Tex Syntax Print
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Daniel KarasaniTex Syntax Print
Uploaded by
Daniel KarasaniTeX Commands Available in MathJax
This is a print version of the free, online resource
by Dr. Carol JVF Burns, located at:
http://www.onemathematicalcat.org/MathJaxDocumentation/TeXSyntax.htm
This print version is for the convenience of readers
who like to feel the paper between their fingers, highlight,
write notes in margins, or who must work away from a computer.
An extra bonus—you don't have to wait for the gigantic web page to load!
All ‘collapsing paragraphs’ were opened up, so the document is completely visible.
The web page was stripped of extraneous materials (headers, footers, ads)
and then converted to a pdf file.
Page breaks were added to start most sections on a new page; page numbers were added.
Other than this, the print version is identical to its online version.
This print version (of course) lacks the dynamic benefits of the actual web page.
For full functionality, visit the online web page.
Table of Contents for the Print Version
SECTION PAGE SECTION PAGE
Symbols 4 N 48
A 9 O 51
B 12 P 54
C 16 Q 56
D 21 R 57
E 25 S 60
F 27 T 67
G 28 U 70
H 30 V 72
I 33 W 75
J 35 X 75
K 35 Y 75
L 36 Z 75
M 42 Environments 76
Syntax for TeX Commands
83
Available in MathJax
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 1 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
TEX Commands available in MathJax
MathJax homepage
Jump to the alphabetical list of commands
THIS IS A BIG PAGE.
It may take a while to process.
You can watch the progress in the lower left corner—it loads most reliably if you resist the temptation to click on something before it's done.
I think it's worth the wait (but of course I'm biased).
You can read about why it's so big below.
This document was created in Spring of 2011.
As of May 2017, it is being processed using MathJax 2.7.1 (loaded from my own server).
I (Dr. Carol JVF Burns) prepared this page to thoroughly familiarize myself with the TEX commands that are available in MathJax,
and to provide a resource that may be useful to other MathJax users.
Davide Cervone, the lead developer of MathJax, has most generously provided extensive edits,
and this page is greatly improved due to his efforts; I owe him countless thanks.
All mistakes on this page are my own (and I welcome suggestions and corrections).
Please contact me via the contact form on my homepage.
MathJax allows a syntax modeled on both TEX and LT A X.
E
Therefore, web authors can use familiar and concise commands when creating mathematics with MathJax.
Click to show/hide: WHY IS THIS SUCH A BIG PAGE?
The TEX commands available in MathJax are listed alphabetically on this page, each with a brief description.
Everything is on this single page, instead of (say) having each letter as its own page.
My decision is that the advantages of this approach outweigh the disadvantage:
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
• You can easily scroll through and use ‘find’ features on everything at once,
making it more likely to find what you're looking for, even if you don't know its name.
• You can use this page as a ‘MathJax torture test’. This is a big page.
If it loads in an acceptable time, and displays things acceptably, then you're all set. There is lots of MathJax to process.
• It's easier to compare different viewing environments with everything on the same page. Load time may not be insignificant.
• You can do stretching exercises while the page loads,
and improve your flexibility while you're learning about MathJax.
Click to show/hide: Getting Started Links
The following links may be useful:
• Need to define your own macros?
MathJax supports both \def and \newcommand .
You must include your definitions within a math block, e.g., inside ‘$ $’ or ‘\( \)’ or ‘$$ $$’, so that MathJax will process them.
• Syntax for TeX Commands available in MathJax gives information about the syntax used in this documentation to describe commands.
It also includes a table of length units available in MathJax.
• The MathJax Users Group is a support forum and open discussion for the MathJax Project.
Please be sure to read the MathJax documentation and search the forum discussions before creating a new post,
to see if your question has already been answered.
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 2 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
Alphabetical List of TEX Commands available in MathJax
Click to show/hide: Characteristics of the Alphabetical Command Tables
• Some entries are logically grouped, instead of appearing strictly alphabetically.
• Examples are sometimes contrived to exhibit particular behaviors, and hence may not represent typical mathematical usage.
• Unless otherwise indicated, the delimiters for a math block are not shown in examples.
For example, you will see:
a<b yields a<b
instead of (say) $a<b$ yields a<b
\frac{a+1}{b+2} yields: $$\frac{a+1}{b+2}$$ yields:
a+1 instead of (say) a+1
b+2 b+2
If it is important to distinguish between display mode and inline mode, then these differences will be clearly indicated.
• The following information is provided for each table element (as appropriate):
◦ command name (e.g., \alpha )
◦ extension information:
MathJax includes nearly all the Plain TEX math macros, and many of the LT
A X macros and environments;
E
however, not everything is implemented in the core TEX input processor.
Some less frequently used commands are defined in extensions, like AMSsymbols or AMSmath .
To enable an extension, add the appropriate string (e.g., AMSsymbols.js or AMSmath.js )
to the extensions array in the TEX block of your configuration.
A combined configuration file (e.g., TeX-AMS_HTML ) will include some extensions automatically.
An extension that appears in brackets (like [HTML]) means that the extension is loaded automatically, when needed.
See the MathJax documentation for further details.
◦ MathJax rendering of command
◦ TEX class (e.g., ORD )
◦ HTML entity reference (e.g., α )
◦ brief description (unless the command name needs no further explanation)
◦ syntax for proper usage
◦ example(s) illustrating usage
◦ cross-references to related commands
symbols
A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I|J|K |L |M |N |O |P |Q |R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z
environments
Know the shape of a character that you want, but not its name? Draw it here!
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 3 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
symbols
# indicates numbered arguments in definitions
Example:
\def\specialFrac#1#2{\frac{x + #1}{y + #2}} x+7
\specialFrac{7}{z+3}
yields
y+z+3
% used for a single-line comment;
shows only in the source code;
does not show in the rendered expression
Example (showing the math block delimiters):
$$
% Note: (x+1)^2 is NOT x^2 + 1
(x+1)^2 % original expression
= (x+1)(x+1) % definition of exponent
yields (x + 1)2 = (x + 1)(x + 1) = x2 + 2x + 1
= x^2 + 2x + 1 % FOIL, combine like terms
$$
Internet Explorer caution: show/hide more info
Some versions of Internet Explorer convert newlines to spaces
when building the page DOM, so that something like
\begin{equation} % some comment
a = b + c
\end{equation}
becomes
\begin{equation} % some comment a = b + c \end{equation}
before MathJax sees it. Thus,
some comment a = b + c \end{equation}
is all treated as a comment, causing a ‘missing \end{equation}’ error.
It is therefore recommended that you keep comments outside of math mode (using HTML comment style).
If you must use comments within mathematics, then it is best to end them with <br /> (as of version 1.1a):
for example,
$x + y % a comment<br />$ yields x + y
& used as separators in alignment environments;
used in HTML entity references within math mode;
for a literal ampersand, use \&
Examples:
\begin{matrix}
a & b\cr a b
c & d
yields
c d
\end{matrix}
a < b yields a < b
\text{Carol }\&\text{ Julia} yields Carol & Julia
^ used to indicate exponents;
used to indicate superscripts;
used for limits on large operators and in some ‘vertical’ constructions (see examples)
<optional #1> ^ #2
argument #1 is optional;
use braces, as needed, to clarify what is the exponent
Examples:
^i yields i
x^i_2 yields xi2
{x^i}_2 yields xi 2
x^{i_2} yields xi2
2
x^{i^2} yields xi
{x^i}^2 yields xi 2 Note: x^i^2 yields an error.
^ax^b yields a b
x
∞
\sum_{n=1}^\infty yields ∑n=1 (inline mode)
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 4 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
yields
\overbrace{x+\cdots+x} n times
^{n\text{ times}} x+⋯+x
_ used to indicate subscripts;
used for limits on large operators and in some ‘vertical’ constructions (see examples)
<optional #1> _ #2
argument #1 is optional;
use braces, as needed, to clarify what is the subscript
Examples:
_2 yields 2
x_i^2 yields x2i
{x_i}^2 yields xi 2
x_{i^2} yields xi2
x_{i_2} yields xi2
{x_i}_2 yields xi2 Note: x_i_2 yields an error.
a c
^a_bx^c_d yields b xd
∞
\sum_{n=1}^\infty yields ∑n=1 (inline mode)
yields
\underbrace{x+\cdots+x} x+⋯+x
_{n\text{ times}} n times
{ } braces, used for grouping;
for literal braces, use \{ and \}
There are two basic grouping constructs that use braces;
I will refer to them as ‘arguments’ versus ‘braced groups’.
If you're not aware which construct is in force, then you can get unexpected results.
The examples below should clarify.
ARGUMENTS:
In this documentation, arguments are indicated by #1, #2, etc.
An argument is either a single ‘token’ (like ‘a’ or ‘\alpha’), or is a group enclosed in braces.
For example, the \boldsymbol command takes an argument, notated by:
\boldsymbol #1
Thus:
\boldsymbol aa yields aa the first token, ‘a’, becomes bold
\boldsymbol \alpha\alpha yields αα the first token, ‘\alpha’, becomes bold
braces have been used to make the
\boldsymbol{a\alpha}a\alpha yields aαaα argument the group ‘a\alpha’,
so both become bold
BRACED GROUPS:
A ‘braced group’ is a group, enclosed by braces, inside which some behavior is in force.
The \bf (boldface) command operates inside a braced group, notated by:
{\bf ... }
Here, \bf is a switch, which ‘turns on’ boldface inside the braced group;
boldface ends when the braced group ends.
Sometimes, you may not see the opening ‘{’ that signals the start of a braced group.
In this situation, when does a command (like \bf ) end?
It ends at whichever occurs first:
• it is replaced by a competing command (e.g., \bf is replaced by \rm )
• the end of math mode (math delimiters form an implicit local group)
Examples: (explicit braced groups are indicated in red, for your convenience)
turn on boldface;
\bf ab yields ab
stays on to end of math mode
an explicit braced group is entered;
{\bf ab}cd yields abcd
the ‘cd’ falls outside this group
\bf{ab}cd yields abcd turn on boldface;
stays on to end of math mode;
the braces here are extraneous
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 5 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
boldface operates inside a braced group;
{\bf{ab}c}d yields abcd
the ‘d’ falls outside this group
the ‘efg’ occur before boldface is turned
{efg\bf{ab}c}d yields efgabcd
on
ab \bf cd \rm ef yields abcdef the competing \rm replaces boldface
ab \bf cd {\rm ef} gh yields abcdefgh the ‘gh’ is still in boldface
Make sure you see the difference in the behaviors below:
\boldsymbol{ab}cd yields abcd \boldsymbol takes an argument
\bf does not take an argument;
\bf{ab}cd yields abcd
instead, \bf ‘turns on’ boldface behavior
\! negative thin space; i.e., it ‘back ups’ a thin space amount
Examples:
\rm IR yields IR
\rm I\! R yields IR
see also: \negthinspace
1 3
\, \, thin space (normally 6
= 18
of a quad)
2 4
\: \: medium space (normally 9
= 18 of a quad)
\> \> alternate medium space
5
\; \; thick space (normally 18
of a quad)
Examples:
normal spacing between letters: abababab
using \, between letters: abababab
using \: between letters: abababab
using \> between letters: abababab
using \; between letters: abababab
see also: \thinspace
\ (backslash space) control space; class ORD
TEX often ignores spaces, or collapses multiple spaces to a single space.
A control space is used to force TEX to typeset a space.
Examples:
\rm This is a sentence. yields Thisisasentence.
\rm This\ is\ a\ sentence. yields This is a sentence.
\rm This~is~a~sentence. yields This is a sentence.
\text{This is a sentence.} yields This is a sentence.
in MathJax, this is the same as: \nobreakspace, \space, ~ (tilde character)
see also: \text
~ (tilde character) In TEX this is a non-breaking space—i.e., a blank space where TEX is not allowed to class ORD
break between lines.
MathJax (unlike TEX ) doesn't do any automatic breaking of lines, so MathJax will not
break at any space.
The tilde is useful to force a space where MathJax would otherwise collapse or ignore
spaces, as illustrated in the examples below.
Click here to see examples of what happens with very long math in MathJax.
Examples:
\rm Dr. Carol J.V. Fisher yields Dr. CarolJ. V. Fisher
\rm Dr.~Carol~J.V.~Fisher yields Dr. Carol J. V. Fisher
\text{Dr. Carol J.V. Fisher} yields Dr. Carol J.V. Fisher
a b c d yields abcd
a~b~~~~~~c~d yields a b cd
in MathJax, this is the same as: \nobreakspace, \space, \ (backslash space)
\# # literal number sign; literal pound sign; # class ORD
needed since # is used to indicate arguments in definitions
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 6 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\$ $ literal dollar sign; $ class ORD
needed since $ may (optionally) be used to delimit math mode
Dollar sign outside of math mode: show/hide more info
The configuration information below enables dollar signs as inline math
delimiters;
setting processEscapes: to true allows use of \$ outside of math mode,
as a literal dollar sign:
MathJax.Hub.Config({
tex2jax: {
inlineMath: [['$','$'],['\\(','\\)']],
processEscapes: true
}
});
\% % literal percent sign; % class ORD
needed since % is used to begin a single-line comment
\& & literal ampersand; & class ORD
needed since ampersands are used as separators in alignment environments
and for HTML entity references inside math mode
see also: \And
\\ line separator in alignment modes and environments
Example:
a
\begin{gather}a\\a+b\\a+b+c\end{gather} yields a+b
a+b+c
For a literal backslash, see \backslash.
in MathJax, these are essentially the same: \cr, \newline
_
\_ literal underscore; _ class ORD
needed since underscores are used for subscripts
Examples:
a_2 yields a2
a\_2 yields a_2
\{ \} {} literal braces; \{ is class OPEN
needed since braces are used for grouping in math mode; \} is class CLOSE
non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
Examples:
{1,2,3} yields 1, 2, 3
\{1,2,3\} yields {1, 2, 3}
yields { b , c}
a
\left\{\frac ab,c\right\}
see also: \brace, \lbrace, \rbrace
| | pipe character; vertical bar; absolute value; class ORD
non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
Examples:
|x| yields |x|
a
|\frac ab| yields | b |
yields ∣∣ b ∣∣
a
\left|\frac ab\right|
\{x | x\in\Bbb Z\} yields {x|x ∈ Z}
\{x\,|\,x\in\Bbb Z\} yields {x | x ∈ Z}
see also: \lvert, \rvert, \vert
\| ∥ double pipe character; double vertical bar; norm; ∥ class ORD
non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
Examples:
\|x\| yields ∥x∥
a
\|\frac ab\| yields ∥ b ∥
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 7 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\left\|\frac ab\right\| yields ∥
∥b∥
a
∥
see also: \lVert, \rVert, \Vert
( ) () parentheses; ( is class OPEN;
non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right ) is class CLOSE
Examples:
a
(\frac ab,c) yields ( b , c)
yields ( b , c)
a
\left(\frac ab,c\right)
. . period; decimal point class PUNCT
In some math environments (but not all):
With numbers on either side, there is no surrounding space: 3.14 yields 3.14
With non-numeric characters, there is a slight amount of space on right: a.b yields a. b
To suppress this space, enclose the ‘.’ in braces: a{.}b yields a.b
/ / forward slash; class ORD
can be used to denote division
Example:
a/b yields a/b
+ + plus symbol; class BIN
e.g., used for addition
Example:
a+b yields a + b
- − minus symbol; class BIN
e.g., used for subtraction
Example:
a-b yields a − b
-b yields −b in most cases, proper spacing is achieved
to denote an opposite
\text{first: } -a\star b yields first: − a ⋆ b an unusual situation;
spacing is not optimal
\text{first: } {-}a\star b yields first: −a ⋆ b in such cases, you can put the minus sign
(or, the group -a ) inside braces
to suppress extra space
[ ] [] (square) brackets; [ is class OPEN;
non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right ] is class CLOSE
Examples:
a
[\frac ab,c] yields [ b , c]
yields [ b , c]
a
\left[\frac ab,c\right]
see also: \brack, \lbrack, \rbrack
= = equal; equals class REL
see also: \ne, \neq
' ′ prime symbol class ORD
Example:
f(x) = x^2,\
f'(x) = 2x,\ yields f(x) = x2 , f ′ (x) = 2x, f ′′ (x) = 2
f''(x) = 2
see also: \prime
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 8 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
A
\above general command for making fractions;
gives control over thickness of horizontal fraction bar
{ <subformula1> \above <dimen> <subformula2> }
Creates a fraction:
numerator: subformula1
denominator: subformula2
fraction bar has thickness: dimen
There are separate local groups for subformula1 and subformula2 ; if these local groups are not explicit,
then unexpected results may occur, as illustrated in the choose discussion.
Examples:
a+1
a+1 \above 1pt b yields b
a
a \above 1pt b+2 yields b+2
a+1
{a+1 \above 1.5pt b+2}+c yields +c
b+2
see also: \abovewithdelims, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\cfrac, \dfrac, \frac, \genfrac, \over, \overwithdelims
\abovewithdelims general command for making fractions;
gives control over thickness of horizontal fraction bar;
specifies left and right enclosing delimiters
{ <subformula1> \abovewithdelims <delim1> <delim2> <dimen> <subformula2> }
Creates a fraction:
numerator: subformula1
denominator: subformula2
fraction bar has thickness: dimen
delim1 is put before the fraction
delim2 is put after the fraction
For an empty delimiter, use ‘.’ in place of the delimiter.
There are separate local groups for subformula1 and subformula2 ; if these local groups are not explicit,
then unexpected results may occur, as illustrated in the choose discussion.
Examples:
a+1
a+1 \abovewithdelims [ ] 1pt b yields [ b
]
a
{a \abovewithdelims . | 1.5pt b+2}_{a=3} yields ∣
b+2 a=3
a+1
{a+1 \abovewithdelims \{ \} 1pt b+2}+c yields { b+2 } + c
see also: \above, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\cfrac, \dfrac, \frac, \genfrac, \over, \overwithdelims
\acute ´ ˊ
acute accent
\acute #1
Usually, #1 is a single letter; otherwise, accent is centered over argument.
