(b). 4
(a); (b) 0.5432
4la), tb)

B. Percentages greater than 100% and percentages less than 1%

A percentage can be greater than 100%.
I60
For example, from the Class Discussionon page 181, 160%,read as'onehundred and sixty percent, means

Apercentage can also be less than 1%, e-g. 0.5%.

CHAPTER 8 OXFORD
4 182
 Conversion involving non-integerpercentages
Worked
(a) Express each of fthe
t following percentages asa fraction
Example and asa
(i) (ii) 22.5% decimal.

1 (b) Express each of the following as a

percentage.
(i)
6 (ii) 0.769

*Solution

141
3100
7
150 Eqaivalece
For
(a)).ecold
d
4žn--100 covertedlo

=4.67 + 100 (to 3 s.f.) Since

say
4%
that
=0.0467 have
these
difiere o
equivalent
values
22.5
(iü) 22.5%
100 Attenuc
225 (a)(i)
HCF of 225 and 1000 is 25 Leve
1000 non-euct
answers
cortect ts )
9 signifcant
figite
40 unlessthe
quetn
states
22.5 othervse
22.5%
100

=0.225
(b) )2x100%
6 6
since 100% =
1
250 Attention

(b)() You canalso

le e
answer as 83.35

(to3s£)
(iü)) 0.769 =0.769 x 100%
=76.9%

Practise Now 1B 1. Express each of the following

percentages as a fraction and as a decimal.
Sar
and
Further Questions (a) 932%
6 (b) 14.7%
Exercise 8A
2. Express each ofthe
Questions 3a). (b). following as a percentage.
4
4la), tb)
(a) + (b) 0.5432

B. Percentages
greater than 100% and percentages less
than 1?%
A percentage canbegreater than 100%.
For example,

A
fromthe

percentagecan also
Class Discussion

beless than 1%,e.g.

0.5%.
on page 181, 160%,read as 'one hundred andsixty |percent,
means

CHAPTER 8
4 182 OXFORD
 Expressing
percentagesgreater
Express cach of tlhan 100% or
the
Vorked (a) 238.7%
following
percentages as a
less than 1% as decimals

2
decimnal.
Fample
(b) 0.5%

"Solution

(a) 238,7%238.7
100 (b) 0.59% 0.5
-2.387 100 a) 238.7% isdifferent from
=0.005 2382

Now
2 1
Express each of the
following percentages asa
Percentages
100% are equal
geater than
greater than
to decimals

atise mixed number and as a decimal. fraction/ 1,or mied

numbers
(a) 318% (b) 0.5% is
Qvestions (b) 407 different from 05
Percentages smaller than
(c) 0.29% 1%
Sal (d) 0.066% are equal to decimals
less than 0.01, or
fractions
2. Express each of the following
numbers as a percentage.
less than
100

(a) 49 (b) 5.468

17
(c) 0.0016 (d)
2000

Thinking
Iime
decimal into a percentage by multiplying by 100%:

.
it
any fraction
ean change
P_Px100%

it by 100:
cannot multiply
twe
PPx100.

why this is so.

Enlain

CPercentage of a quantity
of a whole as a percentage and vice versa.
how to express a part
primary school,we have learnt
Ia
in real
how such percentagesare used
life.
some examples of
luslook at

Class used in real life

Interpreting percentages
Discussion
Part1

Cup 2014 afterth

World
Tble 8.1 shows the top 5soccer players duringthe FIFA
theshooting accuracy of

dteached the
quarter-final stage.

CHAPTERs
(EORD
 Expressing percentages greater than 100% or tess than 1% as decimals
Express cach of the following
percentages as a decimal.
earked (a) 238.7% (b) 0.5%
paple

2 "Solution

(a) 238.7%
238.7
100 (b) 0.59%
0.5
100 (a) 238.7%
2387
is different fron
-2.387 -0.005
Percentages greater than
100% are equal to decimals

Wow
2 1. Express each
mixed number
of the following percentages as a
and as a decimal.
fraction/
Kreater than
numbers.
1,or mixed

Patse (b) 0.5% is different from 0.5

(a) 3189% (b) 407% Percentages smaller than

Ostions 1% are equal to decimals

(c) 0.29% (d) 0.066% less than 0.01, or fractions

8Sa
, Express each of the following numnbers as a percentage.
less than
100

(b) 5.468
17
(c) 0.0016 (d)
2000

Thinking
lime
or decimal linto a percentage by multiplying it by 100%:
any frraaction
can change

P_Px100%.
it by 100:
multiply
rwe cannot
PPx100.

this is so.
Blainwhy

CPercentage of a quantity

how to express a part of a whole as a percentage and vice versa.

aprimary school, we have learnt

are used in real life.

lus look at some examples of how such percentages

Class
Interpreting percentages used in real life
Discussion

Tle &. showsthe

shooting accuracy the FIFA World Cup 2014 after the teams
of the top 5soccer players during
adreached
the
quarter-final stage.

