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Main Notes

The document contains lecture notes for MATH 233 - Linear Algebra I, authored by Cesar O. Aguilar at SUNY Geneseo. It covers a wide range of topics in linear algebra, including systems of linear equations, matrix operations, vector spaces, linear mappings, determinants, eigenvalues, and applications such as the PageRank algorithm. The notes are structured into multiple sections, each addressing fundamental concepts and techniques in linear algebra.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views5 pages

Main Notes

The document contains lecture notes for MATH 233 - Linear Algebra I, authored by Cesar O. Aguilar at SUNY Geneseo. It covers a wide range of topics in linear algebra, including systems of linear equations, matrix operations, vector spaces, linear mappings, determinants, eigenvalues, and applications such as the PageRank algorithm. The notes are structured into multiple sections, each addressing fundamental concepts and techniques in linear algebra.

Uploaded by

gamerspro63
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 233 - Linear Algebra I

Lecture Notes
Cesar O. Aguilar

Department of Mathematics
SUNY Geneseo
Lecture 0

Contents

1 Systems of Linear Equations 1


1.1 What is a system of linear equations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Solving linear systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Geometric interpretation of the solution set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Row Reduction and Echelon Forms 11


2.1 Row echelon form (REF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Reduced row echelon form (RREF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Existence and uniqueness of solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3 Vector Equations 19
3.1 Vectors in Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 The linear combination problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 The span of a set of vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4 The Matrix Equation Ax = b 31


4.1 Matrix-vector multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Matrix-vector multiplication and linear combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3 The matrix equation problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

5 Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Systems 41


5.1 Homogeneous linear systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.2 Nonhomogeneous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

6 Linear Independence 49
6.1 Linear independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2 The maximum size of a linearly independent set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7 Introduction to Linear Mappings 57


7.1 Vector mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.2 Linear mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.3 Matrix mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3
CONTENTS

8 Onto, One-to-One, and Standard Matrix 67


8.1 Onto Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.2 One-to-One Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.3 Standard Matrix of a Linear Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

9 Matrix Algebra 75
9.1 Sums of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
9.2 Matrix Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.3 Matrix Transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10 Invertible Matrices 83
10.1 Inverse of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
10.2 Computing the Inverse of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.3 Invertible Linear Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

11 Determinants 89
11.1 Determinants of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
11.2 Determinants of n × n Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
11.3 Triangular Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

12 Properties of the Determinant 97


12.1 ERO and Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
12.2 Determinants and Invertibility of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
12.3 Properties of the Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

13 Applications of the Determinant 103


13.1 The Cofactor Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
13.2 Cramer’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
13.3 Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

14 Vector Spaces 109


14.1 Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
14.2 Subspaces of Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

15 Linear Maps 117


15.1 Linear Maps on Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
15.2 Null space and Column space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

16 Linear Independence, Bases, and Dimension 125


16.1 Linear Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
16.2 Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
16.3 Dimension of a Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

17 The Rank Theorem 133


17.1 The Rank of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

4
Lecture 0

18 Coordinate Systems 137


18.1 Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
18.2 Coordinate Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
18.3 Matrix Representation of a Linear Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

19 Change of Basis 147


19.1 Review of Coordinate Mappings on Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
19.2 Change of Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

20 Inner Products and Orthogonality 153


20.1 Inner Product on Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
20.2 Orthogonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
20.3 Coordinates in an Orthonormal Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

21 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 163


21.1 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
21.2 When λ = 0 is an eigenvalue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

22 The Characteristic Polynomial 169


22.1 The Characteristic Polynomial of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
22.2 Eigenvalues and Similarity Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

23 Diagonalization 179
23.1 Eigenvalues of Triangular Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
23.2 Diagonalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
23.3 Conditions for Diagonalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

24 Diagonalization of Symmetric Matrices 187


24.1 Symmetric Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
24.2 Eigenvectors of Symmetric Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
24.3 Symmetric Matrices are Diagonalizable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

25 The PageRank Algortihm 191


25.1 Search Engine Retrieval Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
25.2 A Description of the PageRank Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
25.3 Computation of the PageRank Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

26 Discrete Dynamical Systems 197


26.1 Discrete Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
26.2 Population Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
26.3 Stability of Discrete Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

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