Examples:
\acute e yields é
\acute E yields É
\acute eu yields éu
\acute{eu} yields eu
´
\aleph ℵ Hebrew letter aleph; ℵ class ORD
commonly used for the cardinality of the real numbers
\alpha α lowercase Greek letter alpha α class ORD
\amalg ⨿ this symbol is often used for co-products ⨿ class BIN
\And & ampersand & class ORD
see also: \&
\angle ∠ ∠ class ORD
\approx ≈ ≈ class REL
\approxeq AMSsymbols ≊ ≊ class REL
\arccos arccos
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 9 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
does not change size; class OP
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
If alternate notation is desired, define:
\def\arccosAlt{\cos^{-1}} so that $\arccosAlt(x)$ yields cos−1 (x)
\arcsin arcsin does not change size; class OP
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
If alternate notation is desired, define:
−1
\def\arcsinAlt{\sin^{-1}} so that $\arcsinAlt(x)$ yields sin (x)
\arctan arctan does not change size; class OP
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
If alternate notation is desired, define:
\def\arctanAlt{\tan^{-1}} so that $\arctanAlt(x)$ yields tan−1 (x)
\arg arg the complex argument function; class OP
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\array a synonym for \matrix
\array{ <math> & <math> ... \cr <repeat as needed> }
alignment occurs at the ampersands;
a double-backslash can be used in place of the \cr ;
the final \\ or \cr is optional
Example:
a b+1
\array{ a & b+1 \cr c+1 & d } yields
c+1 d
see also: \matrix
\arrowvert ⏐ not intended for direct use; ⏐ class ORD
used internally to create stretchy delimiters
see also: |, \vert, \lvert, \rvert,
\Arrowvert ∥ not intended for direct use; ‖ class PUNCT
used internally to create stretchy delimiters
see also: \|, \Vert, \lVert, \rVert
\ast ∗ asterisk ∗ class BIN
\asymp ≍ asymptotic ≍ class REL
\atop general command for making a fraction-like structure, but without the horizontal fraction bar
{ <subformula1> \atop <subformula2> }
Creates a fraction-like structure:
‘numerator’ subformula1
’denominator’ subformula2
There are separate local groups for subformula1 and subformula2 ; if these local groups are not explicit,
then unexpected results may occur, as illustrated in the choose discussion.
Examples:
a
a \atop b yields b
a+1
a+1 \atop b+2 yields b+2
a+1
{a+1 \atop b+2}+c yields b+2 +c
see also: \above, \abovewithdelims, \atopwithdelims,
\cfrac, \dfrac, \frac, \genfrac, \over, \overwithdelims
\atopwithdelims general command for making a fraction-like structure, but without the horizontal fraction bar;
specifies left and right enclosing delimiters
{ <subformula1> \atopwithdelims <delim1> <delim2> <subformula2> }
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 10 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
Creates a fraction-like structure:
‘numerator’ subformula1
‘denominator’ subformula2
delim1 is put before the structure
delim2 is put after the structure
For an empty delimiter, use ‘.’ in place of the delimiter.
There are separate local groups for subformula1 and subformula2 ; if these local groups are not explicit,
then unexpected results may occur, as illustrated in the choose discussion.
Examples:
a
a \atopwithdelims [ ] b yields [ b ]
a+1
a+1 \atopwithdelims . | b+2 yields b+2
∣
a+1
{a+1 \atopwithdelims \{ \} b+2}+c yields { b+2} + c
see also: \above, \abovewithdelims, \atop,
\cfrac, \dfrac, \frac, \genfrac, \over, \overwithdelims
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 11 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
B
\backepsilon AMSsymbols ∍ ∍ class REL
\backprime AMSsymbols ‵ see also: \prime ‵ class ORD
\backsim AMSsymbols ∽ ∽ class REL
\backsimeq AMSsymbols ⋍ ⋍ class REL
\backslash ∖ see also: \setminus ∖
\bar ¯ bar accent (non-stretchy) ˉ
\bar #1
Usually, #1 is a single letter; otherwise, bar is centered over argument.
Examples:
\bar x yields x̄
\bar X yields X̄
\bar xy yields x̄y
¯
\bar{xy} yields xy
\barwedge AMSsymbols ⊼ ⊼ class BIN
\Bbb blackboard-bold for uppercase letters and lowercase ‘k’; class ORD
if lowercase blackboard-bold letters are not available, then they are typeset in a roman font
\Bbb #1
Whether lower-case letters are displayed in blackboard-bold, or not, depends on the fonts being used.
The MathJax web-based fonts don't have lowercase blackboard-bold, but the STIX fonts do;
so users with the STIX fonts installed will be able to display lowercase blackboard-bold letters.
Examples:
\Bbb R yields R
\Bbb ZR yields ZR
\Bbb{AaBbKk}Cc yields AaBbKkCc
\Bbb{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} yields ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
see also: \mathbb
\Bbbk AMSsymbols k blackboard-bold lowercase k k class ORD
\because AMSsymbols ∵ ∵ class REL
\begin used in \begin{xxx} ... \end{xxx} environments
\beta β lowercase Greek letter beta β class ORD
\beth AMSsymbols ℶ Hebrew letter beth ℶ class ORD
\between AMSsymbols ≬ ≬ class REL
\bf turns on boldface; affects uppercase and lowercase letters, and digits class ORD
{\bf ... }
Examples:
\bf AaBb\alpha\beta123 yields AaBbαβ123
{\bf A B} A B yields ABAB
\bf AB \rm CD yields ABCD
\bf{AB}CD yields ABCD
see also: \mathbf, \boldsymbol
\Bigg used to obtain various-sized delimiters;
\bigg may be followed by any of these Variable-Sized Delimiters
\Big
\big Examples:
[ [ [ [ [
\Bigg[ \bigg[ \Big[ \big[ [
2.470 em 2.047 em 1.623 em 1.2 em
\Biggl \Biggm \Biggr Used to obtain various-sized delimiters, with a left/right/middle context;
\biggl \biggm \biggr may be followed by any of these Variable-Sized Delimiters.
\Bigl \Bigm \Bigl
\bigl \bigm \bigr The ‘l’ (left), ’m’ (middle), and ‘r’ (right) specifications
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 12 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
may make reading the source code more meaningful,
especially when there are delimiters inside delimiters.
Whereas (say) \Bigg produces results of class ORD, we have:
• \Biggl produces results of class OPEN
• \Biggr produces results of class CLOSE
• \Biggm produces results of class REL
The spacing for these differ (but may not always be apparent, as it depends on the class of what is next to
it).
For example, $x\big| y$ ( x∣∣y ) has less space than $x\bigm| y$ ( x ∣ y ).
Therefore, these commands affect typeset results in a fundamental way;
it is best to use the form appropriate for the position of the desired delimiter.
\bigcap ⋂ changes size; ⋂ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\bigcirc ◯ ◯ class BIN
\bigcup ⋃ changes size; ⋃ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\bigodot ⨀ all change size; ⨀ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
\bigoplus ⨁ see the Big Operators Table for examples ⨁ class OP
\bigotimes ⨂ ⨂ class OP
\bigsqcup ⨆ changes size; ⨆ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\bigstar AMSsymbols ★ ★ class ORD
\bigtriangledown ▽ ▽ class BIN
\bigtriangleup △ △ class REL
\biguplus ⨄ changes size; ⨄ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\bigvee ⋁ changes size; ⋁ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\bigwedge ⋀ changes size; ⋀ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\binom AMSmath notation commonly used for binomial coefficients
\binom #1 #2
Examples:
\binom n k yields (inline mode) (nk)
yields (display mode) ( )
n
\binom n k
k
\binom{n-1}k-1 yields (n−1
k )−1
\binom{n-1}{k-1} yields (n−1
k−1)
see also: \binom, \choose, \dbinom, \tbinom
\blacklozenge AMSsymbols ⧫ ⧫ class ORD
\blacksquare AMSsymbols ■ ■ class ORD
\blacktriangle ▲ ▲ class ORD
\blacktriangledown ▼ ▼ class ORD
both AMSsymbols
\blacktriangleleft ◀ ◀ class BIN
\blacktriangleright ▶ ▶ class BIN
both AMSsymbols
\bmod mod properly spaced as a binary operator class BIN
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 13 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\boldsymbol as opposed to \bf and \mathbf , class ORD
\boldsymbol applies to nearly all symbols, not just letters and numbers
\boldsymbol #1
Examples:
\boldsymbol aa yields aa
\boldsymbol \alpha\alpha yields αα
\boldsymbol{a\alpha}a\alpha yields aαaα
x+3
\boldsymbol{a+2+\alpha+\frac{x+3}{\beta+4}} yields a + 2 + α + β+4
x+3
\mathbf{a+2+\alpha+\frac{x+3}{\beta+4}} yields a + 2 + α + β+4
see also: \bf, \mathbf
\bot ⊥ ⊥ class ORD
\bowtie ⋈ ⋈ class REL
\Box AMSsymbols □ □ class ORD
\boxdot AMSsymbols ⊡ ⊡ class BIN
\boxed AMSmath puts a box around argument; argument is in math mode
\boxed #1
Examples:
\boxed ab yields ab
\boxed{ab} yields ab
\boxed{ab\strut} yields ab
\boxed{\text{boxed text}} yields boxed text
see also: \fbox
\boxminus AMSsymbols ⊟ ⊟ class BIN
\boxplus AMSsymbols ⊞ ⊞ class BIN
\boxtimes AMSsymbols ⊠ ⊠ class BIN
\brace creates a braced structure
{ <subformula1> \brace <subformula2> }
Examples:
\brace yields {}
a
a\brace b yields { b }
a+b+c
a+b+c\brace d+e+f yields {d+e+f }
b+c
a+{b+c\brace d+e}+f yields a + {d+e }+f
\bracevert not intended for direct use; ⎪ class ORD
used internally to create stretchy delimiters
\brack creates a bracketed structure
{ <subformula1> \brack <subformula2> }
Examples:
\brack yields []
a
a\brack b yields [ b ]
a+b+c
a+b+c\brack d+e+f yields [d+e+f ]
b+c
a+{b+c\brack d+e}+f yields a + [d+e ]+f
\breve ˘ breve accent ˘
\breve #1
Usually, #1 is a single letter; otherwise, accent is centered over argument.
Examples:
\breve e yields ĕ
\breve E yields Ĕ
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 14 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\breve eu yields ĕu
\breve{eu} ˘
yields eu
\buildrel ... \over ...
\buildrel <subformula1> \over #1
The result is of class REL (binary relation), so it has the spacing of a relation.
Examples:
αβ
\buildrel \alpha\beta \over \longrightarrow yields ⟶
def
\buildrel \rm def \over {:=} yields :=
\bullet ∙ ∙ class BIN
\Bumpeq AMSsymbols ≎ ≎ class REL
\bumpeq AMSsymbols ≏ ≏ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 15 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
C
\cal class ORD
turns on calligraphic mode; only affects uppercase letters and digits
{\cal ... }
Examples:
\cal ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ yields ABCDEF GHIJ KLMN OPQRST UVWXYZ
\cal 0123456789 yields 0123456789
\cal abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
{\cal AB}AB yields ABAB
\cal AB \rm AB yields ABAB
\cal{AB}CD yields ABCD
see also: \oldstyle, \mathcal
\cancel Used to ‘cancel’ (strikeout).
\cancel #1
\bcancel #1
Examples:
(x+1) (x+2)
\frac{(x+1)\cancel{(x+2)}}{3\cancel{(x+2)}} yields
3 (x+2)
1
3
\frac{\bcancel{\frac13}}{\bcancel{\frac13}} = 1 yields 1
=1
3
\Cap AMSsymbols ⋒ ⋒ class BIN
see also: \bigcap, \cap, \Cup, \cup, \doublecap, \doublecup
\cap ∩ ∩ class BIN
see also: \bigcap, \Cap, \Cup, \cup, \doublecap, \doublecup
\cases class OPEN
for piecewise-defined functions
\cases{ <math> & <math> \cr <repeat as needed> }
a double-backslash can be used in place of \cr ;
the final \\ or \cr is optional
In TEX , the second column is automatically in text-mode, while in MathJax it is in math-mode.
This behavior will be changed to be consistent with TEX in a future release of MathJax.
Example:
|x| =
\cases{
x & \text{if } x\ge 0\cr yields |x| = { x if x ≥ 0
-x & \text{if } x\lt 0 −x if x < 0
}
\cdot ⋅ ⋅ class BIN
centered dot
Examples:
a\cdot b yields a ⋅ b
a\cdotp b yields a⋅ b
a\centerdot b yields a ⋅ b
see also: \cdotp, \cdots, \centerdot
\cdotp ⋅ ⋅ class PUNCT
centered dot, punctuation symbol
Examples:
\rm s \cdot h yields s ⋅ h
\rm s \cdotp h yields s⋅ h
see also: \cdot, \centerdot
\cdots ⋯ ⋯ class INNER
centered dots; dot dot dot
Example:
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 16 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
x_1 + \cdots + x_n yields x1 + ⋯ + xn
see also: \dots, \ldots
⋅
\centerdot AMSsymbols ⋅ class BIN
centered dot
Examples:
a\cdot b yields a ⋅ b
a\cdotp b yields a⋅ b
a\centerdot b yields a ⋅ b
see also: \cdot, \cdotp
\cfrac AMSmath use for continued fractions
\cfrac #1 #2
Examples:
2
\frac{2}{1+\frac{2}{1+\frac{2}{1}}} yields 1+ 2
2
1+
1
2
2
\cfrac{2}{1+\cfrac{2}{1+\cfrac{2}{1}}} yields 1+
2
1+
1
see also: \above, \abovewithdelims, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\dfrac, \frac, \genfrac, \over, \overwithdelims
\check ˇ ˇ
check accent
\check #1
Usually, #1 is a single letter; otherwise, accent is centered over argument.
Examples:
\check o yields ǒ
\check O yields Ǒ
\check oe yields ǒe
\check{oe} ˇ
yields oe
\checkmark AMSsymbols ✓ #x2713; class ORD
\chi χ χ class ORD
lowercase Greek letter chi
\choose notation commonly used for binomial coefficients;
different versions for inline and display modes
{ <subformula1> \choose <subformula2> }
There are separate local groups for subformula1 and subformula2 ;
if these local groups are not explicit, then unexpected results may occur, as illustrated next.
Examples (showing the math delimiters):
Without an explicit braced group, the local group for
$\displaystyle
subformula1 extends back to the opening math delimiter.
n+1
\choose + 1) That is, this code is interpreted as (color added for emphasis):
yields (nk+2
k+2 ${\displaystyle n+1}\choose{k+2}$
$ Now it is clear that only the n+1 is affected by the
\displaystyle switch.
Here, an explicit braced group is used for the \choose
$\displaystyle
command, making both subformulas clear—and the expected
{n+1
\choose n+1 result is obtained.
k+2} yields ( ) Note that it may appear that \displaystyle is taking an
k+2
$ argument, but this is not the case: instead, \displaystyle acts
as a switch which turns on display mode, and the entire
choose command is affected.
Examples (showing math delimiters):
n+1
$n+1 \choose k+2$ yields (k+2)
n+1
$$n+1 \choose k+2$$ yields ( )
k+2
n
$1+{n \choose 2}+k$ yields 1 + ( 2 ) + k
see also: \binom, \dbinom, \tbinom
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 17 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\circ ∘ ∘ class BIN
Examples:
(f\circ g)(x) = f(g(x)) yields (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))
45^\circ yields 45∘
\circeq AMSsymbols ≗ ≗ class REL
\circlearrowleft AMSsymbols ↺ ↺ counterclockwise class REL
\circlearrowright AMSsymbols ↻ ↻ clockwise class REL
\circledast AMSsymbols ⊛ ⊛ circled asterisk class BIN
\circledcirc AMSsymbols ⊚ ⊚ circled circle class BIN
\circleddash AMSsymbols ⊝ ⊝ circled dash class BIN
\circledR AMSsymbols ® ® circled R class ORD
\circledS AMSsymbols Ⓢ Ⓢ circled S class ORD
\class [HTML] non-standard; extension is loaded automatically when used;
used to specify a CSS class for styling mathematics
\class #1 #2
where:
• #1 is a CSS class name (without quotes)
• #2 is the mathematics to be styled
Example:
Suppose this CSS style information is provided outside of math mode:
<style type="text/css">
.smHighlightRed {
font-size:small;
background-color:yellow;
color:red;
}
</style>
Then,
ab\class{smHighlightRed}{cdef}gh yields abcdef gh
\clubsuit ♣ ♣ class ORD
see also: \diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \spadesuit
\colon : : class PUNCT
a colon, treated as a punctuation mark (instead of a relation)
Examples:
f:A\to B yields f : A → B
f\colon A\to B yields f: A → B
\color used to specify a color in mathematics
\color #1 #2
where:
#1 is the desired color
#2 is the mathematics to be colored
This works differently from standard LT A X (where \color is a switch).
E
In a future version of MathJax, it will be possible to load an extension to make the command behave
like the LT
A X version.
E
Examples:
1+√5
\color{red}{ \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} } yields 2
\color{#0000FF}AB yields AB
\complement AMSsymbols ∁ ∁ class ORD
\cong ≅ ≅ class REL
congruent
see also: \ncong
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 18 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\coprod ∐ ∐ class OP
coproduct
\cos cos class OP
cosine;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\cos x yields cos x
\cos(2x-1) yields cos(2x − 1)
see also: \sin
\cosh cosh class OP
hyperbolic cosine;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
hyperbolic cosine
Examples:
\cosh x yields cosh x
\cosh(2x-1) yields cosh(2x − 1)
see also: \sinh
\cot cot class OP
cotangent;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\cot x yields cot x
\cot(2x-1) yields cot(2x − 1)
see also: \tan
\coth coth class OP
hyperbolic cotangent;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\coth x yields coth x
\coth(2x-1) yields coth(2x − 1)
\cr carriage return;
line separator in alignment modes and environments
in MathJax, these are essentially the same: \\, \newline
\csc csc class OP
cosecant
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\csc x yields csc x
\csc(2x-1) yields csc(2x − 1)
see also: \sec
\cssId [HTML] non-standard; class ORD; extension is loaded automatically when used;
used to set a MathML element's ID attribute, so it can be accessed dynamically
(e.g., to add an event handler, add CSS styling, or set display status)
\cssId #1 #2
where:
• #1 is an ID attribute (without quotes)
• #2 is the mathematics to be identified by the ID
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 19 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
Example:
Suppose this HTML and Javascript is provided outside of math mode:
<button type="button" onclick="turnRed();">
Click button to turn something red
</button>
<script type="text/javascript">
function turnRed() {
document.getElementById('testID').style.color = "red";
}
</script>
Suppose further that the following MathJax code is provided:
$$
abc
\cssId{testID}{def\text{ Something will turn red! }ghi}
jkl
$$
Then, this HTML/Javascript/MathJax produces:
Click button to turn something red
abcdef Something will turn red! ghijkl
A more meaningful example (with well-commented source code) is provided by Design Science, Inc.,
and shows how you can display the steps in a proof one line at a time.