OXEORD CHAPTER
183
 shooting accuracy (5+shotsy
Team 100.0%
Player
Mexico 88.9%
Giovani dos Santos
Netherlands 875%
Arjen Robben
Colombia 83.4%
James Rodriguez
Nigeria 81.9%
Ahmed Musa
Brazil
Neymar
Table 8.
I

2July 2014)
Mail Online,
(Source did he score?. Give
How many goals yoar
by Neymar, answe
(a) Let x bethe total I number ofshotsattempted
greater than that of
decimal in terms of which is Neymar.
was 100.0%, the FIFA
x.
Neymar in
dos Santos goals than Worid
Giovani
(b) The shooting accuracyof had scored more Cap
Giovani dos
Santos 2010
conclude that
Can we

Explain your answer.

Part 2 country.
a particular
election of
of the 2022 parliamentary
the
number of Total valid votes
results
lable 8.2 shows Total
Name of party valid votes (%)
Constituency
69.33
(Number of electors) 112,677
P
30.67
ABC New Town 49,851
Q
(179 071)
Table 8.2

New Town had 179 071 electors iin

theyear 2022
asked, "ABC
was very puzzled and is not equal to l12677. Issthere
Joyce
After reading theabove, the votes. But
69.33% of 179 071 an error
of
obtaining 69.33%
and Party P won by
69.33% was derived.
how the percentage
a) Explain to Joyce
made valid votes?
ofthe electors had
b)What percentage

a proportion in relation Attention

Discussion, we see that a percentage is
From the aboveClass of quantity B.
A may not be equal to x%
The word'proportion' used

to a whole. Thus, x% ofquantity relation to percentage

relent
how a given quantity is divided a part-whole ratio. Recal
helps us to visualise
th
Ingeneral, a percentage
learnt about ratio in primuny
we
school.
proportionally.

Finding percentage of quantity

Worked has 40 students which 15 are boys and the rest
A cdass of

Example
are girls.
number
3 (a) If 25% of the
students
class

who do
wear spectacles,
not wear spectacles.
find the of

have long hair, find the number of

(b) If 60% of the girls

girls with long hair.

CHAPTER8 OXFORD
4 184 PESS
uNIVEEITY
 Solution
t:
(a) Method
Number of students who wear spectacles
25% of 40 Ppertitity
25 Proportimality i the relation
o between 2quanitie that
express 25% as a fraction
l00 allows pair of quantities to be
10 obtained from anther
pair
by multiplying with the same
Number of students who do not wear spectacles factor. So, in Worked Exanple
40- 10 3, we can reason out using
proportionality:
30 100%
If relates to 40, then 25%
Method 2:
(100% 4) relates to 404
Le. 10. Wehave, in this case.
Percentage of students who do not wear spectaces multiplied the pair of 100% and

-100% - 25% 40 by
-75%
Number of students who do not wear spectacles
-75% 40
of

75 x40 Retfection
express 75% as a fraction
-100 Which method do you prefer?
=30 Why?

(b) Number of girls in the class

=40- 15
=25
Number of girls with long hair

=60% of 25

60
= 100 X 25 express 60% as a fraction

=15

Pactise
Now 3 L Thereare 50 cards ina set. 18 cards are red while the rest are blue.

(a) If 30% of the cards have a number printed on themn, find the number of
arand
cards that do not have a number printed.
eQuestions

Ecise
8A (b) If759% of the blue cards are laminated, find the number blue cards that are not
of
ons 7.8 laminated.
9-c)
4.22 2. Find the value of each of the following.

of 30 cm of 640kg (c) 2500% of $4.60

(a) 2.59%
(b) 1s%

Explaining why percentage of quantity is incorrect

Worked
Bernard was asked to find the value of 2509%of $100 and his answer was $25.
Erample

Withoutperformingany calculations, explain to Bernard why his answer is incorrect.

4 "Solution
Since 1009% =1, then 100% of S100 =S100.
.250% of $100must be greater than S100,so $25 is incorrect.