\Cup AMSsymbols ⋓ ⋓ class BIN
see also: \bigcup, \Cap, \cap, \cup, \doublecap, \doublecup
\cup ∪ ∪ class BIN
see also: \bigcup, \Cap, \cap, \Cup, \doublecap, \doublecup
\curlyeqprec AMSsymbols ⋞ ⋞ class REL
\curlyeqsucc AMSsymbols ⋟ ⋟ class REL
\curlyvee AMSsymbols ⋎ ⋎ class BIN
\curlywedge AMSsymbols ⋏ ⋏ class BIN
\curvearrowleft AMSsymbols ↶ ↶ counterclockwise class REL
\curvearrowright AMSsymbols ↷ ↷ clockwise class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 20 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
D
\dagger † † dagger class BIN
\ddagger ‡ ‡ double dagger class BIN
\daleth AMSsymbols ℸ ℸ class ORD
Hebrew letter daleth
\dashleftarrow AMSsymbols ⇠ ⇠ dashed left arrow; non-stretchy class REL
\dashrightarrow AMSsymbols ⇢ ⇢ dashed right arrow; non-stretchy class REL
\dashv ⊣ ⊣ class REL
\dbinom AMSmath notation commonly used for binomial coefficients;
display version (in both inline and display modes)
\dbinom #1 #2
Examples:
( )
n
\dbinom n k yields (inline mode)
k
yields (display mode) ( )
n
\dbinom n k
k
n−1
\dbinom{n-1}k-1 yields ( )−1
k
n−1
\dbinom{n-1}{k-1} yields ( )
k−1
see also: \binom, \choose, \tbinom
\dot ˙ ˙ dot accent
\ddot ¨ ¨ double dot accent
\dddot AMSmath ... triple dot accent
\ddddot AMSmath .... quadruple dot accent
\dot #1
\ddot #1
\dddot #1
\ddddot #1
Usually, #1 is a single letter; otherwise, accent is centered over argument.
Examples:
\dot x yields ẋ
\ddot x yields ẍ
...
\dddot x yields x
....
\ddddot x yields x
\ddot x(t) yields ẍ(t)
....
\ddddot{y(x)} yields y(x)
\ddots ⋱ class INNER
⋱ three diagonal dots
\DeclareMathOperator AMSmath Multi-letter operator names (like log , sin , and lim ) are traditionally typeset in a roman font.
\DeclareMathOperator allows you to define your own operator names;
they are subsequently typeset using the proper font and spacing;
you can control the way that limits appear (see examples below)
\DeclareMathOperator #1 #2
where:
• #1 is the operator name, including the preceding backslash;
only letters a–z and A–Z are allowed;
in particular, no numbers are allowed in operator names
• #2 is the replacement text for the operator name
A named operator is available in any mathematics that appears after it is defined on the page.
Examples:
myOp(x) yields myOp(x) poor style; the function name should appear in
a roman font
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 21 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\text{myOp}(x) yields myOp(x) better; a nuisance to type if used frequently
yields myOp(x) best; once an operator is declared, it can be
\DeclareMathOperator
used in any subsequent mathematics
{\myOp}{myOp}
\myOp(x)
\myOp_a^b(x) yields myOpba (x) standard subscript and superscript position for
(inline inline mode
mode)
\myOp_a^b(x) yields myOpba (x) standard subscript and superscript position for
(display display mode
mode)
\DeclareMathOperator* yields myOPba (x) operator names are case-sensitive, so \myOp is
{\myOP}{myOP} (inline different from \myOP ;
\myOP_a^b(x)
mode) if displaystyle limits are desired in both inline
and display modes, then use
DeclareMathOperator* instead of
DeclareMathOperator
\def for defining your own commands (control sequences, macros, definitions);
must appear (within math delimiters) before it is used;
alternatively, you can define macros using the MathJax configuration options in the <head>
\def\myCommandName{ <replacement text> }
Example:
\def\myHearts{\color{purple}{\heartsuit}\kern-2.5pt\color{green}{\heartsuit}}
\myHearts\myHearts
yields: ♡♡♡♡
A definition may take one or more arguments:
Example:
\def\myHearts#1#2{\color{#1}{\heartsuit}\kern-2.5pt\color{#2}{\heartsuit}}
\myHearts{red}{blue}
yields: ♡♡
see also: \newcommand
\deg deg class OP
degree;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\Delta Δ Δ uppercase Greek letter delta class ORD
\delta δ δ lowercase Greek letter delta class ORD
see also: \varDelta
\det det class OP
determinant;
does not change size;
default limit placement can be changed using \limits and \nolimits;
does not change size;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\det_{\rm sub} yields (inline mode) detsub
\det_{\rm sub} yields (display mode) det
sub
\det\limits_{\rm sub} yields (inline mode) det
sub
\det\nolimits_{\rm sub} yields (display mode) detsub
\dfrac AMSmath fractions;
display version (in both inline and display modes)
\dfrac #1 #2
Examples:
a
\dfrac a b yields (inline mode)
b
a
\dfrac a b yields (display mode)
b
a
\frac a b yields (inline mode) b
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 22 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
a−1
\dfrac{a-1}b-1 yields −1
b
a−1
\dfrac{a-1}{b-1} yields
b−1
see also: \above, \abovewithdelims, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\cfrac, \frac, \genfrac, \over, \overwithdelims
\diagdown AMSsymbols ╲ ╲ diagonal down (from left to right) class ORD
\diagup AMSsymbols ╱ ╱ diagonal up (from left to right) class ORD
\Diamond AMSsymbols ◊ ◊ large diamond class ORD
\diamond ⋄ ⋄ small diamond class BIN
\diamondsuit ♢ ♢ class ORD
see also: \clubsuit, \heartsuit, \spadesuit
\digamma AMSsymbols ϝ ϝ class ORD
\dim dim class OP
dimension;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\displaylines to display any number of centered formulas (without any alignment)
\displaylines{ <math> \cr <repeat as needed> }
a double-backslash can be used in place of the \cr;
the final \\ or \cr is optional
Example:
\displaylines{
a=a
a = a\\
\text{if } a=b \text{ then } b=a\\ yields if a = b then b = a
\text{if } a=b \text{ and } b=c \text{ then } a=c
}
if a = b and b = c then a = c
see also: gather
\displaystyle class ORD
used to over-ride automatic style rules and force display style;
stays in force until the end of math mode or the braced group, or until another style is selected
{ \displaystyle ... }
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab+\displaystyle\frac ab+\textstyle\frac ab
+\scriptstyle\frac ab+\scriptscriptstyle\frac ab
yields:
a a a
b
+ + b
+ ab + ab
b
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab + {\displaystyle \frac cd + \frac ef} + \frac gh
yields
a c e g
b
+ + + h
d f
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab + \displaystyle{\frac cd + \frac ef} + \frac gh
yields
a c e g
b
+ + +
d f h
see also: \textstyle, \scriptstyle, \scriptscriptstyle
\div ÷ ÷ class BIN
division symbol
\divideontimes AMSsymbols ⋇ ⋇ class BIN
\Doteq AMSsymbols ≑ ≑ class REL
\doteq ≐ ≐ class REL
\dotplus AMSsymbols ∔ ∔ class BIN
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 23 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
…
\dots … class INNER
lower dots; ellipsis; ellipses; dot dot dot
In LT
A X , \dots chooses either \cdots or \ldots depending on the context;
E
MathJax, however, always gives lower dots.
Examples:
x_1, \dots, x_n yields x1 , … , xn
x_1 + \dots + x_n yields x1 + ⋯ + xn
x_1 + \dotsb + x_n yields x1 + ⋯ + xn
x_1 + \cdots + x_n yields x1 + ⋯ + xn
see also: \cdots, \ldots, \dotsb, \dotsc, \dotsi, \dotsm, \dotso
\dotsb ⋯ \dotsb class INNER dots with binary operations and relations x1 + x2 + ⋯ + xn
\dotsc … \dotsc class INNER dots with commas x1 , x2 , … , xn
\dotsi ⋯ \dotsi class INNER dots with integrals ∫A1 ∫A2 ⋯ ∫An
\dotsm ⋯ \dotsm class INNER dots with multiplication x1 x2 ⋯ xn
\dotso … \dotso class INNER other dots A1 … An
see also: \cdots, \dots, \ldots
\doublebarwedge AMSsymbols ⩞ ⩞ BIN
\doublecap AMSsymbols ⋒ ⋒ class BIN
\doublecup AMSsymbols ⋓ ⋓ class BIN
see also: \Cap, \Cup, \cap, \cup
\downarrow ↓ ↓ down arrow; non-stretchy class REL
\Downarrow ⇓ ⇓ double down arrow; non-stretchy class REL
\downdownarrows AMSsymbols ⇊ ⇊ class REL
down down arrows; non-stretchy
\downharpoonleft AMSsymbols ⇃ ⇃ down harpoon left; non-stretchy class REL
\downharpoonright AMSsymbols ⇂ ⇂ down harpoon right; non-stretchy class REL
see also: \leftharpoondown, \leftharpoonup
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 24 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
E
\ell ℓ ℓ class ORD
\emptyset ∅ ∅ class ORD
empty set
see also: \varnothing
\end used in \begin{xxx} ... \end{xxx} environments
\enspace \enspace is a 0.5em space
Example:
|\enspace|\enspace| yields | | |
\epsilon ϵ ϵ class ORD
lowercase Greek letter epsilon
see also: \varepsilon
\eqalign equation alignment;
for aligning multi-line displays at a single place
\eqalign{ <math> & <math> \cr <repeat as needed> }
the ampersand is placed where alignment is desired;
a double-backslash can be used in place of the \cr ;
the final \\ or \cr is optional;
supports only a single \tag, which is vertically centered
Example:
\eqalign{
3x - 4y &= 5\cr
x + 7 &= -2y
}
yields:
3x − 4y = 5
x + 7 = −2y
Example:
A <math> component may be empty:
\eqalign{
(a+b)^2 &= (a+b)(a+b) \\
&= a^2 + ab + ba + b^2 \\
&= a^2 + 2ab + b^2
}
yields:
(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b)
= a2 + ab + ba + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
Example:
The result of \eqalign is a vertically-centered block;
you can use more than one in the same display:
\left\{
\eqalign{
a &= 1\\
b &= 2\\
c &= 3
}\right\}
\qquad
\eqalign{
ax + by &= c \\
x + 2y &= 3
}
yields:
⎧
⎪a = 1⎫⎪
⎨ b = 2⎬
ax + by = c
⎩
⎪ ⎭
⎪ x + 2y = 3
c=3
see also: \eqalignno, the align environment, \tag
\eqalignno equation alignment with optionally numbered (tagged) lines
\eqalignno{ <math> & <math> & <equation tag> \cr <repeat as needed> }
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 25 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
the first ampersand is placed where alignment is desired;
the second ampersand is used just before a tag;
if there is no tag, then the final & <equation tag> is omitted;
a double-backslash can be used in place of the \cr ;
the final \\ or \cr is optional
Example:
\eqalignno{
3x - 4y &= 5 &(\dagger) \cr
x + 7 &= -2y &(\ddagger)\cr
z &= 2
}
yields:
3x − 4y = 5 (†)
x + 7 = −2y (‡)
z=2
see also: \eqalign, \leqalignno, the align environment
\eqcirc AMSsymbols ≖ ≖ class REL
\eqsim AMSsymbols ≂ ≂ class REL
\eqslantgtr AMSsymbols ⪖ &##x2A96; class REL
\eqslantless AMSsymbols ⪕ &##x2A95; class REL
\equiv ≡ ≡ class REL
Error Messages; When you're working with a MathJax page, you may want to see the log of messages generated during
page processing log page processing (particularly if something has gone wrong).
To do this, type
javascript:alert(MathJax.Message.Log())
in the browser's location URL box, and then refresh the page.
If the alert box is too big to see the close button, just press ‘enter’ to close the alert box.
\eta η η class ORD
lowercase Greek letter eta
\eth AMSsymbols ð ð class ORD
\exists ∃ ∃ class ORD
there exists
see also: \nexists
\exp exp class OP
exponential function;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 26 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
F
\fallingdotseq AMSsymbols ≒ ≒ class REL
falling dot sequence;
see also: \risingdotseq
\fbox puts a box around argument; argument is in text mode
equivalent to: \boxed{\text{#1}}
\fbox #1
where #1 is rendered as text
Examples:
\boxed{Hi there!} yields Hithere!
\fbox{Hi there!} yields Hi there!
see also: \boxed
\Finv AMSsymbols Ⅎ Ⅎ class ORD
\flat ♭ ♭ class ORD
musical flat symbol
see also: \natural, \sharp
\forall ∀ ∀ class ORD
universal quantifier; for all; for every; for each
\frac AMSmath fractions;
displays differently in inline and display modes
\frac #1 #2
Examples:
a
\frac a b yields (inline mode) b
a
\frac a b yields (display mode)
b
a−1
\frac{a-1}b-1 yields b
−1
a−1
\frac{a-1}{b-1} yields b−1
see also: \above, \abovewithdelims, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\cfrac, \dfrac, \genfrac, \over, \overwithdelims
\frak class ORD
turns on fraktur; affects uppercase and lowercase letters, and digits
{\frak ... }
Examples:
\frak ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ yields ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
\frak 0123456789 yields 0123456789
\frak abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
{\frak AB}AB yields ABAB
\frak AB \rm AB yields ABAB
{\frak AB \cal AB} AB yields ABABAB
see also: \mathfrak
\frown ⌢ ⌢ class REL
see also: \smallfrown, \smallsmile, \smile
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 27 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
G
\Game AMSsymbols ⅁ ⅁ class ORD
\Gamma Γ Γ class ORD
uppercase Greek letter gamma
see also: \varGamma
\gamma γ γ class ORD
lowercase Greek letter gamma
\gcd gcd class OP
greatest common divisor;
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
Examples:
sup
\gcd_{\rm sub}^{\rm sup} yields (inline mode) gcdsub
sup
\gcd_{\rm sub}^{\rm sup} yields (display mode) gcd
sub
\ge ≥ ≥ \ge
\geq ≥ ≥ \geq
\geqq AMSsymbols ≧ ≧ \geqq
\geqslant AMSsymbols ⩾ ⩾ \geqslant
all class REL
greater than or equal to
see also: \ngeq, \ngeqq, \ngeqslant
\genfrac AMSmath the most general command for defining fractions with optional delimiters, line thickness, and specified
style
\genfrac #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
where:
• #1 is the left delimiter (empty, for no left delimiter)
• #2 is the right delimiter (empty, for no right delimiter)
• #3 is the fraction bar thickness (set to 0pt to make it disappear)
• #4 is either 0, 1, 2, or 3, where:
◦ 0 denotes \displaystyle
◦ 1 denotes \textstyle
◦ 2 denotes \scriptstyle
◦ 3 denotes \scriptscriptstyle
• #5 is the numerator
• #6 is the denominator
Example:
\genfrac(]{0pt}{2}{a+b}{c+d} yields a+b
(c+d]
see also: \above, \abovewithdelims, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\cfrac, \dfrac, \frac, \over, \overwithdelims
\gets ← ← class REL
left arrow;
non-stretchy
\gg ≫ ≫ class REL
\ggg AMSsymbols ⋙ ⋙ class REL
\gggtr AMSsymbols ⋙ ⋙ class REL
\gimel AMSsymbols ℷ ℷ class ORD
Hebrew letter gimel
\gtrapprox AMSsymbols ⪆ ⪆ class REL
\gnapprox AMSsymbols ⪊ ⪊ class REL
\gneq AMSsymbols ⪈ ⪈ class REL
\gneqq AMSsymbols ≩ ≩ class REL
\gvertneqq AMSsymbols ≩ class REL
\gtrsim AMSsymbols ≳ ≳ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 28 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\gnsim AMSsymbols ⋧ ⋧ class REL
\grave ` ˋ
grave accent
\grave #1
Usually, #1 is a single letter; otherwise, accent is centered over argument.
Examples:
\grave e yields è
\grave E yields È
\grave eu yields èu
\grave{eu} yields eu
`
\gt > > class REL
greater than
see also: \ngtr
\gtrdot AMSsymbols ⋗ ⋗ class REL
\gtreqless AMSsymbols ⋛ ⋛ class REL
\gtreqqless AMSsymbols ⪌ ⪌ class REL
\gtrless AMSsymbols ≷ ≷ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 29 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
H
\hat ^ ˊ
non-stretchy hat accent
\hat #1
Usually, #1 is a single letter; otherwise, accent is centered over argument.
Examples:
\hat\imath yields ^ı
\hat\jmath yields ^ȷ
\hat ab ^b
yields a
\hat{ab} ^
yields ab
see also: \widehat
\hbar ℏ ℏ class ORD
Planck's constant
\hbox class ORD
horizontal box;
contents are treated as text, but you can switch to math mode inside;
text appears in \rm
\hbox #1
Examples:
\hbox{\alpha a }\alpha a yields \alpha a αa
\hbox{This is a sentence.} yields This is a sentence.
\hbox{for all $x > 0$} yields for all x > 0
in MathJax, these are essentially the same: \text, \mbox
see also: \rm
\hdashline works in many of the environments to create a horizontal line (\hline), or a horizontal dashed line
\hline (\hdashline)
Putting \hdashline or \hline first or last encases the entire structure
(which is different from standard LT
A X behavior):
E
\begin{matrix}
\hdashline x11 x12
x_{11} & x_{12} \\
x_{21} & x_{22} \\
yields x21 x22
x_{31} & x_{32} x31 x32
\end{matrix}
\begin{matrix}
x_{11} & x_{12} \\ x11 x12
x_{21} & x_{22} \\
x_{31} & x_{32} \\
yields x21 x22
\hline x31 x32
\end{matrix}
Putting \hdashline or \hline at the beginning of any subsequent row puts a line over that row:
\begin{matrix}
x_{11} & x_{12} \\ x11 x12
x_{21} & x_{22} \\
\hline
yields x21 x22
x_{31} & x_{32} x31 x32
\end{matrix}
You can combine effects, and put in struts (as desired) for additional vertical spacing:
\begin{matrix}
\hline
x11 x12
x_{11} & x_{12} \\
x_{21} & x_{22} \strut \\ yields x21 x22
\hdashline
x_{31} & x_{32} \strut
x31 x32
\end{matrix}
\heartsuit ♡ ♡ class ORD
see also: \clubsuit, \diamondsuit, \spadesuit
\hfil horizontal glue; horizontal fill (added in MathJax 2.5);
\hfill can be used to set horizontal alignment in matrices and arrays (as in old-fashioned TEX layout);
it ‘expands’ to fill available horizontal space, pushing contents on right or left to the boundary
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 30 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
Example:
\begin{matrix}
xxxxxx & xxxxxx & xxxxxx \cr
ab & \hfil ab & ab\hfil\cr
\end{matrix}
yields
xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx
ab ab ab
see also: \hskip, \hspace, \kern, \mkern, \mskip, \mspace
\hom hom class OP
homomorphism;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\hookleftarrow ↩ ↩ non-stretchy
\hookrightarrow ↪ ↪ non-stretchy
both class REL
\hphantom class ORD
horizontal phantom
Sometimes you want to pretend that something is there, for spacing reasons,
but you don't want it to appear—you want it to be invisible—you want it to be a phantom.