OXFORD CHAPTERS
185
 and his
the value of
3.6% of 1000 kg anawerwas
s
fnd
Practise Now 4
Waseem was asked to explain to
Wascem why his: 3600kg.
amswer s
any calculations,
Sniar and Without performing incorrect
Further Gestions
Exercise 8A
Question 10 5

of another quantity
as a percentage
D. Expressing one quantity

in equivalent for
two quantities
Class Expressing

Discussion

1. There are 15 boys and 25 girls in a class. of the number

of girls.
percentage
of boys as a
(a) (@ Express the number
(traction)
x 100% = 96

Required percentage = the class.

as girls in
There are asmany boys abovestatement:
to the
are equivalent
statements
The tollowing 96 of the number of girls.
boys
• The number of is

of the number of girls.

(fraction)
• The number of boys is
of the number offboys,guess what
girls as a percentage this
to express the
number of

() Ifyou were
be.
percentage will boys.
a percentage of that of
number ofgirls as
(üi) Now, express
the
(fraction) x 100%
9% =
Required percentage=
the class.
There are % as many girls as boys in
to the above statement:
are equivalent
The following statements
• The number of girls
of the number of
is
%
boys.

. The number ofgirls

(iv) Is your answer
to part
is

(ii)
(fraction) of the

correct?
number of boys.

that answer.
Ifyes, explain to your classmate how you obtained
to your classmate what your
misconceptionwas.
If no, explain
the class respectively, complete Table&a
A andB represent the number of boys and girls in
(b) Given that

Big ldea

Inwords A is % of B. Bis % ofA.

Equivalence

Percentage A= %xB B= % xA Equivalence expresses the

'equality' oftwo mathenatial

Fraction A= xB B= XA objects (in this case, the

relationship between A and B

Decimal A = xB B= xA This can be represented n

different forms in words,

Ratio A:B= B:A= percentage, fraction,decinl

or ratio.

Table 8.3

Table 8.3 shows that the relationship between A and B can be expressedin variousequivalent forms

CHAPTER8 OXFORD
186
 dChinese professional basketballplayer who played forthe HoustonRockets the National of

is a retired
Ming (NBA). In his final season, he was thetallest active playerin the NBA,standing at 229 m.
Association
as afraction of Yao Ming's height.
Rokrthall your height
Express
height t to Yao Ming's height as a ratio.
your
0 Express
height as a percentage of Yao Ming's height.
your
() Express

height has
been expressed as a proportion of Yao Ming's height
in three different but

t(a). your
-fraction, ratio and percentage.
npart forms
Yao
quialent is the most useful Iform to compare your height with Ming's.

which
Discuss as a percentage of your height.
height
lao Ming's to you?
how much Yao Ming is compared
Bpres can you visualise taller

1 this percentage,
on
Rased
is with
to gaugehow large/srnall a quantity

Discussion, observe that we can use percentage

we
are
Class
is about70% of Yao
Mings height, it means that you
above For example, if your height
rthe quantity.

rOanother
him.
astallas Attention
the
a and b must be
of
Both
ofb
as a percentage sarme unit.
eressing quantitya
i.e. x1009%.
into a percentage,
the fraction
Convert

of the whole
quantity as a percentage
Expressingone 40 are male. Calculate
the percentage of
in a school, of which
There are 90teachers
Waked (ii) female teachers,

(i) male teachers,

in the school.

5
"Solution
in the school
= 40
90
X100%
of male teachers
(i) Percentage

= 44,%

(iü) Method 1:
in the school
=100%–449%
Percentage
of femaleteachers
=55%
Method 2:
in the school
=90 - 40
of female teachers
Number =50
50 Refiection
X100%
in the school 90 do you prefer?
Percentage of femaleteachers Which method
Why?

CHAPTIR
OXFORD 187
 Practise Now 5
In a the percentage of
Siniar and school, there are
450 boys and 1750 girs. Calculate
Further
Cuestians
() boys,
Exercise 8A (i) girls,
in the school.
estions 16-18.22

of
another quantity
Worked Expressingone quantity as a percentage
old. Express
Example Ali is 12 years old and his sister 20 years

is
(i) his sister's age,
Alis age as a a percentage
of

of his age.
(ii) Alis sistersage as a percentage

Atertii
"Solution ()
age Since Alis
(i) Alis age as a percentage
of his sister's agrs
percentage of his
ageis
Ali's
age_xI009%
69s,we aet
.Ali'sage
ks
yh
sister's age sister's 6%dls
age,ot
12 Alisage is

20x100% ( 409%

100%-6095)
than les
his
=60% sisters agg

(iü) Method I:
his age
percentage of
Alis sister's ageas
a

sister's
age1009%
Ali's age

20x100%
12

=1666%
Method 2:

From part (i), Ali's age =60% x sister's age

60
100
x sister's age

100
x age
Then sister's age = 60 Ali's

age as a percentage of his age

..Alis sister's

100
X100% Refilection
60
Which method do you preket

=166%
3 Why?

ractise Now 6 A 128 and the number pages in magazine Bis

1. The number of pages in magazine is of 210

ilar and
ther Questions
) Express the number ofpages in magazine A asa percentage of the number of pas
in magazine B.
rcise 8A
stions (i) By how many percent is the number of pages in magazine Bmore than the numbe
11.
12a)-hi. 19
of pages in magazine A?
2. Express 1400 ml as a percentage of 2.1 1.

CHAPTER8 OXFORD
188
 conpering ehether eo statementsonpercentages are equialent
LL Ting writes the following statenment:

"IfA is80% of B, then B is 20%% of A

Explain ifyou agree with Li Ting's statement.

*Solucion
Problen-solvg Tip
IA is S0% of B, then A = 80% xB
Wecanasea model to help us
visualise the conparison.

So B-A
A is 80%of B. What percentage
of A is B
- 125% of A
I do not agree with Li Ting's statement.

7 Li Ting writes another statement:

we Now
"IfAis 20% more than B, then B is 20% less than A."
Explain if you agree with this statement.
sta

ntroductory
Problem
Revisited

Problem, we see that we cannot simply add the percentages different groupstoget the
of
he Introductory
nercentage. A percentage is a proportion in relation to a wholeor another quantity. Hence, the value that a

sdepends on what is the whole in the context.

tage represents

I the number of students sin Sindh and Punjab who are enrolled in high schools such that thetotal
with your classmates.
CEDtage obtained is 9.0%?Discuss

E Comparing two quantities by percentage

Be schools jointly organised a walkathon to raise money for charity.

School A had 600 out School B had 400 out

of 1600 students who of 1000 students who

participated. participated.

Bernard Raju

00>400,does it mean that School A had a higher proportion (orpercentage) of students who participated in
Srwalathon compared to SchoolB?
ied Example 8showshow a comparison can be done.

OXFORD CHAPTRs
189
 Worked Comparing two quantities by percentage
Example SchoolA had 600 out of 1600students who
participated.
School B had 400 out of 1000 students who

8 participated.

Which school had a higher proportion of students who

participated inthe

"Solution walkathon

Percentage of School A's students who participated

600
l600 X1009% Verr
oten,
=37.5% e
coropare
the cank
two
who participated quantiies suterdv
Percentage of School B's students
Sofnetimes we
400 petcentages
heeSoc
are
X100% becaue
differert. te
1000 In

.
this
=40% case,the
school's bases
number of
a ed
whichare
B had higher proportion of students who participated different
aade
School a

in the walkathon.

Practise Now 8 There A and 4000 people attended s New

its
were 30 000 people in Village
Year
party.
Similar and There were 25 000people in Village B and 3500 people attended its New Year
Further Questions party.
Which village had a higher proportion of people who attended its party?
Exercise 8A
Questions 13. 25
Justify your answerwith calculations.

Comparing data using percentages

Worked
Yasir showed his friend his mathematics test results:
Example
Test Maximum mark My mark
9 25 18

2 50 35

3 40 25

His friend commented,"You obtained the best result in Test 2!"

(1) Explain why his friend thought that Yasir obtained the best result in Test 2.

(ii) Do you agree with his friend? Justify your reason with calculations.

"Solution

() His friend thought that Yasir obtained the best result in

Test 2 because Yasir obtained the highest mark for Test 2.

18
(ii) Percentage of marks obtained in Test 1=X100%
25
=72%

Percentage of marks obtained in Test 35

2 =X100%
=70%

CHAPTER 8
190 OXFORD
 Percentage of marks obtained in Test 3 25
40T00%
62.5%
Sincethe percentage of marks
obtained in Test I is the
hiehest, then Yasir
obtained the best
result in Test 1.
I do not agree with his friend.

e following

Now 9 table shows the amount of

sugar found in each type of berry.
Type of berry Mass of fruit (g)
Amount of sugar (g)
Blackberry 9
0.439
Blueberry 1.5
0.149
Raspberry 1.9
0.084
Strawberry 7 0.326

Cheryl's doctor advises her to reduce her

sugar intake.
Advise Cheryl which of the four berries has the
lowest sugar content.

Thinking
ime
I will give you 100% of my money and
all I ask foris
10% of your money.

M LiTing

Ting's proposal.
Blain fyou willaccept
ILi

Reflection

L What do I already know aboutpercentagethat could guide my learning in this section?