The box created by \hphantom has the width of its argument,
but its height and depth are zero (so it doesn't contribute to any vertical spacing issues).
In other words, \hphantom creates horizontal space equal to that produced by its argument,
but doesn't create any vertical space.
\hphantom #1
Example:
\begin{array}{l}
\text{Side Angle Side}\\
\text{S}\hphantom{\text{ide }}\text{A}\hphantom{\text{ngle }}\text{S}
\end{array}
yields
Side Angle Side
S A S
see also: \phantom, \vphantom
\href used to make a math object into a link
\href{ <url> } #1
where the argument (#1) is the clickable area
Example:
H
\href{http://www.onemathematicalcat.org}{M^{A^{T^H}}} yields M AT
\hskip horizontal glue; horizontal space; horizontal skipping;
\hskip <dimen>
Example:
w\hskip1em i\hskip2em d\hskip3em e\hskip4em r
yields
w i d e r
in MathJax, these all behave the same: \hspace, \kern, \mkern, \mskip, \mspace
\hslash AMSsymbols ℏ ℏ class ORD
perhaps an alternative form of Planck's constant
\hspace horizontal glue; horizontal space; horizontal skipping
\hspace <dimen>
Example:
s\hspace7ex k\hspace6ex i\hspace5ex n\hspace4ex n\hspace3ex i\hspace2ex e\hspace1ex r
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 31 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
yields
s k i n n i e r
in MathJax, these all behave the same: \hskip, \kern, \mkern, \mskip, \mspace
\Huge both class ORD
\huge turns on huge mode and an even bigger Huge mode
{\Huge ... }
{\huge ... }
Examples:
\huge AaBb\alpha\beta123\frac ab\sqrt x yields AaBbαβ123 ab √x
{\huge A B} A B yields ABAB
AαAαAα
A\alpha\huge A\alpha \Huge A\alpha yields
see also: \LARGE, \Large, \large
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 32 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
I
\iddots . inner diagonal dots;
..
Not in This macro must be supplied by the user, if desired.
MathJax Davide Cervone provided the code (given here) in the MathJax User Group.
Library
To use this macro, put the following definition in either inline or display mathematics:
$
\def\iddots{
{\kern3mu\raise1mu{.}\kern3mu\raise6mu{.}\kern3mu\raise12mu{.}}}
$
Then, in any subsequent mathematics:
.
\iddots yields . .
Instead of providing the definition inside math delimiters in the body,
you can add the definition to your configuration using the Macros property of the TeX block:
<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
MathJax.Hub.Config({
TeX: {
Macros: {
iddots: "{\\kern3mu\\raise1mu{.}\\kern3mu\\raise6mu{.}\\kern3mu\\raise12mu{.}}"
}}});
</script>
\idotsint AMSmath ∫ ⋯∫ class OP
changes size;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\iff ⟺ ⟺ with a thick space on both sides
if and only if; is equivalent to;
non-stretchy
Example:
A\iff B yields A ⟺ B
\iiiint AMSmath ∬∬ four occurrences of ∫
\iiint ∭ ∭
\iint ∬ ∬
\int ∫ ∫
all class OP;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
Compare the different limit placements (both in display mode):
b
\int_a^b yields ∫
a
\intop_a^b yields ∫
a
see also: \intop
\intop ∫ ∫ (with movable limits) class OP
See the Big Operators Table for examples.
see also: \iiiint, \iiint, \iint, \int
\Im I ℑ class ORD
\imath ı ı class ORD
a dotless ‘i’;
better to use when accented
Examples:
\hat i yields ^i
\hat\imath yields ^ı
see also: \jmath
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 33 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
⟸ ⟸ with a thick space on both sides
\impliedby AMSsymbols
non-stretchy
Example:
P\impliedby Q yields P ⟸ Q
\implies AMSsymbols ⟹ ⟹ with a thick space on both sides
non-stretchy
Example:
P\implies Q yields P ⟹ Q
\in ∈ ∈ class REL
is in; is an element of; indicates membership in a set;
see also: \ni, \notin, \owns
\inf inf class OP
infimum; greatest lower bound;
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
Examples:
\inf_{\rm limit} yields (inline mode) inflimit
\inf_{\rm limit} inf
yields (display mode) limit
see also: \sup
\infty ∞ ∞ class ORD
infinity
\injlim AMSmath inj lim class OP
injective limit;
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
see also: \varinjlim
\intercal AMSsymbols ⊺ ⊺ class BIN
\iota ι ι class ORD
lowercase Greek letter iota
\it class ORD
turns on math italic mode;
to return to math italic mode if it had been turned off
{\it ... }
Examples:
{\bf ab \it ab} ab yields ababab
\rm for\ all\ {\it x}\ in\ \Bbb R yields for all x in R
\Delta\Gamma\Lambda{\it \Delta\Gamma\Lambda} yields ΔΓΛΔΓΛ
see also: \mathit, \mit
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 34 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
J
\jmath ȷ ȷ class ORD
a dotless ‘j’;
better to use when accented
Examples:
\hat j yields ^j
\hat\jmath yields ^ȷ
see also: \imath
\Join AMSsymbols ⋈ ⋈ class REL
K
\kappa κ κ class ORD
lowercase Greek letter kappa
see also: \varkappa
\ker ker class OP
kernel;
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\kern to get a specified amount of horizontal space;
a negative argument forces ‘backing up’, so items can overlap
\kern <dimen>
Examples:
|\kern 2ex|\kern 2em|\kern 2pt| yields | | ||
\rm I\kern-2.5pt R yields IR
in MathJax, these all behave the same: \hskip, \hspace, \mkern, \mskip, \mspace
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 35 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
L
\Lambda Λ uppercase Greek letter lambda Λ class ORD
\lambda λ lowercase Greek letter lambda λ class ORD
see also: \varLambda
\land ∧ logical AND ∧ class BIN
see also: \lor, \wedge
\langle ⟨ left angle bracket; ⟨ class OPEN
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Example:
\left\langle
yields ⟨ ⟩
a b
\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}
\right\rangle c d
see also: \rangle
\LARGE turns on large typestyles; affects all math all class ORD
\Large {\LARGE ... }
\large {\Large ... }
{\large ... }
Examples:
\Large AaBb\alpha\beta123\frac ab yields AaBbαβ123 ab
{\Large A B} A B yields ABAB
AB \large AB \Large AB \LARGE AB yields ABABAB AB
\Large{AB}CD yields ABCD
see also: \huge, \Huge
\LaTeX A X
LTE the LaTeX logo class ORD
Example:
\rm\LaTeX yields LT
A X
E
see also: \TeX
\lbrace { left brace: class OPEN
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Examples:
a
\lbrace \frac ab, c \rbrace yields { b , c}
yields { b , c}
a
\left\lbrace \frac ab, c \right\rbrace
see also: \rbrace, \{ \}
\lbrack [ left bracket: class OPEN
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below);
Examples:
a
\lbrack \frac ab, c \rbrack yields [ b , c]
yields [ b , c]
a
\left\lbrack \frac ab, c \right\rbrack
see also: \rbrack, [ ]
\lceil ⌈ left ceiling; ⌈ class OPEN
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Example:
\left\lceil
yields ⌈ ⌉
a b
\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}
\right\rceil c d
see also: \rceil, \lfloor, \rfloor
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 36 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\ldotp . lower dot, punctuation symbol . class PUNCT
Examples:
\rm s \ldotp h yields s. h
\rm s.h yields s. h
see also: \cdotp
\ldots … lower dots; ellipsis; ellipses; dot dot dot … class INNER
Example:
x_1,\ldots,x_n yields x1 , … , xn
see also: \cdots, \dots
\le ≤ less than or equal to ≤ class REL
\leq ≤ less than or equal to ≤ class REL
\leqq AMSsymbols ≦ less than or equal to ≦ class REL
\leqslant AMSsymbols ⩽ less than or equal to ⩽ class REL
see also: \nleq, \nleqq, \nleqslant
\leadsto AMSsymbols ⇝ ⇝ class REL
\left used for stretchy delimiters;
see the Variable-Sized Delimiters Table for details
Examples:
\left( \frac12 \right) yields ( 12 )
yields ↑
⏐ ⇑
\left\updownarrow \phantom{\frac12} \right\Updownarrow ↓ ‖
⇓
see also: \right
\leftarrow ← left arrow; non-stretchy ← class REL
\Leftarrow ⇐ left arrow; non-stretchy ⇐ class REL
see also: \nleftarrow, \nLeftarrow
\leftarrowtail AMSsymbols ↢ left arrow tail; non-stretchy ↢ class REL
see also: \rightarrowtail
\leftharpoondown ↽ left harpoon arrow; non-stretchy ↽ class REL
\leftharpoonup ↼ left harpoon arrow; non-stretchy ↼ class REL
\leftleftarrows AMSsymbols ⇇ left left arrows; non-stretchy ⇇ class REL
\leftrightarrow ↔ left right arrow; non-stretchy ↔ class REL
\Leftrightarrow ⇔ left right arrow; non-stretchy ⇔ class REL
see also: \nleftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow
\leftrightarrows AMSsymbols ⇆ left right arrows; non-stretchy ⇆ class REL
\leftrightharpoons AMSsymbols ⇋ left right harpoons; non-stretchy ⇋ class REL
\leftrightsquigarrow AMSsymbols ↭ left right squiqqle arrow; non-stretchy ↭ class REL
\leftroot used to fine-tune the placement of the index inside \sqrt or \root (see examples)
\sqrt[... \leftroot #1 ...]{...}
\root ... \leftroot #1 ... \of {...}
where the argument is a small integer:
a positive integer moves the index to the left;
a negative integer moves the index to the right
Examples:
\sqrt[3]{x} yields √
3
x
\sqrt[3\leftroot1]{x} yields √
3
x
\root 3 \of x yields √
3
x
\root 3\leftroot{-1} \of x yields √
3
x
\root 3\leftroot{-1}\uproot2 \of x yields √
3
x
see also: \uproot, \root
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 37 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\leftthreetimes AMSsymbols ⋋ ⋋ class BIN
\leqalignno equation alignment with optionally numbered (tagged) lines;
in TEX , \leqalignno puts the tags on the left, but MathJax doesn't implement this behavior;
currently, tags appear in a column on the right separated from the equations by a fixed amount of
space (so they don't work like tags in the AMS math environments);
this may be fixed in a future version of MathJax
\leqalignno{ <math> & <math> & <equation tag> \cr <repeat as needed> }
the first ampersand is placed where alignment is desired;
the second ampersand is used just before a tag;
if there is no tag, then the final & <equation tag> is omitted;
a double-backslash can be used in place of the \cr ;
the final \\ or \cr is optional;
output is the same in both inline and display modes
(except for the amount of vertical space before and after);
Example:
\leqalignno{
3x - 4y &= 5 &(\dagger) \cr
x + 7 &= -2y &(\ddagger)\cr
z &= 2
}
yields:
(†) 3x − 4y = 5
(‡) x + 7 = −2y
z=2
see also: \eqalignno; the align environment
\lessapprox AMSsymbols ⪅ see also: \lnapprox ⪅ class REL
\lessdot AMSsymbols ⋖ ⋖ class REL
\lesseqgtr AMSsymbols ⋚ ⋚ class REL
\lesseqqgtr AMSsymbols ⪋ ⪋ class REL
\lessgtr AMSsymbols ≶ ≶ class REL
\lesssim AMSsymbols ≲ see also: \lnsim ≲ class REL
\lfloor ⌊ left floor; ⌊ class OPEN
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right
see also: \rfloor, \lceil, \rceil
\lg lg does not change size; class OP
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\lgroup ⟮ left group; ⟮ class OPEN
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right
Example:
\left\lgroup ⎧
⎪ a b⎫⎪
\matrix{a & b\cr c & d} yields ⎩
⎪ ⎭
⎪
\right\rgroup c d
see also: \rgroup
\lhd AMSsymbols ⊲ left-hand diamond ⊲ class REL
see also: \rhd
\lim lim limit; class OP
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 38 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
Examples:
\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} f(x) = \ell (inline mode) yields limn→∞ f(x) = ℓ
\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} f(x) = \ell (display mode) yields lim f(x) = ℓ
n→∞
\liminf lim inf limit inferior; class OP
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
Examples:
\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty} x_n = \ell (inline mode) yields lim infn→∞ xn = ℓ
\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\ x_n = \ell (display mode) yields lim inf xn = ℓ
n→∞
see also: \varliminf
\limits used to set limits above/below any token of class OP;
see the Big Operators table for more information and examples
Examples:
b
\int_a^b f(x)\,dx (inline mode) yields ∫a f(x) dx
b
\int\limits_a^b f(x)\,dx (inline mode) yields ∫ f(x) dx
a
b
\int_a^b f(x)\,dx (display mode) yields ∫ f(x) dx
a
\int\limits_a^b f(x)\,dx (display mode) yields ∫ f(x) dx
a
1
\mathop{x}\limits_0^1 yields x
0
see also: \nolimits
\limsup lim sup limit superior; class OP
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
Examples:
\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty} x_n (inline mode) yields lim supn→∞ xn
\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}\ x_n (display mode) yields lim sup xn
n→∞
see also: \varlimsup
\ll ≪ &x226A; class REL
\llap left overlap class ORD
\llap #1
creates a box of width zero;
the argument is then placed just to the left of this zero-width box
(and hence will overlap whatever lies to the left);
proper use of \llap and \rlap in math expressions is somewhat delicate
Examples:
a\mathrel{{=}\llap{/}}b yields a =/ b {=} forces the equal to not have REL spacing (since it
is not adjacent to ORD's) and \mathrel{} forces the
compound symbol (equal with overlapping slash) to
be treated as a single REL
a\mathrel{{=}\llap{/\,}} yields a =
/ b the thinspace ‘\,’ improves the spacing
b
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 39 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
a=\mathrel{\llap{/\,}}b yields a =
/ b this works because the spacing between adjacent
REL's is zero
see also: \rlap
\llcorner AMSsymbols └ lower left corner └ class REL
\lrcorner AMSsymbols ┘ lower right corner ┘ class REL
These are technically delimiters, but MathJax doesn't stretch them like it should.
see also: \ulcorner, \urcorner
\Lleftarrow AMSsymbols ⇚ non-stretchy ⇚ class REL
\lll AMSsymbols ⋘ ⋘ class REL
\llless AMSsymbols ⋘ ⋘ class REL
\lmoustache ⎰ left moustache; ⎰ class OPEN
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Example:
\left\lmoustache ⎧
⎪ ⎫
⎪
\phantom{\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}} yields ⎭
⎪ ⎩
⎪
\right\rmoustache
see also: \rmoustache
\ln ln natural logarithm; class OP
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\lnapprox AMSsymbols ⪉ see also: \lessapprox ⪉ class REL
\lneq AMSsymbols ⪇ see also: \leq ⪇ class REL
\lneqq AMSsymbols ≨ see also: \leqq ≨ class REL
\lnot ¬ logical not ¬ class ORD
see also: \neg
\lnsim AMSsymbols ⋦ see also: \lesssim ⋦ class REL
\log log logarithm; class OP
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\longleftarrow ⟵ non-stretchy ⟵ class REL
\Longleftarrow ⟸ non-stretchy ⟸ class REL
\longrightarrow ⟶ non-stretchy ⟶ class REL
\Longrightarrow ⟹ non-stretchy ⟹ class REL
\longleftrightarrow ⟷ non-stretchy ⟷ class REL
\Longleftrightarrow ⟺ non-stretchy ⟺ class REL
\longmapsto ⟼ long maps to ⟼ class REL
see also: \mapsto
\looparrowleft AMSsymbols ↫ non-stretchy ↫ class REL
\looparrowright AMSsymbols ↬ non-stretchy ↬ class REL
\lor ∨ logical OR ∨ class BIN
see also: \land, \vee
\lower
\lower <dimen> #1
lowers the argument by the amount specified in <dimen>;
in actual TEX , the argument to \lower (and \raise ) must be an \hbox ,
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 40 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
but in MathJax it can be any expression (using an \hbox is allowed, but not required)
Example:
l\lower 2pt {owe} r yields lower
see also: \raise
\lozenge AMSsymbols ◊ ◊ class ORD
\Lsh AMSsymbols ↰ left shift; non-stretchy ↰ class REL
see also: \Rsh
\lt < less than < class REL
see also: \nless
\ltimes AMSsymbols ⋉ see also: \rtimes ⋉ class BIN
\lvert AMSmath | both non-stretchy when used alone; ∣ class OPEN
\lVert AMSmath ∥ stretchy when used with \left or \right ∥ class OPEN
Example:
a
∣b∣
\left\lvert\frac{\frac ab}{\frac cd}\right\rvert yields ∣∣ c ∣∣
d
see also: \rvert, \rVert, |, \|
\lvertneqq AMSsymbols ≨ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 41 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
M
\maltese AMSsymbols ✠ ✠ class ORD
\mapsto ↦ maps to; non-stretchy math operator ↦ class REL
see also: \longmapsto
\mathbb blackboard-bold for uppercase letters and lowercase ‘k’; class ORD
if lowercase blackboard-bold letters are not available, then they are typeset in a roman font
\mathbb #1
Whether lower-case letters are displayed in blackboard-bold, or not, depends on the fonts being used.
The MathJax web-based fonts don't have lowercase blackboard-bold, but the STIX fonts do;
so users with the STIX fonts installed will be able to display lowercase blackboard-bold letters.
Examples:
\mathbb R yields R
\mathbb ZR yields ZR
\mathbb{AaBbKk}Cc yields AaBbKkCc
\mathbb{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} yields ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
see also: \Bbb
\mathbf boldface for uppercase and lowercase letters and digits class ORD
\mathbf #1
Examples:
\mathbf{AaBb\alpha\beta123} yields AaBbαβ123
\mathbf ZR yields ZR
\mathbf{uvw}xyz yields uvwxyz
see also: \bf, \boldsymbol
\mathbin gives the correct spacing to make an object into a binary operator; class BIN
binary operators have some extra space around them;
creates an element of class BIN
\mathbin #1
Examples:
a\text{op} b yields aopb
a\mathbin{\text{op}} b yields a op b
a\Diamond b yields a◊b
a\mathbin{\Diamond}b yields a ◊ b
\mathcal calligraphic font for uppercase letters and digits class ORD
\mathcal #1
Examples:
\mathcal{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} yields ABCDEF GHIJ KLMN OPQRST UVWXYZ
\mathcal{0123456789} yields 0123456789
\mathcal{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
\mathcal{AB}AB yields ABAB
see also: \cal, \oldstyle
\mathchoice provides content that is dependent on the current style (display, text, script, or scriptscript);
can be used in defining a macro for general use
\mathchoice #1 #2 #3 #4
where:
• #1 is rendered when the \mathchoice appears in display style
• #2 is rendered when the \mathchoice appears in text style
• #3 is rendered when the \mathchoice appears in script style
• #4 is rendered when the \mathchoice appears in scriptscript style
Examples:
\mathchoice{D}{T}{S}{SS} (in display style) yields D
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 42 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\mathchoice{D}{T}{S}{SS} (in text style) yields T
\mathchoice{D}{T}{S}{SS} (in script style) yields S
\mathchoice{D}{T}{S}{SS} (in scriptscript style) yields SS
Here's a nice example from the TEX Book:
Define:
\def\puzzle{\mathchoice{D}{T}{S}{SS}}
Then:
T
\puzzle{\puzzle\over\puzzle^{\puzzle^\puzzle}} yields (in display mode) D SS
TS
S
\puzzle{\puzzle\over\puzzle^{\puzzle^\puzzle}} yields (in inline mode) T S SS
SS
\mathclose forces the argument to be treated in the ‘closing’ class; for example, like ‘) ’ and ‘] ’; class CLOSE
creates an element of class CLOSE
\mathclose #1
Examples:
a + \lt b\gt + c yields a+ < b > +c
a + \mathopen\lt b\mathclose\gt + c yields a + <b> + c
see also: \mathopen
\mathfrak fraktur font for uppercase and lowercase letters and digits (and a few other characters) class ORD
\mathfrak #1
Examples:
\mathfrak{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} yields ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
\mathfrak{0123456789} yields 0123456789
\mathfrak{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
\mathfrak{AB}AB yields ABAB
see also: \frak
\mathinner some constructions are meant to appear ‘inside’ other formulas, class INNER
and should be surrounded by additional space in certain circumstances;
this classification is forced on the argument by using \mathinner
\mathinner #1
Examples:
ab\text{inside}cd yields abinsidecd
ab\mathinner{\text{inside}}cd yields ab inside cd
\mathit math italic mode class ORD
\mathit #1
Examples:
\rm abc \mathit{def} ghi yields abcdefghi
in MathJax, this is the same as: \mit and \it
\mathop forces the argument to be treated in the ‘large operator’ class; for example, like ‘∑ ’; class OP
creates an element of class OP
\mathop #1
Examples:
atbtc yields atbtc
a\mathop{t}b\mathop{t}c yields atbtc
\star_a^b yields (in display mode) ⋆ba
b
\mathop{\star}_a^b yields (in display mode) ⋆a
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 43 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\mathopen forces the argument to be treated in the ‘opening’ class; for example, like ‘( ’ and ‘[ ’; class OPEN
creates an element of class OPEN
\mathopen #1
Examples:
a + \lt b\gt + c yields a+ < b > +c
a + \mathopen\lt b\mathclose\gt + c yields a + <b> + c
see also: \mathclose
\mathord forces the argument to be treated in the ‘ordinary’ class; for example, like ‘/ ’; class ORD
spacing is determined by pairs of tokens;
there is no extra spacing between adjacent ORD's (as in the second example below);
there is extra spacing between an ORD and a BIN (as in the first example below);
creates an element of class ORD
\mathord #1
Examples:
a+b+c yields a + b + c
a\mathord{+}b\mathord{+}c yields a+b+c
1,234,567 yields 1, 234, 567
1\mathord{,}234{,}567 yields 1,234,567
\mathpunct forces the argument to be treated in the ‘punctuation’ class; for example, like ‘, ’; class PUNCT
punctuation tends to have some extra space after the symbol;
returns an element of class PUNCT
\mathpunct #1
Examples:
1.234 yields 1.234
1\mathpunct{.}234 yields 1. 234
\mathrel forces the argument to be treated in the ‘relation’ class; for example, like ‘= ’ and ‘> ’; class REL
relations have a bit more space on both sides than binary operators;
returns an element of class REL
\mathrel #1
Examples:
a \# b yields a#b
a \mathrel{\#} b yields a # b
\mathring AMSmath ˚ ˚
\mathring #1
Examples:
\mathring A yields Å
\mathring{AB}C ˚
yields ABC
\mathrm roman typestyle for uppercase and lowercase letters class ORD
\mathrm #1
Examples:
\mathrm{AaBb\alpha\beta123} yields AaBbαβ123
\mathrm ZR yields ZR
\mathrm{uvw}xyz yields uvwxyz
see also: \rm
\mathscr script typestyle for uppercase letters; class ORD
if lowercase script letters are not available, then they are typeset in a roman typestyle
\mathscr #1
Whether lower-case letters are displayed in script, or not, depends on the fonts being used.
The MathJax web-based fonts don't have lowercase script, but the STIX fonts do;
so users with the STIX fonts installed will be able to display lowercase script letters.
Examples:
\mathscr{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} yields A BC DE FG H I JK L M N OPQRS T U V W X Y Z
0123456789
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 44 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\mathscr{0123456789} yields
\mathscr{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
\mathscr{AB}AB yields A BAB
see also: \scr
\mathsf sans serif typestyle for uppercase and lowercase letters and digits; class ORD
also affects uppercase greek (as do the other font switches,
like \rm, \it, \bf, \mathrm, \mathit, \mathbf, etc).
\mathsf #1
Examples:
\mathsf{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} yields ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
\mathsf{0123456789} yields 0123456789
\mathsf{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
\Delta\Gamma\Lambda\mathsf{\Delta\Gamma\Lambda} yields ΔΓΛΔΓΛ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
\mathsf{AB}AB yields ABAB
see also: \sf
\mathstrut an invisible box whose width is zero; class ORD
its height and depth are the same as a parenthesis ‘( ’;
can be used to achieve more uniform appearance in adjacent formulas
Examples:
\sqrt3 + \sqrt\alpha yields √3 + √α
\sqrt{\mathstrut 3} + \sqrt{\mathstrut\alpha} yields √3 + √α
\mathtt typewriter typestyle for uppercase and lowercase letters and digits; class ORD
also affects uppercase Greek
\mathtt #1
Examples:
\mathtt{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} yields ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
\mathtt{0123456789} yields 0123456789
\mathtt{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
\Delta\Gamma\Lambda\mathtt{\Delta\Gamma\Lambda} yields ΔΓΛΔΓΛ
\mathtt{AB}AB yields ABAB
see also: \tt
\matrix matrix (without any delimiters)
\matrix{ <math> & <math> ... \cr <repeat as needed> }
alignment occurs at the ampersands;
a double-backslash can be used in place of the \cr ;
the final \\ or \cr is optional
Example:
a b
\matrix{ a & b \cr c & d } yields
c d
see also: \array
\max max maximum; class OP
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
Examples:
\max_{\rm sub} yields (inline mode) maxsub
max
\max_{\rm sub} yields (display mode) sub
see also: \min
\mbox creates a box just wide enough to hold the text in its argument; class ORD
no linebreaks are allowed in the text;
text appears in \rm
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 45 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\mbox <text argument>
Examples:
a + b \mbox{ (are you paying attention?) } = c yields a + b (are you paying attention?) = c
a + b \text{ (are you paying attention?) } = c yields a + b (are you paying attention?) = c
in MathJax, these are essentially the same: \text, \hbox
see also: \rm
\measuredangle AMSsymbols ∡ ∡ class ORD
\mho AMSsymbols ℧ ℧ class ORD
\mid ∣ the spacing is perfect for use in set-builder notation ∣ class REL
Examples:
\{x | x\gt 1\} yields {x|x > 1}
\{x \mid x\gt 1\} yields {x ∣ x > 1}
see also: \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid
\min min minimum; class OP
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
Examples:
\min_{\rm sub} yields (inline mode) minsub
\min_{\rm sub} yields (display mode) min
sub
see also: \max
\mit math italic typestyle class ORD
\mit #1
Examples:
\mit{\Gamma\Delta\Theta\Omega} yields Γ ΔΘΩ
\mathit{\Gamma\Delta\Theta\Omega} yields ΓΔΘΩ
\Gamma\Delta\Theta\Omega yields ΓΔΘΩ
in MathJax, this is the same as: \mathit and \it
\mkern
\mkern <dimen>
gives horizontal space
Examples:
ab yields ab
a\mkern18mu b yields a b
a\mkern18pt b yields a b
in MathJax, these all behave the same: \hskip, \hspace, \kern, \mskip, \mspace
\mod mod modulus operator; modulo;
the leading space depends on the style: displaystyle has 18 mu, others 12 mu;
2 thinspaces of following space;
for things like equations modulo a number
\mod #1
Example:
3\equiv 5 \mod 2 yields 3 ≡ 5 mod 2
see also: \pmod, \bmod
\models ⊨ ⊨ class REL
\moveleft shifts boxes to the left or right
\moveright \moveleft <dimen> <box>
\moveright <dimen> <box>
In actual TEX , these require an \hbox (or some box) as an argument, and can only appear in vertical mode;
MathJax is less picky: you don't need an actual box, and MathJax doesn't have a vertical mode;
these are not really designed as user-level macros, but instead allow existing macros to work;
the box takes up its original space (unlike something like \llap or \rlap ), but its contents are shifted (without
affecting its bounding box)
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 46 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
Examples:
\rm tight yields tight
\rm t\moveleft3pt ight yields ti ght
\rm t\moveleft3pt i\moveleft3pt g\moveleft3pt h\moveleft3pt t yields tight
\rm t\moveleft3pt i\moveleft6pt g\moveleft9pt h\moveleft12pt t yields tgiht
\square\square\moveleft 2em {\diamond\diamond} □□
yields ⋄⋄
\square\square\moveright 2em {\diamond\diamond} yields □□ ⋄⋄
see also: \raise, \lower
\mp ∓ minus plus ∓ class BIN
see also: \pm
\mskip
\mskip <dimen>
gives horizontal space
Examples:
ab yields ab
a\mskip18mu b yields a b
a\mskip18pt b yields a b
in MathJax, these all behave the same: \hskip, \hspace, \kern, \mkern, \mspace
\mspace
\mspace <dimen>
gives horizontal space
Examples:
ab yields ab
a\mspace18mu b yields a b
a\mspace18pt b yields a b
in MathJax, these all behave the same: \hskip, \hspace, \kern, \mkern, \mskip
\mu μ lowercase Greek letter mu μ class ORD
\multimap AMSsymbols ⊸ ⊸ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 47 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
N
\nabla ∇ ∇ class ORD
\natural ♮ see also: \flat, \sharp ♮ class ORD
\ncong AMSsymbols ≆ not congruent ≆ class REL
see also: \cong
\ne ≠ not equal ≠ class REL
see also: equals, \neq
\nearrow ↗ northeast arrow; non-stretchy ↗ class REL
see also: \nwarrow, \searrow, \swarrow
\neg ¬ negate; negation ¬ class ORD
see also: \lnot
\negthinspace AMSmath negative thin space
\negmedspace AMSmath negative medium space
\negthickspace AMSmath negative thick space
Examples:
ab yields ab
a\negthinspace b yields ab
a\negmedspace b yields ab
a\negthickspace b yields ab
see also: \thinspace
\neq ≠ see also: equals, \ne ≠ class REL
\newcommand for defining your own commands (control sequences, macros, definitions);
\newcommand must appear (within math delimiters) before it is used;
if desired, you can use the TeX.Macros property of the configuration to define macros in the head
\newcommand\myCommandName
[ <optional # of arguments, from 1 to 9> ]
{ <replacement text> }
The bracketed # of arguments is omitted when there are no arguments.
Example (no arguments):
\newcommand\myHearts
{\color{purple}{\heartsuit}\kern-2.5pt\color{green}{\heartsuit}}
\myHearts\myHearts
yields: ♡♡♡♡
A definition may take one or more arguments:
Example (two arguments):
\newcommand\myHearts[2]
{\color{#1}{\heartsuit}\kern-2.5pt\color{#2}{\heartsuit}}
\myHearts{red}{blue}
yields: ♡♡
see also: \def, \newenvironment
\newenvironment for defining your own environments;
\newenvironment must appear (within math delimiters) before it is used
\newenvironment{myEnvironmentName}
[ <optional # of arguments, from 1 to 9> ]
{ <replacement text for each occurrence of \begin{myEnvironmentName}> }
{ <replacement text for each occurrence of \end{myEnvironmentName}> }
The bracketed # of arguments is omitted when there are no arguments.
There must not be a command having the same name as the environment:
for example, to use \begin{myHeart}...\end{myHeart} there may not be a command \myHeart.
Example (no arguments):
\newenvironment{myHeartEnv}
{\color{purple}{\heartsuit}\kern-2.5pt\color{green}{\heartsuit}}
{\text{ forever}}
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 48 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\begin{myHeartEnv}
\end{myHeartEnv}
yields: ♡♡ forever
An environment may take one or more arguments:
Example (two arguments):
\newenvironment{myHeartEnv}[2]
{\color{#1}{\heartsuit}\kern-2.5pt\color{#2}{\heartsuit}}
{\text{ forever}}
\begin{myHeartEnv}{red}{blue}
\end{myHeartEnv}
yields: ♡♡ forever
see also: \def, \newcommand
\newline line separator in alignment modes and environments
in MathJax, these are essentially the same: \cr, \\
\nexists AMSsymbols ∃� see also: \exists ∄ class ORD
\ngeq AMSsymbols ≱ not greater than or equal to ≱ class REL
\ngeqq AMSsymbols not greater than or equal to ≱ class REL
see also: \geq, \geqq
\ngeqslant AMSsymbols slanted not greater than or equal to ⪈ class REL
see also: \geqslant
\ngtr AMSsymbols ≯ not greater than ≯ class REL
see also: \gt
\ni ∋ backwards ‘in’; contains ∋ class REL
see also: \in
\nleftarrow AMSsymbols ↚ ↚ class REL
\nLeftarrow AMSsymbols ⇍ ⇍ class REL
see also: \leftarrow, \Leftarrow
\nleftrightarrow AMSsymbols ↮ ↮ class REL
\nLeftrightarrow AMSsymbols ⇎ ⇎ class REL
see also: \leftrightarrow, \Leftrightarrow
\nleq AMSsymbols ≰ not less than or equal to ≰ class REL
\nleqq AMSsymbols not less than or equal to ≰ class REL
see also: \leq, \leqq
\nleqslant AMSsymbols slanted not less than or equal to ⪇ class REL
see also: \leqslant
\nless AMSsymbols ≮ see also: \lt ≮ class REL
\nmid AMSsymbols ∤ see also: \mid ∤ class REL
\nobreakspace AMSmath Example:   class ORD
a\nobreakspace b yields a b
in MathJax, this is the same as: \ (backslash space)
\nolimits used to change the default placement of limits;
only allowed on items of class OP
Examples:
n
\sum_{k=1}^n a_k yields (in display mode) ∑ ak
k=1
yields (in display mode) ∑k=1 ak
n
\sum\nolimits_{k=1}^n a_k
see also: \limits
\normalsize turns on normal size class ORD
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 49 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
{\normalsize ... }
Example:
\rm \scriptsize script \normalsize normal \large large yields scriptnormal large
see also: \scriptsize
\not / used to negate relations / class REL
Examples:
\not\gt yields ≯
\ngtr yields ≯
\notag AMSmath used in AMS math environments that do automatic equation numbering, to suppress class ORD
the equation number; since MathJax doesn't implement auto-numbering (as of version
1.1a), it is basically a no-op, although it will cancel an explicit \tag ;
when auto-numbering is added, then this will work as expected;
\notag is included now for compatibility with existing TeX code (to prevent throwing
an error, even though it has no effect)
\notin ∉ see also: \in ∉ class REL
\nparallel AMSsymbols ∦ not parallel ∦ class REL
see also: \parallel
\nprec AMSsymbols ⊀ see also: \prec ⊀ class REL
\npreceq AMSsymbols ⋠ see also: \preceq ⋠ class REL
\nrightarrow AMSsymbols ↛ ↛ class REL
\nRightarrow AMSsymbols ⇏ ⇏ class REL
see also: \rightarrow, \Rightarrow
\nshortmid AMSsymbols see also: \mid, \shortmid ∤ class REL
\nshortparallel AMSsymbols see also: \parallel, \shortparallel ∦ class REL
\nsim AMSsymbols ≁ see also: \sim ≁ class REL
\nsubseteq AMSsymbols ⊈ ⊈ class REL
\nsubseteqq AMSsymbols ⊈ class REL
see also: \subseteq, \subseteqq
\nsucc AMSsymbols ⊁ ⊁ class REL
\nsucceq AMSsymbols ⋡ ⋡ class REL
see also: \succ, \succeq
\nsupseteq AMSsymbols ⊉ ⊉ class REL
\nsupseteqq AMSsymbols ⊉ class REL
see also: \supseteq, \supseteqq
\ntriangleleft AMSsymbols ⋪ ⋪ class REL
\ntrianglelefteq AMSsymbols ⋬ ⋬ class REL
see also: \triangleleft, \trianglelefteq
\ntriangleright AMSsymbols ⋫ ⋫ class REL
\ntrianglerighteq AMSsymbols ⋭ ⋭ class REL
see also: \triangleright, \trianglerighteq
\nu ν lowercase Greek letter nu ν class ORD
\nVDash AMSsymbols ⊯ ⊯ class REL
\nVdash AMSsymbols ⊮ ⊮ class REL
\nvDash AMSsymbols ⊭ ⊭ class REL
\nvdash AMSsymbols ⊬ ⊬ class REL
see also: \Vdash, \vDash, \vdash
\nwarrow ↖ northwest arrow; non-stretchy ↖ class REL
see also: \nearrow, \searrow, \swarrow
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 50 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
O
\odot ⊙ ⊙ class BIN
\ominus ⊖ ⊖ class BIN
\oplus ⊕ ⊕ class BIN
\oslash ⊘ ⊘ class BIN
\otimes ⊗ ⊗ class BIN
\oint ∮ changes size; ∮ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
\oldstyle this is intended for oldstyle numbers; it is a switch that turns on oldstyle mode; class ORD
the way it works in TEX is to select the caligraphic font
(which is where the oldstyle numbers are stored),
so it has the side effect of selecting caligraphic upper-case letters;
MathJax does the same for compatibility
{\oldstyle ... }
Examples:
\oldstyle 0123456789 yields 0123456789
\oldstyle ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ yields ABCDEF GHIJ KLMN OPQRST UVWXYZ
\oldstyle abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
{\oldstyle AB}AB yields ABAB
\oldstyle AB \rm AB yields ABAB
\oldstyle{AB}CD yields ABCD
see also: \cal, \mathcal
\omega ω lowercase Greek letter omega ω class ORD
\Omega Ω uppercase Greek letter omega Ω class ORD
see also: \varOmega
\omicron ο lowercase Greek letter omicron ο class ORD
\operatorname AMSmath This is similar to \DeclareMathOperator, class OP
but rather than defining a macro, it produces an instance of an operator like \lim .