2 Wht are the ways in which I can compare two quantities?

CHAPTERS
OXFORD 19
 Intermediate
Advanced
Basic

Exercise 8A
10. Yasir was asked to
findthe
percentages as a 10 000
Express each of the following m and his value
answer was
fraction and as a decimal. Without
75 of75%f
performing any
(a) 47% (b) 64% Yasir why hissanswer
is calculations

incorrect.

a 11. Sucrose is aa
Express cach of the following as percentage. compound
from which table produced
sugar is
(a) (b) 0.38
5 C,H,0,,, which means it It
has
hpa refined. naturay
is the
atoms, 221 madeup of Seoda
hydrogen atoms 12
and 11
percentages as
!
a

Express each of the following Find the percentage of cat

Gxygen
fraction and as a decimal. ihydrogen atom
compound. atomsin
the
(b) 91.49%
(a) s
12. For each of the
following
as a percentage. expressthe
Express each of the following
as percentage of the firstt
a
secondl
quantity

(a (b) 0.776 (a) 45 minutes, hour 1

quantity.

(b) 25 seconds, 3.5 minutes

Express each of the following percentagesas a (c) lyear, 4 months
fraction/mixed number and as a decimal. (d) 15 mm, 1 m
(d) 0.014% (e) 335 cm, 5m
(a) 159% (b) 813% () 0.3%
() 1kg, 800g
Express each ofthe following numbers as a (g) 60°, 360°
percentage.
(h) 63 cents, $2.10
11
(a) 81 b) 9.124 () 0.0023 (d)
4000 13. Waseem earns
PKR 16 000per monthwhile
Aber
earnsPKR 68000per month. In
There are 120 cars ina multi-storey car park. Given 2022, Waseem
that 30%of them are blue, the numberof cars donated a total ofPKR
find 1200 to charitable
which are not blue. organisations while Albert
donated a total of
PKR 4500 to charitable
organisations.
A company has 12 000employees. Who donateda higher
During a percentage of his annual
downsizingexercise, 2.5% of them income to charitable
were retrenched,
50.75% of them had a pay organisations?
cut and the rest
were
unaffected. Find the
number of employees who 14. A class has 40 students, of
were unaffected by which 25% are boys.
the downsizing.
Given that 70% ofthe
boys passed a mathematics
Find the value test, calculate the number
of each of the of boys who passed the
(a) 0.89% of 4.5 m
following. test.

(b) 111%
5 of 24kg 15. Is x% of 330or 330% ofxgreater in
(c)
312.5% of $70 value? Epi
your answer.

192 CHAPTER8
OXFORD
 Advanced Intermediate Basic

8A
Eercise In a particular 21. Sarawants to hire a secretary. She gives a typing
yis S1850.
salary
of his salary on room rental, test to the three applicants who apply for the job.
monthly 20.5%
Kienk
he spent other expenses. Express The following table shows the
s940 on
results.

mnth food and a percentage of

son thatthe overspent asanswer correct to Applicant Number of words Number of
eamount giving your
salary.
typed in three minutes typo errors
monthly 214 17
his
places, B 252 20
zdeimal
in a novel.
Imran reads 150 C 229 18
pages
600
are
on Friday and 40% of the Which applicant is the best typist? Justify your
the novel
There
Expressthe number
of
sof
on Sunday. answer with calculations clearly shown.
Pages percentage the
to be read as
of
a

remaining
remains
t
that in the novel 22. The area of Towns A and B are 15 km² and 24 km
Pges of pages
alnumber respectively. The spacereserved for greenery in
of n marks attainable at a
Town A Town B, and the space
is half that in
number
The maximum Cheryl obtains
is 60.
reserved for greeneryin Town B is 25%. Find the
scompetition
Mathematics
l obtains
46 marks and Vasi obtains percentage of space in Town A that
is reserved for
David
marks, board decides that
40 greenery.
TThe examination
49 marks.
above will get a gold
80% and
who score toless than 80% 23. 99 boys and 1 girl are in a lecture theatre. How
will
those
who score 70%
those 60%toless
ZWard, and those who score many boys must leave the theatre so that the
award the
geta
silver

get a bronze award. Determine percentageof boys becomes 98%?

han 70% will
gets.
each student
award
nne
Nadia and Raju conducted
of

As part of their project,

50% more than that of his surveyon 10% of the number of students in Class F
is
of afather
The height
is the height of the son
and on 70% of the number of students in Class B.
many percent
son. By how
that 10% + 70%, i.e. 80%,
of the
of his father? (a) Nadia said
less than that the two classes
total number of students in

Explain
received PKR 5000, had done the survey. Is she correct?
Bernard, Li Ting and Shaha
your answer.

)
PKR 6000 and

Find

Li
PKR 9000 respectively.
the percentage of

Ting received.
the sum of money

180% of
that
(b) Raju,however,
said

of the total
that
10%

number of studentsin the two

+70%
2
,ie.40

(ü) Shaha told Bernard,"My share is classes had done the survey.Is he
correct?

yours Explain your answer.