For example,
\operatorname{myOp}
is equivalent to the use of \myOp , after having defined
\DeclareMathOperator{\myOp}{myOp}
If displaystyle limits are desired in both inline and display modes,
then use operatorname* instead of operatorname
Examples:
\operatorname{myFct}(x) yields myFct(x)
\operatorname*{myFct}_a^b(x) yields (in inline mode) myFctba (x)
See \DeclareMathOperator for further explanation and examples.
\over general command for making fractions
{ <subformula1> \over <subformula2> }
Creates a fraction:
numerator: subformula1
denominator: subformula2
Examples:
a
a \over b yields b
a+1
a+1 \over b+2 yields b+2
a+1
{a+1 \over b+2}+c yields b+2
+c
see also: \above, \abovewithdelims, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\cfrac, \dfrac, \frac, \genfrac, \overwithdelims
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 51 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\overbrace puts a (stretchy) over-brace over the argument;
can use ‘^’ to place an optional superscript over the overbrace;
can use ‘_’ to place an optional subscript below the argument
\overbrace #1
Example:
n times
\overbrace{x + \cdots + x}^{n\rm\ times}_{\text{(note here)} yields x + ⋯ + x
(note here)
see also: \underbrace
\overleftarrow ← ← stretchy over left arrow
\overrightarrow → → stretchy over right arrow
\overleftrightarrow ↔ ↔ stretchy over left right arrow
\overleftarrow #1
\overrightarrow #1
\overleftrightarrow #1
Examples:
←−−−−−−−−−−
\overleftarrow{\text{the argument}} yields the argument
\overrightarrow{AB} yields −−→
AB
−−→
\overrightarrow{AB\strut} yields AB
\overleftrightarrow{\hspace1in} yields ←−−−−−−−−−→
\overline ¯ stretchy overline ‾
\overline #1
Examples:
\overline{AB} yields ¯AB
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
\overline a yields ¯a¯¯
\overline{\text{a long argument}} yields ¯a¯¯¯¯long
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
argument
\overparen puts a (stretchy) over-parenthesis (over-arc, frown) over the argument (new in MathJax 2.6)
\overparen #1
Example:
\overparen a \quad
\overparen ab \quad
\overparen{ab} \quad
\overparen{abc} \quad
\overparen{abcdef} \quad
\overparen{\underparen{abcd}}
yields
⌢ ⌢
a ⌢
a b ab abc abcdef abcd
see also: \underparen, \smallfrown, \frown, \smallsmile, \smile
\overset
\overset #1 #2
oversets argument #1 (in scriptstyle) over argument #2
Examples:
top
\overset{\rm top}{\rm bottom} yields bottom
a
\overset ab yields b
a\,\overset{?}{=}\,b yields ?
a = b
see also: \atop, \underset
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 52 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\overwithdelims general command for making fractions;
uses default thickness for fraction bar for current size
specifies left and right enclosing delimiters
{ <subformula1> \overwithdelims <delim1> <delim2> <subformula2> }
Creates a fraction:
numerator subformula1
denominator subformula2
delim1 is put before the fraction
delim2 is put after the fraction
For an empty delimiter, use ‘.’ in place of the delimiter.
Examples:
a
a \overwithdelims [ ] b yields [ b ]
a+1
a+1 \overwithdelims . | b+2 yields b+2
∣
a+1
{a+1 \overwithdelims \{ \} b+2}+c yields { b+2 } + c
see also: \above, \abovewithdelims, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\cfrac, \dfrac, \frac, \genfrac, \over
\owns ∋ see also: \ni, \in ∋ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 53 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
P
\parallel ∥ see also: \nparallel ∥ class REL
\partial ∂ Example: ∂ class ORD
∂f
\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} yields ∂x
\perp ⊥ perpendicular to ⊥ class REL
\phantom phantom (both horizontal and vertical) class ORD
Sometimes you want to pretend that something is there, for spacing reasons,
but you don't want it to appear—you want it to be invisible—you want it to be a phantom.
The box created by \phantom has width, height and depth equal to its argument.
In other words, \phantom creates horizontal and vertical space equal to that of its argument,
even though the argument isn't visible.
\phantom #1
Examples:
yields √ b √
\sqrt{\frac ab} a
\sqrt{\phantom{\frac ab}}
\frac{2x+3y-\phantom{5}z} 2x + 3y − z
{\phantom{2}x+\phantom{3}y+5z}
yields
x + y + 5z
j
\Gamma^{\phantom{i}j}_{i\phantom{j}k} yields Γi k
1 −1
\matrix{1&-1\cr 2&\phantom{-}3} yields
2 3
see also: \hphantom, \vphantom
\phi ϕ lowercase Greek letter phi &##x03D5; class ORD
\Phi Φ uppercase Greek letter phi Φ class ORD
see also: \varphi, \varPhi
\pi π lowercase Greek letter pi π class ORD
\Pi Π uppercase Greek letter Pi Π class ORD
see also: \varpi, \varPi
\pitchfork AMSsymbols ⋔ ⋔ class REL
\pm ± plus or minus &x00B1; class BIN
see also: \mp
\pmatrix matrix enclosed in parentheses class OPEN
\pmatrix{ <math> & <math> ... \cr <repeat as needed> }
alignment occurs at the ampersands;
a double-backslash can be used in place of the \cr ;
the final \\ or \cr is optional
Example:
A = \pmatrix{ ⎛ a11 a12 … a1n ⎞
⎜ a21 a2n ⎟
a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \cr
A=⎜ ⎟
a22 …
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
a_{21} & a_{22} & \ldots & a_{2n} \cr
yields
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr
⎜ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎟
⎝a … amn ⎠
a_{m1} & a_{m2} & \ldots & a_{mn} \cr
} m1 am2
see also: \matrix
\pmb poor man's bold; class ORD
it works by duplicating its argument slightly offset,
giving a bold effect (at least in the horizontal direction);
doesn't work well for horizontal lines, like − or +
\pmb #1
Examples:
a \pmb a \boldsymbol a yields aaaa
\pmb{a+b-c}\ \ a+b-c yields a + b − c a + b − c
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 54 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\pmod (mod ) parenthesized modulus operator; parenthesized modulo;
18 mu of leading space before the opening parenthesis in display style;
8 mu of leading space before the opening parenthesis in other styles;
6 mu of space after the word mod
\pmod #1
Examples:
5\equiv 8 \pmod 3 yields 5 ≡ 8 (mod 3)
\pmod{n+m} yields (mod n + m)
see also: \mod, \bmod
\pod () parenthesized argument with leading space;
18 mu of leading space before the opening parenthesis in display style;
8 mu of leading space before the opening parenthesis in other styles
\pod #1
Examples:
x=y\pod{\text{inline mode}} yields x = y (inline mode)
x=y\pod{\text{display mode}} yields x = y (display mode)
\Pr Pr does not change size; class OP
default limit placement can be changed using \limits and \nolimits;
does not change size;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\Pr_{\rm sub} yields (inline mode) Prsub
\Pr_{\rm sub} yields (display mode) Pr
sub
\prec ≺ see also: \nprec ≺ class REL
\precapprox AMSsymbols ⪷ ⪷ class REL
\precnapprox AMSsymbols ⪹ ⪹ class REL
\preccurlyeq AMSsymbols ≼ ≼ class REL
\preceq ⪯ ⪯ class REL
\precneqq AMSsymbols ⪵ ⪵ class REL
see also: \npreceq
\precsim AMSsymbols ≾ ≾ class REL
\precnsim AMSsymbols ⋨ ⋨ class REL
\prime ′ prime character ′ class ORD
Examples:
f' yields f ′
f\prime yields f′
f^\prime yields f ′
f^{\prime\prime} yields f ′′
f'' yields f ′′
see also: \backprime, prime symbol
\prod ∏ changes size; ∏ class OP
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
n
\prod_{j=1}^n yields (in inline mode) ∏j=1
n
\prod_{j=1}^n yields (in display mode) ∏
j=1
\projlim AMSmath proj lim projective limit; class OP
does not change size;
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 55 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
see also: \varprojlim
\propto ∝ see also: \varpropto ∝ class REL
\psi ψ lowercase Greek letter psi ω class ORD
\Psi Ψ uppercase Greek letter psi Ω class ORD
see also: \varPsi
Q
\quad \quad is a 1em space
\qquad \qquad is a 2em space
Examples:
|\quad|\quad| yields | | |
|\qquad\hphantom{|}| yields | |
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 56 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
R
\raise
\raise <dimen> #1
raises the argument by the amount specified in <dimen>;
in actual TEX , the argument to \raise (and \lower ) must be an \hbox ,
but in MathJax it can be any expression (using an \hbox is allowed, but not required)
Example:
h\raise 2pt {ighe} r yields higher
see also: \lower
\rangle ⟩ right angle bracket; ⟩ class CLOSE
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Example:
\left\langle
yields ⟨ ⟩
a b
\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}
\right\rangle c d
see also: \langle
\rbrace } right brace; class CLOSE
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Example:
\left\lbrace
yields { }
a b
\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}
\right\rbrace c d
see also: \lbrace
\rbrack ] right bracket; class CLOSE
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Examples:
a
\lbrack \frac ab, c \rbrack yields [ b , c]
yields [ b , c]
a
\left\lbrack \frac ab, c \right\rbrack
see also: \lbrack, [ ]
\rceil ⌉ right ceiling; ⌉ class CLOSE
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Example:
\left\lceil
yields ⌈ ⌉
a b
\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}
\right\rceil c d
see also: \lceil, \lfloor, \rfloor
\Re R ℜ class ORD
\renewcommand equivalent to \newcommand;
for clarity of code, you may choose to use \renewcommand when re-defining a macro;
this is different from actual TEX ,
where \renewcommand only allows redefining of an existing command
see also: \def, \newcommand, \newenvironment
\require (non-standard) This is a MathJax-specific macro that can be used to load MathJax TEX extensions (like the
AMSmath extension) from within math mode, rather than having to include it in the configuration.
For example,
$\require{AMSsymbols}$
would cause MathJax to load the extensions/TeX/AMSsymbols.js file at that point.
Since many people use MathJax in blogs and wikis that may not have all the extensions loaded, this
makes it possible to load a lesser-used extension on a particular page, without having to include it in
every page.
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 57 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\restriction AMSsymbols ↾ ↾ class REL
\rfloor ⌋ right floor; ⌋ class CLOSE
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right
see also: \lfloor, \lceil, \rceil
\rgroup ⟯ right group; ⟮ class CLOSE
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right
Example:
⎧a b⎫ ⎪
yields ⎪
\left\lgroup
\matrix{a & b\cr c & d} ⎩ ⎭
⎪
\right\rgroup c d
see also: \lgroup
\rhd AMSsymbols ⊳ right-hand diamond ⊳ class REL
see also: \lhd
\rho ρ lowercase Greek letter rho � class ORD
see also: \varrho
\right used for stretchy delimiters;
see the Variable-Sized Delimiters Table for details
Can be followed by:
delimiter: sample code: yields:
( ) \left( \frac12 \right) ( 12 )
\updownarrow ↑ ⇑
\Updownarrow
\left\updownarrow \phantom{\frac12} \right\Updownarrow ⏐
↓ ‖
⇓
see also: \left
\rightarrow → non-stretchy → class REL
\Rightarrow ⇒ non-stretchy ⇒ class REL
see also: \nrightarrow, \nRightarrow, \to
\rightarrowtail AMSsymbols ↣ right arrow tail; non-stretchy ↣ class REL
see also: \leftarrowtail
\rightharpoondown ⇁ non-stretchy ⇁ class REL
\rightharpoonup ⇀ non-stretchy ⇀ class REL
see also: \leftharpoondown, \rightharpoondown
\rightleftarrows AMSsymbols ⇄ right left arrows; non-stretchy ⇄ class REL
\rightleftharpoons AMSsymbols ⇌ right left harpoons; non-stretchy ⇌ class REL
\rightrightarrows AMSsymbols ⇉ right right arrows; non-stretchy ⇉ class REL
\rightsquigarrow AMSsymbols ⇝ right squiggle arrow; non-stretchy ⇝ class REL
\rightthreetimes AMSsymbols ⋌ right three times ⋌ class BIN
\risingdotseq AMSsymbols ≓ rising dot sequence ≓ class REL
see also: \fallingdotseq
\rlap right overlap class ORD
\rlap #1
creates a box of width zero;
the argument is then placed just to the right of this zero-width box
(and hence will overlap whatever lies to the right)
Example:
a\mathrel{\rlap{\;/}{=}}b yields a =
/b
In this example, {=} forces the equal to not have REL spacing (since it is not adjacent to ORD's);
\mathrel{} forces the compound symbol (equal with overlapping slash) to be treated as a single REL;
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 58 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
the \; improves the spacing for the slash.
see also: \llap
\rm turns on roman; affects uppercase and lowercase letters, and digits; class ORD
also affects uppercase Greek
{\rm ... }
Examples:
\rm AaBb\alpha\beta123 yields AaBbαβ123
{\rm A B} A B yields ABAB
\Delta\Gamma\Lambda{\rm\Delta\Gamma\Lambda} yields ΔΓΛΔΓΛ
\rm AB \bf CD yields ABCD
\rm{AB}CD yields ABCD
see also: \text, \hbox, \mathrm
\rmoustache ⎱ right moustache; ⎱ class CLOSE
non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right (see below)
Example:
⎧ ⎫
⎪
yields ⎪
\left\lmoustache
\phantom{\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}} ⎭ ⎩
⎪
\right\rmoustache
see also: \lmoustache
\root ... \of
\root <index> \of #1
Examples:
\root 3 \of x yields √
3
x
\root 13 \of {\frac 12} yields √
13 1
2
\root n+1 \of x + 2 yields √x + 2
n+1
see also: \sqrt, \leftroot, \uproot
\Rrightarrow AMSsymbols ⇛ non-stretchy ⇛ class REL
\Rsh AMSsymbols ↱ right shift; non-stretchy ↱ class REL
see also: \Lsh
\rtimes AMSsymbols ⋊ see also: \ltimes ⋊ class BIN
\Rule (non-standard) a MathJax-specific macro giving a rule with a specified width, height, and depth
\Rule <dimenWidth> <dimenHeight> <dimenDepth>
where each argument is a dimension
Examples:
xx
x\Rule{3px}{1ex}{2ex}x yields
x\Rule{3px}{2ex}{1ex}x yields x x
\rvert AMSmath | ∣ class CLOSE
\rVert AMSmath ∥ ∥ class CLOSE
both non-stretchy when used alone;
stretchy when used with \left or \right
Example:
a
∣b∣
\left\lvert\frac{\frac ab}{\frac cd}\right\rvert yields ∣∣ c ∣∣
d
see also: \lvert, \lVert, |, \|
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 59 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
S
\S § section symbol ꜀ class ORD
\scr turns on script typestyle for uppercase letters; class ORD
lowercase letters are in a roman typestyle
{ \scr ... }
Examples:
\scr ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ yields A BC DE FG H I JK L M N OPQRS T U V W X Y Z
\scr
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
yields 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
{\scr AB}AB yields A BAB
\scr AB \rm AB yields A BAB
\scr{AB}CD yields A BC D
see also: \mathscr
\scriptscriptstyle used to over-ride automatic style rules and force scriptscript style; class ORD
stays in force until the end of math mode or the braced group, or until another style is selected
{ \scriptscriptstyle ... }
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab+\displaystyle\frac ab+\textstyle\frac ab+\scriptstyle\frac ab+\scriptscriptstyle\frac ab
yields:
a a a
b
+ + b
+ ab + ab
b
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab + {\scriptscriptstyle \frac cd + \frac ef} + \frac gh
yields
a g
b
+ dc + fe + h
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab + \scriptscriptstyle{\frac cd + \frac ef} + \frac gh
yields
a
b
+ dc + fe + hg
see also: \displaystyle, \scriptstyle, \textstyle
\scriptsize turns on script size class ORD
{ \scriptsize ... }
Example:
\rm \scriptsize script \normalsize normal \large large yields scriptnormal large
see also: \normalsize
\scriptstyle used to over-ride automatic style rules and force script style; class ORD
stays in force until the end of math mode or the braced group, or until another style is selected
{ \scriptstyle ... }
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab+\displaystyle\frac ab+\textstyle\frac ab+\scriptstyle\frac ab+\scriptscriptstyle\frac ab
yields:
a a a
b
+ + b
+ ab + ab
b
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab + {\scriptstyle \frac cd + \frac ef} + \frac gh
yields
a g
b
+ dc + fe + h
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab + \scriptstyle{\frac cd + \frac ef} + \frac gh
yields
a
b
+ dc + fe + hg
see also: \displaystyle, \scriptscriptstyle, \textstyle
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 60 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\searrow ↘ southeast arrow; non-stretchy ↘ class ORD
see also: \nearrow, \nwarrow, \swarrow
\sec sec secant; class OP
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\sec x yields sec x
\sec(2x-1) yields sec(2x − 1)
see also: \csc
\setminus ∖ set minus ∖ class BIN
Examples:
A\setminus B yields A ∖ B
A\backslash B yields A∖B
see also: \backslash
\sf turns on sans serif mode for uppercase and lowercase letters and digits, and for uppercase Greek class ORD
{ \sf ... }
Examples:
\sf ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ yields ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
\sf 0123456789 yields 0123456789
\sf abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz yields abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
ABCDE 01234 abcde yields ABCDE01234abcde
{\sf AB\Delta\Gamma\Lambda}\ AB\Delta\Gamma\Lambda yields ABΔΓΛ ABΔΓΛ
\sf AB \rm AB yields ABAB
\sf{AB}CD yields ABCD
see also: \mathsf
\sharp ♯ musical sharp symbol ♯ class ORD
see also: \flat, \natural
\shortmid AMSsymbols ∣ see also: \nshortmid, \mid ∣ class REL
\shortparallel AMSsymbols ∥ see also: \nshortparallel ∥ class REL
\shoveleft AMSmath forces flush left or flush right typesetting in a \multline or \multline* environment (see examples)
\shoveright AMSmath
Example:
\begin{multline}
(a+b+c+d)^2 \\
+ (e+f)^2 + (g+h)^2 + (i+j)^2 + (k+l)^2 \\
+ (m+n)^2 + (o+p)^2 + (q+r)^2 + (s+t)^2 + (u+v)^2 \\
+ (w+x+y+z)^2
\end{multline}
yields
(a + b + c + d)2
+ (e + f)2 + (g + h)2 + (i + j)2 + (k + l)2
+ (m + n)2 + (o + p)2 + (q + r)2 + (s + t)2 + (u + v)2
+ (w + x + y + z)2
Example:
\begin{multline}
(a+b+c+d)^2 \\
\shoveleft{+ (e+f)^2 + (g+h)^2 + (i+j)^2 + (k+l)^2} \\
\shoveright{+ (m+n)^2 + (o+p)^2 + (q+r)^2 + (s+t)^2 + (u+v)^2} \\
+ (w+x+y+z)^2
\end{multline}
yields
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 61 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
(a + b + c + d)2
+(e + f)2 + (g + h)2 + (i + j)2 + (k + l)2
+(m + n)2 + (o + p)2 + (q + r)2 + (s + t)2 + (u + v)2
+ (w + x + y + z)2
\sideset AMSmath used for putting symbols at the four ‘corners’ of a large operator (like ∑ or ∏ )
\sideset{_#1^#2}{_#3^#4} <large operator>
where:
• #1 = lower left
• #2 = upper left
• #3 = lower right
• #4 = upper right
Examples:
∑
2 4
\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\sum yields 1 3
\sigma σ lowercase Greek letter sigma σ class ORD
\Sigma Σ uppercase Greek letter sigma Σ class ORD
see also: \sum, \varsigma, \varSigma
\sim ∼ ∼ class REL
\simeq ≃ ≃ class REL
see also: \nsim
\sin sin sine; class OP
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\sin x yields sin x
\sin(2x-1) yields sin(2x − 1)
see also: \cos
\sinh sinh hyperbolic sine; class OP
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\sinh x yields sinh x
\sinh(2x-1) yields sinh(2x − 1)
see also: \cosh
\skew used to finely adjust the positioning on accents;
particularly useful for adjusting superaccents (accents on accents);
usually requires trial-and-error adjustment for proper positioning
\skew #1 <accent>
where #1 is a positive integer (the skew amount)
Examples:
\hat A yields A^
\skew7\hat A yields A^
\tilde M yields M~
\skew{8}\tilde M yields M~
\hat{\hat A} ^^
yields A
\skew4\hat{\hat A} ^^
yields A
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 62 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\small turns on small size; affects all math class ORD
{\small ... }
Example:
\rm\tiny tiny \Tiny Tiny
\small small \normalsize normal
\large lg \Large Lg \LARGE LG
\huge hg \Huge Hg
yields tinyTiny smallnormallg LgLGhg Hg
\def\myExp{\alpha\frac xy}
\tiny\myExp \Tiny\myExp
\small\myExp \normalsize\myExp
\large\myExp \Large\myExp \LARGE\myExp
yields x
αyαy
x x x
α xy α y α y
x x
α xy α y α y α xy
\huge\myExp \Huge\myExp
ab{\small cd} cd yields abcdcd
ab\small{cd} cd yields abcdcd
see also: \tiny, \Tiny, \normalsize, \large, \Large, \LARGE, \huge, \Huge
\smallfrown AMSsymbols ⌢ small frown ⌢ class REL
see also: \frown, \smile, \smallsmile
\smallint ∫ small integral ∫ class OP
see also: \int
\smallsetminus AMSsymbols ∖ small set minus ∖ class BIN
see also: \setminus
\smallsmile AMSsymbols ⌣ small smile ⌣ class REL
see also: \smile, \frown, \smallfrown
\smash By using \smash, \phantom, \hphantom, \vphantom, \rlap, \llap, class ORD
you can typeset any mathematics,
yet give it the width and/or height and/or depth of any other mathematics.
\smash #1
Typesets the argument in a box with the same width as the argument,
but with height and depth equal to zero.
In other words: the argument of \smash is visible, and has its natural width,
but does not contribute any height or depth to the surrounding mathematics
(hence leaving the surrounding mathematics to dictate height and depth).
Here are some scenarios:
• to vertically \smash the box containing this and make it instead behave vertically like that :
\smash{this}\vphantom{that}
Examples:
yields √ b √7
\sqrt{\frac ab} a
\sqrt{\smash{7}\vphantom{\frac ab}}
yields √ c √ f
\sqrt{\frac{\frac ab}{\frac cd}} b e
\sqrt{\smash{\frac ef}\vphantom{\frac{\frac ab}{\frac cd}}} d
• to horizontally compress the box containing this and make it instead behave horizontally like that :
\rlap{this}\hphantom{that}
or
\hphantom{that}\llap{this}
Examples:
\sqrt{\rm very\ wide}
\sqrt{\rlap{\rm thin}\hphantom{\rm very\ wide}}
yields √very wide√thin
\sqrt{\rm very\ wide}
\sqrt{\hphantom{\rm very\ wide}\llap{\rm thin}}
yields √very wide√ thin
• to both vertically smash and horizontally compress the box containing this
and make it instead behave both vertically and horizontally like that :
\rlap{\smash{this}}\phantom{that}
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 63 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
or
\phantom{that}\llap{\smash{this}}
Examples:
\sqrt{\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}}
yields √ √Hi!
\sqrt{ a b
\rlap{\smash{\rm Hi!}}
\phantom{\matrix{a & b\cr c & d}} c d
}
see also: \hphantom, \vphantom, \phantom, \llap, \rlap
\smile ⌣ smile ⌣ class REL
see also: \smallsmile, \frown, \smallfrown
\space Example:   class ORD
a\space b yields a b
in MathJax, this is the same as: \ (backslash space), \nobreakspace
\Space (non-standard) a MathJax-specific macro giving space with a specified width, height, and depth
\Space <dimenWidth> <dimenHeight> <dimenDepth>
where each argument is a dimension
Compare:
b
a\Rule{5px}{4ex}{2ex}^b_c d yields a d
c
b
a\Space{5px}{4ex}{2ex}^b_c d yields a d
c
see also: \Rule
\spadesuit ♠ see also: \clubsuit, \diamondsuit, \heartsuit ♠ class ORD
\sphericalangle AMSsymbols ∢ ∢ class ORD
\sqcap ⊓ square cap ⊓ class BIN
\sqcup ⊔ square cup ⊔ class BIN
\sqrt √ square root (and other roots) class ORD
\sqrt #1
\sqrt[n]{op} is equivalent to \root n \of {op}
Examples:
\sqrt x yields √x
\sqrt xy yields √xy
\sqrt{xy} yields √xy
\sqrt[3]{x+1} yields √x
3
+1
see also: \root
\sqsubset AMSsymbols ⊏ square subset ⊏ class REL
\sqsupset AMSsymbols ⊐ square superset ⊐ class REL
\sqsubseteq ⊑ ⊑ class REL
\sqsupseteq ⊒ ⊒ class REL
\square AMSsymbols □ □ class ORD
\stackrel stack relations;
you can stack anything (not just relations) but it creates an item of class REL
(and usually the bottom is a REL to start with, but doesn't have to be)
\stackrel #1 #2
where #1 (in superscript style) is stacked on top of #2
Examples:
\stackrel{\rm def}{=} yields def
=
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 64 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\stackrel{\rm top}{\rm bottom} yields top
bottom
\star ⋆ ⋆ class BIN
\strut an invisible box with no width, height 8.6pt and depth 3pt;
note that \mathstrut changes with the current size, but \strut does not
Examples:
\sqrt{(\ )}
\sqrt{\mathstrut\rm mathstrut} yields √( )√mathstrut√strut
\sqrt{\strut\rm strut}
\Tiny
\sqrt{(\ )}
\sqrt{\mathstrut\rm mathstrut}
yields √( )√mathstrut√strut
\sqrt{\strut\rm strut}
\Large
\sqrt{(\ )}
\sqrt{\mathstrut\rm mathstrut}
yields √( )√mathstrut√strut
\sqrt{\strut\rm strut}
see also: \mathstrut
\style [HTML] non-standard;
used to apply CSS styling to mathematics
\style #1 #2
where:
• #1 is a (single) CSS style declaration
• #2 is the mathematics to be styled
Examples:
x+1
\frac{\style{color:red}{x+1}}{y+2} yields y+2
x+1
\style{background-color:yellow}{\frac{x+1}{y+2}} yields y+2
Example:
Consider the following HTML/Javascript/MathJax code:
<button type="button" onclick="makeVisible()">Click to reveal answer</button>
<script type="text/javascript">
function makeVisible() {
document.getElementById('answer').style.visibility = "visible";
}
</script>
$$
(x+1)^2 = \cssId{answer}\style{visibility:hidden}{(x+1)(x+1)}
$$
Then, the result of this HTML/Javascript/MathJax code is:
Click to reveal answer
(x + 1)2 =
see also: \class, \cssId
\subset ⊂ ⊂ class REL
\Subset AMSsymbols ⋐ ⋐ class REL
\subseteq ⊆ ⊆ class REL
\subsetneq AMSsymbols ⊊ ⊊ class REL
\subseteqq AMSsymbols ⫅ ⫅ class REL
\subsetneqq AMSsymbols ⫋ ⫋ class REL
see also: \nsubseteq, \nsubseteqq, \varsubsetneq, \varsubsetneqq
\substack AMSmath use for multi-line subscripts or superscripts
Examples:
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 65 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\sum_{ yields (display mode) ∑ aij
\substack{
1<i<3
1\lt i\lt 3 \\ 1≤j<5
1\le j\lt 5
}}
a_{ij}
^{\substack{\text{a very} \\
\text{contrived} \\
\text{example} a very
}} contrived a
{\frac ab}_{\substack{
yields (display mode) example
b isn't
\text{isn't} \\ it?
\text{it?}
}}
see also: \begin{subarray}
\succ ≻ see also: \nsucc ≻ class REL
\succapprox AMSsymbols ⪸ ⪸ class REL
\succnapprox AMSsymbols ⪺ ⪺ class REL
\succcurlyeq AMSsymbols ≽ ≽ class REL
\succeq ⪰ ⪰ class REL
\succneqq AMSsymbols ⪶ ⪶ class REL
see also: \nsucceq
\succsim AMSsymbols ≿ ≿ class REL
\succnsim AMSsymbols ⋩ ⋩ class REL
\sum ∑ summation notation; ∑ class OP
changes size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
see also: \Sigma
\sup sup supremum; class OP
least upper bound;
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
Examples:
\sup_{\rm limit} yields (inline mode) suplimit
sup
\sup_{\rm limit} yields (display mode) limit
see also: \inf
\supset ⊃ ⊃ class REL
\Supset AMSsymbols ⋑ ⋑ class REL
\supseteq ⊇ ⊇ class REL
\supsetneq AMSsymbols ⊋ ⊋ class REL
\supseteqq AMSsymbols ⫆ ⫆ class REL
\supsetneqq AMSsymbols ⫌ ⫌ class REL
see also: \nsupseteq, \nsupseteqq, \varsupsetneq, \varsupsetneqq
\surd √ √ class ORD
\swarrow ↙ southwest arrow; non-stretchy ↙ class REL
see also: \nearrow, \nwarrow, \searrow
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 66 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
T
\tag AMSmath used primarily in AMS math environments to get tags (equation numbers, labels);
can, however, be used on any equation;
the argument of \tag is typeset in text mode, but math mode can be used within the text:
for example, \tag{\$\bullet\$}
You can use dollar signs in text-mode regardless of the settings of the inlineMath delimiters in the
tex2jax preprocessor.
\tag #1
Example:
\eqalign{
3x - 4y &= 5\cr 3x − 4y = 5
x + 7 &= -2y yields (3.1c)
} x + 7 = −2y
\tag{3.1c}
\tan tan tangent; class OP
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\tan x yields tan x
\tan(2x-1) yields tan(2x − 1)
see also: \cot
\tanh tanh hyperbolic tangent; class OP
does not change size;
default limit placement is the same in both inline and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits;
see the Big Operators Table for more examples
Examples:
\tanh x yields tanh x
\tanh(2x-1) yields tanh(2x − 1)
see also: \cosh, \sinh
\tau τ lowercase Greek letter tau τ class ORD
\tbinom AMSmath notation commonly used for binomial coefficients; in textstyle
\tbinom #1 #2
Examples:
\tbinom n k yields (inline mode) (nk)
n
\tbinom n k yields (display mode) (k)
yields (display mode) ( )
n
\binom n k
k
\tbinom{n-1}k-1 yields (n−1
k )−1
\tbinom{n-1}{k-1} yields (n−1
k−1)
see also: \binom, \choose, \dbinom
\TeX TEX the TeX logo class ORD
Examples:
\TeX yields TEX
\rm\TeX yields TEX
see also: \LaTeX
\text \text: text class ORD
\textbf \textbf: boldface text
\textit \textit: italic text
\textrm \textrm: roman text
\textsf \textsf: sans serif text (added in MathJax 2.4)
\texttt \texttt: typewriter text (added in MathJax 2.4)
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 67 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
used to produce text-mode material (in a given font) within a mathematical expression;
MathJax does not process any macros within the text (unlike TEX itself);
you can get math mode within the text using \(...\) delimiters
\text #1
\textbf #1
\textit #1
\textrm #1
\textsf #1
\texttt #1
Examples:
|x| = x \text{ for all \(x \ge 0\)} yields |x| = x for all x ≥ 0
\text{\alpha in text mode }\alpha yields \alpha in text mode α
\textbf{\alpha in textbf mode }\alpha yields \alpha in textbf mode α
\textit{\alpha in textit mode }\alpha yields \alpha in textit mode α
\textrm{\alpha in textrm mode }\alpha yields \alpha in textrm mode α
\textsf{\alpha in textsf mode }\alpha yields \alpha in textsf mode α
\texttt{\alpha in texttt mode }\alpha yields \alpha in texttt mode α
see also: \bf, \mathbf ; \it, \mathit ; \rm, \mathrm ; \sf, \mathsf ; \tt, \mathtt
\textstyle used to over-ride automatic style rules and force text (inline) style; class ORD
stays in force until the end of math mode or the braced group, or until another
style is selected
{ \textstyle ... }
Example:
In display mode:
\frac ab + {\textstyle \frac cd + \frac ef} + \frac gh
yields
a g
+ dc + e
f
+
b h
Example:
In inline mode:
\frac ab+{\displaystyle\frac ab}+\frac ab+\scriptstyle\frac ab+\scriptscriptstyle\frac ab
yields:
a a a
b
+ + b
+ ab + ab
b
see also: \displaystyle, \scriptstyle, \scriptscriptstyle
\tfrac AMSmath textstyle fraction
\tfrac #1 #2
Examples:
a a
\tfrac ab \frac ab (display mode) yields b b
a a
\tfrac ab \frac ab (inline mode) yields b b
see also: \frac, \dfrac
\therefore AMSsymbols ∴ ∴ class REL
\theta θ lowercase Greek letter theta θ class ORD
\Theta Θ uppercase Greek letter theta Θ class ORD
see also: \vartheta, \varTheta
\thickapprox AMSsymbols ≈ Example: ≈ class REL
approx\ \ \thickapprox yields ≈ ≈
see also: \approx
\thicksim AMSsymbols ∼ Example: ∼ class REL
sim\ \ \thicksim yields ∼ ∼
1
\thinspace thin space; normally of a quad
6
Example:
thinspaces between letters: a b c d
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 68 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
see also: symbols for spaces, \negthinspace
\tilde ~ non-stretchy tilde accent ˜
\tilde #1
Usually, #1 is a single letter; otherwise, accent is centered over argument.
Examples:
\tilde e yields e~
\tilde E yields E~
\tilde eu ~
yields eu
\tilde{eu} yields eu~
\times × × class BIN
\tiny turns on tiny; a bit smaller than \Tiny class ORD
{\tiny ... }
Examples:
\tiny AaBb\alpha\beta123 yields AaBbαβ123
{\tiny A B} A B yields ABAB
\tiny AB \Tiny CD yields ABAB
\tiny{AB}CD yields ABCD
\Tiny non-standard turns on Tiny; a bit bigger than \tiny class ORD
{\Tiny ... }
Examples:
\Tiny AaBb\alpha\beta123 yields AaBbαβ123
{\Tiny A B} A B yields AB AB
\Tiny AB \tiny CD yields ABAB
\Tiny{AB}CD yields ABCD
\to → non-stretchy → class REL
see also: \rightarrow
tool tips Tool tips are not built into MathJax, but you can click here to benefit from
a posting by Davide P. Cervone (April 2011) at the MathJax Users Group.
\top ⊤ ⊤ class ORD
\triangle △ △ class ORD
\triangledown AMSsymbols ▽ ▽ class ORD
see also: \ntriangleleft, \ntriangleright, \vartriangle, \vartriangleleft, \vartriangleright
\triangleleft ◃ ◃ class BIN
\triangleright ▹ ▹ class BIN
see also: \ntriangleleft, \ntriangleright, \vartriangle, \vartriangleleft, \vartriangleright
\trianglelefteq AMSsymbols ⊴ ⊴ class REL
\trianglerighteq AMSsymbols ⊵ ⊵ class REL
see also: \ntrianglelefteq, \ntrianglerighteq
\triangleq AMSsymbols ≜ ≜ class REL
\tt turns on typewriter type class ORD
{\tt ... }
Examples:
\tt AaBb\alpha\beta123 yields AaBbαβ123
{\tt A B} A B yields ABAB
\tt AB \rm CD yields ABAB
\tt{AB}CD yields ABCD
\twoheadleftarrow AMSsymbols ↞ non-stretchy ↞ class REL
\twoheadrightarrow AMSsymbols ↠ non-stretchy ↠ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 69 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
U
\ulcorner AMSsymbols ┌ upper left corner ┌ class REL
\urcorner AMSsymbols ┐ upper right corner ┐ class REL
These are technically delimiters, but MathJax doesn't stretch them.