Explain if you agree
with Shaha'sstatement.
 Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 8A
1
tocharity. in 2019, she donated f
annual income her
of her in 2019", she
In 2018,Joyce 10% sata
donated
"more charitable "Iamnotannual
commended for
being
charity. When Joyce was miore income
and in 2019,"
sameamountin 2018
Charitah
because I donated the
$30 000
how statement could be true. and $40
() was cach between
Explain Jovce's

income in both years 000,

(i) Given that Joyces annual sgRest a
for each yeat. pobl,
amount for her annual income

point and
change, percentage
82 Percentage
reverse percentage

A. Percentage change or decrease in the

increase original
as a percentage value.
can be expressed
of an item that for every
The change in the value month means $100 of t
earns $1600 per ithe
of a man who $105 in original
of 59% inthe salary salary becomes
the new salary.
An increase $100 in the
original
of $5, i.e. each Attention
salary, there is an increase

new salary
105 Wecan also say that the ne
100 salary is 105%of the original
original salary
105 salary.
salary
New salary = 100 x original

105 $1600
100
= $1680
5
-x$1600
Alternatively, increase in salary= 100

=$80
new salary =$1600 + $80
= $1680

On the other hand, a decrease of 5% in his salary means that for every $100 of the

original salary, there is a decrease of $5,

iLe. each Sl00 in the original salary becomes $95 in the new salary.

new salary 95 Attention

100
original salary
We can also sythat the aew
95 salary 95% of the ongn
New salary
x original salary
is

100 salary.

95
-x$1600
100
= $1520

CHAPTER 8
194 OXFORD
 decreasein salary
I00 SI600

$80
SSO
rSt600-
ry

$1520

Calcalatisperoentage change

()Percentage increase/decrease = increase / decrease

X100%
original value
)Increase/Decrease percentage increase/decrease xoriginal value
(3) New value =final percentage x original value

Problem involvingsimple percentage

change
The resident population in Country S is made up of citizens
Norked and permanentresidents.
Eample
The was 3.41 million in 2020and it
citizen population
increased by 0.9% in 2021.
Together with the permanent resident
10 population, the resident population increased from
3.93 million in 2020 to 3.97 million in 2021.

(i) Calculate the citizen population in CountryS in 2021.

(iü) Calculate the percentage increase in the resident population in CountryS from 2020
to 2021.

"Solution
() Since the citizen population in Country S increased by Problem-solving Tip
0.9% in 2021,its citizen population in 2021 was 100.9%
The original value before any
ofthat in 2020. change is always taken as 100%,.

.. citizen population in Country S in 2021

=final percentage x original value

= 100.9% x 3.41 million
100.9
-x3.41 million
100
=3.44 million (to 3 s.f.)

(ii) Percentage increase in resident population in Country S from 2020 to 2021

increase
x100%
original value
3.97-3.93
x100%
3.93

= 1.02% (to 3 s.f.)

OXFORD CHAPTERS
195
 Practise Now 10o To discourage water wastage. the cost per CuM of water
Siarand
Furthe
Exercise
Otst
ustio
o
ia
2-5
(dk
consumption in Country A is increased
consumed.
For households using 0 to 40 CUM of
cost is increased trom S2.15 per
based on the volume

waterper month, the

CuM to $2.44 per CuM
CaM

metre
tande for
Aksoughwe
in
Oedin the
e

mathenta,CuM
So
cc
w te
For households using more than 40 CuM of Cases, 1ike
real
werid i
water per utitity tle

month. the cost is increased by 22.99%

from $2.61 per CuM
() Calculate the new cost per CuM for
month.Leave your answer to households using more
the nearest cent. than 40
(i) Calculate the percentage CaM of
water
increase in the cost per CuM per
of water. for
households
using 0
to 40
CuM

Thinking
lime
Why isitpossible to havea ll0% increase in the cost of anitem but not a 110% decrease in its cos2

Worked Morecomplicated problem involving

The total cost ofmaking a piece of percentagechange
Example
furniture consists of the cost
paint at $200and wages at $200. If the
costs of wood and
paint
of wood at $300,

are
the ce
respectively, whilewages are increased by 12% and
11 in the cost of the
decreased by 10%,
calculate the percentage
increase or decre
furniture.

"Solution

Original cost Percentage change New cost

Wood 112
$300 +12%
100
x$300 =$336
Paint $200 107
+7% X $200 =$214
100
90
Wages $200 -10%
100
x $200 =$180
Furniture $700 $730

Percentage increase in the cost of the furniture = increase

X100%
original value

$730-$700
X100%
$700
$30
-X100%
$700

Wow 1
The monthly cost of running a small business consists of retail space rental at PKR 700 00,
wages at PKR 525 000 and utilities at PKR 140 000. If theretail space rental and wages are
decreased by 5%and 6% respectively, while utilities areincreasedby 7%, find the percentg

increaseordecrease in the monthly cost ofrunning the busines.

HAPTER8 OKFORD
 Investigation Can we add percentages or take average of percentages?

11, explain why we cannot find the changein the cost of thefurnitureusing
Worked
Example
= 9%.
S7-10%)
ta monthly salary of Sx in 2020. In2021, hís salary was increased by 10%.
earning
2 irwasin. 2022, due tothefinancial situation of his company, his salary was decreased by 10%.
Moseter his monthly salary in 2022 was Sx? Explain your answer.
to say that
&tcorrect
passes in
a Mathematics examinationfor two Secondary One classes are 80% and 60%.
& The percentage
of students
in each class is 35 and 40respectively.
number
The
the sum of the percentage passes of the two classes by 2.
Eind the average of the percentagepass by dividing

pass by calculating the number of studentswho passed

Sind the overall percentage Similar and
asa percentage of the total number of students. Futher Custions
ineach cdass and expressing this
Exercise 8B
and What do you realise?
thee answersto parts (i) (ii).
13
)Compare this question? Is there an exception?
Question

What lesson can youtlearn from

we learn that:
Investigation,
Fom the above

we should not add percentages or take the average of percentages

In general,

the bases may be different.

because

of the wood, paint and wages in

the bases refer to the original cost
ezample,in Question I in the Investigation,
Fer

11,which are different.

Wiocked Example
for 2020 and for 2021, which are
different.
the bases refer to the monthly salaries
2 in the Investigation,
Ia Question in 2022 on the
for 2020 is not equal to the 10% decrease
10% increasein 2021 on the monthly salary
Asaresult, the

mothly salary for 2021.

What do the bases in Question 3 in the Investigation refer to?

algebra
Percentage change problem involving
Worked
that of its breadth. If the length
of the rectangle is increase
The length of a rectangle is twice in its
10%, determine, if any, the percentage change
Example
by 10% while its breadth is decreased by

12 perimeter.
 Practise
Now13
70% of the bookson books. If there are 15 English
a bookshelf are Englislh booksonthe
attetQustiona bookshelt,find the number of books on the bookshelt
Exercise 8B

increase
Worked Reverse
percentage problem inyolving percentage
becomes $2205.
Example After an increase of 5%, Joyces monthly salary
Find her original monthly salary.

14 "Solution
Method 1:
becomes 105% offher
original
After an increase 5%,Joyces monthly salary monthly salary
of

monthlysalary $2205
105% of original
$2205
1%of originalmonthly salary 105

$220 100
100% of original monthlysalary 105

. Joyces original

Method 2:
monthlysalary
$2100

is $2100.

Let Joyce's original monthly salary be $x.

Then 105% xx 2205
Reffection
=2205
1.05x
2205
How is step () stmilar to

-("**) or different from step

1.05
Worked Example 19which

: Joyce's original
x=2100
monthly salary = $2100
method do you prefert Why

tise Now 14 1. Ifthe cost ofan article is raised by 9% to PKR 141 700, what is the original cost of the

article?

Cuestions
2. Every year, the value of an antique vase appreciates by 20% of its value in the previous
Cise8B
7.8, 16 year. If thevalue of the vase was $180 000 in 2020, find its value in 2018.
ons

Worked Reverse percentage problem involving percentage decrease

6% is deducted from a bill, $282 remains to be paid. How much is the original
If
bill?
Example

15
 Solution
Method :
After 69% is deducted from the bill, 94% of the bill remains to be paid.
94% of the original bill =$282
$282
1% of the original bill
94

100% of the original bill = S282

94 y100
-$300

original bill -$300

Method 2:
be
Let the original bill Sx.

Then 949% xx =282

0.94x 282 =
282
x= 0.94 Reflection

Which method do you prefer?

X=300
Why?
:.the original bill is $300.

ctse Now 15 1. Aftera pay cut of 3%, Nadia's monthly salarybecomes PKR 722 681. Find her original
monthly salary.

ots 2. Every year, the value of a car depreciatesby 15% of its value in the previous year. If the
value of the car was $86 700 in 2020,find its value in 2018.

Reflection

Wh new knowledge of percentage have I gained in this section?

ht is the mostconfusing part of the concepts taught in this section? How can I overcome it?
 Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 8B

Find the value of each of the following. If 10% isdeducted !

from a bill,
PKR
(a) Increase 60 by 35% to be paid. How much isthe 13050
original remains
(b) Increase 28 by 125.79%
bill?

(c) Decrease 120 by 459% 10. The number 2400 is first

increasedby
value obtained is next decreased 30%.The
(d) Decrease 216 by 379% by
final number. 20%.
Findthe

An elastic band which is 72 cm long, stretched to is

11. In 2021, a train carried 8% more
90 cm. Find the percentage increase in its length.
2020. In 2022, it carried g% more passengers
than
in 2021. Find the percentage passengers than
The price ofa desktop computerdecreases from in increasei
of train passengers from 2020 to 2022 thenumber
PKR 304 300to PKR 228 225. Find the percentage
decrease in its price.
12. The production cost :a

of
printer
consists of
ofraw materials at S100, the cost
ithe
cost
of overhead.
A house costs 36% nmore today than when it was
S80 and wages at $120. If the costs of
built. If the cost ofthe housewhen it was built was raw
and overheads are increased by materials
$333 000, find its cost today. 11% and 208%
respectively, while wages are decreased by 15s%
find the percentage increase or decrease
A car was bought in 2020 for S120 000. In 2021, its
in the

production cost of the printer.

value decreased by 209%. In 2022, its value decreased
by 109% of itsvalue in 2021. Find the value of the car
13. When the cost by 10%,
of fuel rose
atthe end of 2022. Albert
decreased
his fuel consumption by 10%.
Albert claimed that there was no change
45% of the students who took part in a creative in his

expenditure on fuel consumption.

writing competition were boys. If135 boys took part
Explain if Albert is right or wrong.
in the competition, find the total number of students
who took part in the competition.
14. The length of a rectangle is twice that of its breadth

(a) 20% of anumber is 17. Find the number. If the length of the rectangle is decreased by l10%

while its breadth is increased by 10%,determine, if

(b) 175% of anumber is 49. Find the number.
any,the percentage change in its perimeter.
(c) The result ofa number, when increased by
15%, is 161. Find the number.
(d) The result of a number, when decreased by 15. The length ofa rectangle is increased by 10% whle

20%, is 192. Find the numbe. its breadth is decreased by 10%. Determine, if any,

the percentage change in its area.

In 2018, the Country P stated that the overall

number ofvisitor arrivals increased year on year by 16. Every year, the value of an apartmentappreciates by

6.2 percent to 17.4 million. Find the number of 15% of its value in the previous year.
visitor arrivals in 2017,leaving your answer in If the value of the apartmentwas $899 300 in
milions correct to one decimal place. 2022, find its value in 2020.

202 CHAPTR8 OXFORD

 Advanced Intermediate Basic

88
Bercise

a surveying machine Find the required

of percentage increase or decrease
the value
value inthe previous year. in the number of girls if the music
by 25% of its director

machine was PKR2 520 000 in increases the number of boys by

prates the
(a) 30%,
Fhe
valeof in20)0 (b) 130%.

H value
ind its

portfolio decreased 21 Shaha is givena choice of two new

by salary schemes
ofaninvestment by
hevale itsvalue increased 59% of its after a promotion.
In 2022,
2021 the value of the portfolio
thatt at
Scheme A: 12% increase of her current monthly
Given
in
202I
was $61 824,find its original value.
abe salary
of.2022
eend Scheme B: 8% increase of her currentmonthly
Yasir and Vasi is 10% shorter salary + PKR 223 800 annual bonus
than
Ai8%taller Alis height as a percentage
(a) If Shaha's currentmonthly salary is
Yasir.
Express
thar
PKR 537 000, which of the two schemes is
ssheight. better?

choir istwice that of

girls
in a boys. QPEN (b) Suggest a possible amount forShaha'scurrent
of
enumber the same number
wants to have
music
director monthly salary if he were to accept Scheme
The

and boys in
the choir. B because it is a better offer. Support your
dgris
answer with calculations.

Lookjng
Doo Back
reports, taxes and
Nefegpently percentagesin supermarkets, shopping malls, schools,newspapers,
encounter

her real-worldcontexts. Percentage is a powerful way to express the relationship between two quantities.

tis used to express the idea of proportionality between two quantities, whereby a pair of quantities can be

d from another pair by multiplying with the same factor. We also see the importance of understanding the

t and being clear about the quantity that we are referring to when we communicate mathematical stateme

gpercentages.

rcentages are useful in modelling the relationships between quantities in the real world, they can be

preted andmisused,especially in fake news. Often, fake news producers like to use sensationalheadline

NEWS

More than 60% of the peopleare unhappy with ...

pve an
impressionthat oeople veved. and