They are valid after \left, \right, and the various \big commands.
see also: \llcorner, \lrcorner
\underbrace puts a (stretchy) under-brace under the argument;
can use ‘^’ to place an optional superscript over the argument;
can use ‘_’ to place an optional subscript below the underbrace
\underbrace #1
Example:
(note here)
\underbrace{x + \cdots + x}_{n\rm\ times}^{\text{(note here)} yields x +⋯+x
n times
see also: \overbrace
\underleftarrow ← stretchy under left arrow ←
\underrightarrow → stretchy under right arrow →
\underleftrightarrow ↔ stretchy under left right arrow ↔
\underleftarrow #1
\underrightarrow #1
\underleftrightarrow #1
Examples:
\underleftarrow{\text{the argument}} the argument
yields ← −−−−−−−−−−
\underrightarrow{AB} AB
yields −
−→
\underrightarrow{AB\strut} yields AB
−−→
\underleftrightarrow{\hspace1in} yields ←−−−−−−−−−→
\underline − stretchy underline _
\underline #1
Examples:
\underline{AB} AB
yields −−−
a
\underline a yields −
a long argument
\underline{\text{a long argument}} yields −−−−−−−−−−−−−−
\underparen puts a (stretchy) under-parenthesis (under-arc, smile) under the argument (new in MathJax 2.6)
\underparen #1
Example:
\underparen a \quad
\underparen ab \quad
\underparen{ab} \quad
\underparen{abc} \quad
\underparen{abcdef} \quad
\underparen{\overparen{abcd}}
yields
a a b ab abc abcdef abcd
⌣ ⌣ ⌣
see also: \overparen, \smallfrown, \frown, \smallsmile, \smile
\underset
\underset #1 #2
undersets argument #1 (in scriptstyle) under argument #2;
the top item is properly aligned with the surrounding text (their baselines match)
Examples:
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 70 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\underset{\rm bottom}{\rm top} yields top
bottom
\underset ab yields b
a
see also: \overset
\unicode non-standard implements a \unicode{} extension to TEX that allows arbitrary unicode code points class ORD
to be entered in mathematics;
can optionally specify height and depth of character (width is determined by browser);
can optionally specify the default font from which to take the character;
once a size and font are provided for a given unicode point, they need not be specified
again in subsequent \unicode{} calls for that character
\unicode[optHeight,optDepth][optFont]#1
Examples:
\unicode{x263a} yields ☺
yields (in math ☺
☺
mode)
less-than with dot, with
\unicode[.55,0.05]{x22D6} yields ⋖
height 0.55em and depth 0.05em
\unicode[.55,0.05][Geramond]
{x22D6}
yields ⋖ same, taken from Geramond font
same, but with default (height,depth) of
\unicode[Geramond]{x22D6} yields ⋖
(0.8em,0.2em)
\unlhd AMSsymbols ⊴ underlined left-hand (left-pointing) diamond ⊴ class REL
\unrhd AMSsymbols ⊵ underlined right-hand (right-pointing) diamond ⊵ class REL
\uparrow ↑ non-stretchy ↑ class REL
\Uparrow ⇑ non-stretchy ⇑ class REL
\updownarrow ↕ non-stretchy ↕ class REL
\Updownarrow ⇕ non-stretchy ⇕ class REL
\upharpoonleft AMSsymbols ↿ non-stretchy ↿ class REL
\upharpoonright AMSsymbols ↾ non-stretchy ↾ class REL
\uplus ⊎ ⊎ class BIN
\uproot used to fine-tune the placement of the index inside \sqrt or \root (see examples)
\sqrt[... \uproot #1 ...]{...}
\root ... \uproot #1 ... \of {...}
where the argument is a small integer:
a positive integer moves the index up;
a negative integer moves the index down
In actual TeX, \uproot is not allowed in \root ,
so this is a difference between MathJax and TEX .
Examples:
\sqrt[3]{x} yields √
3
x
\sqrt[3\uproot2]{x} yields √
3
x
\root 3 \of x yields √
3
x
\root 3\uproot{-2} \of x yields √
3 x
see also: \leftroot, \root
\upsilon υ lowercase Greek letter upsilon υ class ORD
\Upsilon Υ uppercase Greek letter upsilon Υ class ORD
see also: \varupsilon, \varUpsilon
\upuparrows AMSsymbols ⇈ non-stretchy ⇈ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 71 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
V
\varDelta AMSsymbols Δ uppercase Greek letter delta; variant Δ class ORD
see also: \Delta
\varepsilon ε lowercase Greek letter epsilon; variant ε class ORD
see also: \epsilon
\varGamma AMSsymbols Γ uppercase Greek letter gamma; variant Γ class ORD
see also: \Gamma
\varinjlim AMSmath lim injective limit; variant; class OP
−→
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
see also: \injlim
\varkappa AMSsymbols ϰ lowercase Greek letter kappa; variant ϰ class ORD
see also: \kappa
\varLambda AMSsymbols Λ uppercase Greek letter lambda; variant Λ class ORD
see also: \Lambda
\varlimsup AMSmath ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
lim limit superior; variant class OP
\varliminf AMSmath lim limit inferior; variant class OP
−−−
do not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
see also: \limsup, \liminf
\varnothing AMSsymbols ∅ see also: \emptyset ∅ class ORD
\varOmega AMSsymbols Ω uppercase Greek letter omega; variant Ω class ORD
see also: \Omega
\varphi φ lowercase Greek letter phi; variant φ class ORD
see also: \phi
\varPhi AMSsymbols Φ uppercase Greek letter phi; variant Φ class ORD
see also: \Phi
\varpi ϖ lowercase Greek letter pi; variant ϖ class ORD
see also: \pi
\varPi AMSsymbols Π uppercase Greek letter pi; variant Π class ORD
see also: \Pi
\varprojlim AMSmath lim projective limit; variant;
←−
does not change size;
can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits;
see the Big Operators Table for examples
see also: \projlim
\varpropto AMSsymbols ∝ proportional to; variant ∝ class REL
see also: \propto
\varPsi AMSsymbols Ψ uppercase Greek letter pi; variant Ψ class ORD
see also: \Psi
\varrho AMSsymbols ϱ lowercase Greek letter rho; variant ϱ class ORD
see also: \rho
\varsigma AMSsymbols ς lowercase Greek letter sigma; variant ς class ORD
see also: \sigma
\varSigma AMSsymbols Σ uppercase Greek letter sigma; variant ς class ORD
see also: \Sigma
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 72 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\varsubsetneq AMSsymbols ⊊ class REL
\varsubsetneqq AMSsymbols ⫋ class REL
see also: \subsetneq, \subsetneqq
\varsupsetneq AMSsymbols ⊋ class REL
\varsupsetneqq AMSsymbols ⫌ class REL
see also: \supsetneq, \supsetneqq
\vartheta ϑ lowercase Greek letter theta; variant ϑ class ORD
\varTheta AMSsymbols Θ uppercase Greek letter theta; variant Θ class ORD
see also: \theta, \Theta
\vartriangle AMSsymbols △ △ class REL
\vartriangleleft AMSsymbols ⊲ ⊲ class REL
\vartriangleright AMSsymbols ⊳ ⊳ class REL
see also: \triangle, \triangleleft, \triangleright
\varUpsilon AMSsymbols Υ uppercase Greek letter upsilon; variant Υ class ORD
see also: \upsilon
\varXi AMSsymbols Ξ uppercase Greek letter xi; variant Ξ class ORD
see also: \Xi
\vcenter
\vcenter #1
centers the argument on the ‘math axis’,
which is at half the height of an ‘x’, or about the position of a minus sign;
one of the reasons for \vcenter is to get stretchy delimiters to match the contents better
Examples:
⎛ ⎞
⎝ ⎠
\left(\Rule{1ex}{2em}{0pt}\right) yields
\left(\vcenter{\Rule{1ex}{2em}{0pt}}\right) yields ( )
⎛ ⎞
yields ⎜
⎜ c ⎟
a+b
\left(\frac{a+b}{\dfrac{c}{d}}\right) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
d
a+b
\left(\vcenter{\frac{a+b}{\dfrac{c}{d}}}\right) yields ( c )
d
\vdash ⊢ see also: \nvdash ⊢ class REL
\Vdash AMSsymbols ⊩ ⊩ class REL
\vDash AMSsymbols ⊨ ⊨ class REL
see also: \nVdash, \nvDash
\vdots vertical dots ⋮ class ORD
⋮
\vec non-stretchy vector symbol
\vec #1
Examples:
\vec v yields v⃗
\vec{AB}
→
yields AB
see also: \overrightarrow
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 73 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\vee ∨ see also: \lor ∨ class BIN
\veebar AMSsymbols ⊻ ⊻ class BIN
\verb verbatim mode;
useful for code snippets and for displaying special characters ‘as is’ (i.e., not interpreted by MathJax).
Only works in display mode.
Usually, verbatim content is typeset in a sans serif font.
\verb ⋄ <non-interpreted material> ⋄
where ⋄ denotes a non-letter character that does not appear in the <non-interpreted material>.
To use \verb :
• First look through the material that is to be typeset ‘as is’ (verbatim).
• Choose a non-letter character that does not appear in this material.
• This chosen non-letter character will mark the beginning and end of the verbatim material,
as illustrated in the examples below.
Examples (in display mode):
\verb*$x^2\sqrt y$* \text{ yields } x^2\sqrt y
yields:
$x^2\sqrt y$ yields x2 √y
\verb!Text and $\frac ab$ in \verb mode!
yields:
Text and $\frac ab$ in \verb mode
\vert | class ORD
\Vert ∥ ∥ class ORD
both non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
see also: |, \|, \lvert, \lVert, \rvert, \rVert
\vphantom vertical phantom
Sometimes you want to pretend that something is there, for spacing reasons,
but you don't want it to appear—you want it to be invisible—you want it to be a phantom.
The box created by \vphantom has the height and depth of its argument,
but its width is zero (so it doesn't contribute to any horizontal spacing issues).
In other words, \vphantom creates vertical space equal to that produced by its argument,
but doesn't create any horizontal space.
\vphantom #1
Examples:
a
?
\binom{\frac ab}c \binom{\vphantom{\frac ab}?}c yields ( b )( )
c c
see also: \phantom, \hphantom, \smash
\Vvdash AMSsymbols ⊪ ⊪ class REL
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 74 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
W
\wedge ∧ see also: \land ∧ class BIN
\widehat ˆ stretchy hat accent ˆ
\widehat #1
Examples:
\widehat a yields â
\widehat A yields Â
\widehat AB yields ÂB
ˆ
\widehat{AB} yields AB
see also: \hat
\widetilde ˜ stretchy tilde accent ˜
\widetilde #1
Examples:
\widetilde a yields ã
\widetilde A yields Ã
\widetilde AB yields ÃB
˜
\widetilde{AB} yields AB
\wp ℘ ‘wriggly’ letter p ℘ class ORD
\wr ≀ ‘wriggle’ symbol; ≀ class BIN
X
\Xi Ξ uppercase Greek letter xi Ξ class ORD
see also: \varXi
\xi ξ lowercase Greek letter xi ξ class ORD
\xleftarrow AMSmath stretchy arrows with mathematical overset and optional mathematical underset class REL
\xrightarrow AMSmath
\xleftarrow[optionalArgument] #1
\xrightarrow[optionalArgument] #1
where the optional arguments (inside brackets, if desired) appear below the arrows (see examples).
Examples:
a
\xrightarrow a yields →
a
\xrightarrow ab yields → b
ab
\xrightarrow{ab} yields −
→
see equation (1)
\xleftarrow{\text{see equation (1)}} yields ←−−−−−−−−−
see (1)
\xrightarrow[f]{\text{see (1)}} yields −−−−→
f
Y
\yen AMSsymbols ¥ ¥ class ORD
Z
\zeta ζ lowercase Greek letter zeta ζ class ORD
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 75 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
environments
LT
A X environments of the form \begin{XXX} ... \end{XXX} are provided, as listed in the table below.
E
The processEnvironments value in the tex2jax block of the MathJax configuration controls processing behavior:
• processEnvironments: true (the default) causes environments to be processed both inside and outside of math delimiters
• processEnvironments: false causes environments to be processed only when they appear inside math delimiters
align AMSmath For vertical alignment of two or more lines at one or more places:
• ampersand(s) ‘&’ are used to indicate desired alignments (see examples below)
\begin{align} • a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates lines
... \end{align} • individual lines may be tagged using the \tag{} command:
◦ default input for \tag{} is text
◦ you may get mathematical content inside \tag{} by using math delimiters;
e.g., \tag{$\alpha$}
EXAMPLES:
Alignment at a single location:
• use a single ampersand where alignment should occur
• you may tag (or not tag) any desired subset of lines
\begin{align}
(a+b)^2 &= (a+b)(a+b) \tag{3.1c} \\
&= a^2 + ab + ba + b^2 \tag{$\dagger$} \\
&= a^2 + 2ab + b^2 \tag{$\ast$}
\end{align}
yields
(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) (3.1c)
= a2 + ab + ba + b2 (†)
= a2 + 2ab + b2 (∗)
Alignment at more than one location is trickier.
It is best illustrated with an example: show/hide more info
Let n denote the number of places where alignment is desired.
Then, there will be 2n − 1 ampersands used.
• STEP 1:
The odd-numbered ampersands (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.) are placed where alignment is desired.
Position these ampersands first:
a &= bbbbbb &= cc &= d \\
aaa &= bbbb &= cccccc &= ddd
• STEP 2:
Now, focus attention on the content between the previously-positioned ampersands.
What part of this content belongs on the left? On the right?
In each group, use an ampersand to separate the content into two pieces (a piece may be empty).
Think of this ampersand as a solid ‘wall’ that is pushing content to the left or right.
Compare these three scenarios:
Pushing all content to the left:
\begin{align}
a &= bbbbbb& &= cc& &= d \\
aaa &= bbbb& &= cccccc& &= ddd
\end{align}
yields
a = bbbbbb = cc =d
aaa = bbbb = cccccc = ddd
Pushing all content to the right:
\begin{align}
a &= &bbbbbb &= &cc &= d \\
aaa &= &bbbb &= &cccccc &= ddd
\end{align}
yields
a= bbbbbb = cc = d
aaa = bbbb = cccccc = ddd
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 76 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
Splitting the content, with half left and half right:
\begin{align}
a &= bbb&bbb &= c&c &= d \\
aaa &= bb&bb &= ccc&ccc &= ddd
\end{align}
yields
a = bbb bbb = c c=d
aaa = bb bb = ccc ccc = ddd
see also: \eqalign, \eqalignno, \leqalignno
align* AMSmath [May 2011] same as align
alignat AMSmath For vertical alignment of two or more lines at one or more places;
produces a more horizontally-compressed display than align:
\begin{alignat} • the alignat environment is started with \begin{alignat}{<num>} ,
{<num>} where num is a positive integer (1, 2, 3, … ) that indicates the number of places
... \end{alignat} where alignment is desired
• ampersand(s) ‘&’ are used to indicate desired alignments (see examples below)
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates lines
• individual lines may be tagged using the \tag{} command:
◦ default input for \tag{} is text
◦ you may get mathematical content inside \tag{} by using math delimiters;
e.g., \tag{$\alpha$}
Let n denote the number of places where alignment is desired.
Then, there will be 2n − 1 ampersands used, as follows:
• STEP 1:
The odd-numbered ampersands (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.) are placed where alignment is desired.
Position these ampersands first:
a &= bbbbbb &= cc &= d \\
aaa &= bbbb &= cccccc &= ddd
• STEP 2:
Now, focus attention on the content between the previously-positioned ampersands.
What part of this content belongs on the left? On the right?
In each group, use an ampersand to separate the content into two pieces (a piece may be empty).
Think of this ampersand as a solid ‘wall’ that is pushing content to the left or right.
Compare these three scenarios:
Pushing all content to the left:
\begin{alignat}{3}
a &= bbbbbb& &= cc& &= d \tag{3.1} \\
aaa &= bbbb& &= cccccc& &= ddd \tag{3.2}
\end{alignat}
yields
a = bbbbbb = cc =d (3.1)
aaa = bbbb = cccccc = ddd (3.2)
Pushing all content to the right:
\begin{alignat}{3}
a &= &bbbbbb &= &cc &= d \\
aaa &= &bbbb &= &cccccc &= ddd
\end{alignat}
yields
a =bbbbbb = cc = d
aaa = bbbb =cccccc = ddd
Splitting the content, with half left and half right:
\begin{alignat}{3}
a &= bbb&bbb &= c&c &= d \\
aaa &= bb&bb &= ccc&ccc &= ddd
\end{alignat}
yields
a = bbbbbb = c c=d
aaa = bb bb = cccccc = ddd
see also: \eqalignat, \eqalignatno, \leqalignatno
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 77 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
alignat* AMSmath [May 2011] same as alignat
array Used to create an array (matrix),
where columns can be individually left-justified, centered, or right-justified.
\begin{array} • suppose that n columns are desired in the array;
{<justification then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
info>} • the array environment is started with \begin{array}{<justification info>} ,
... \end{array} where <justification info> is a series of n letters, one for each column:
◦ ‘l’ for left-justified
◦ ‘c’ for centered
◦ ‘r’ for right-justified
◦ pipe character(s) ‘|’ can be used in the justification information to specify optional separating
vertical line(s) (see example below)
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Compare these scenarios:
both columns left-justified:
\begin{array}{ll}
aaa & b\cr
c & ddd
\end{array}
yields
aaa b
c ddd
both columns right-justified:
\begin{array}{rr}
aaa & b\cr
c & ddd
\end{array}
yields
aaa b
c ddd
both columns centered, with separating line:
\begin{array}{c|c}
aaa & b\cr
c & ddd
\end{array}
yields
aaa b
c ddd
first column left-justified; second column right-justified:
\begin{array}{lr}
aaa & b\cr
c & ddd
\end{array}
yields
aaa b
c ddd
Putting a pipe character ‘|’ at the beginning or end of the justification info encloses the entire structure,
which is different from standard TEX :
\begin{array}{|lr}
aaa & b\cr
c & ddd
\end{array}
yields
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 78 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
aaa b
c ddd
see also: \begin{matrix}, \begin{subarray}
Bmatrix Used to create a matrix (an array) with braces { , } as enclosing delimiters;
columns are centered.
\begin{Bmatrix} • suppose that n columns are desired in the array;
... \end{Bmatrix} then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Example:
\begin{Bmatrix}
{ }
aaa & b\cr aaa b
c & ddd
yields
c ddd
\end{Bmatrix}
see also: \begin{array}, \begin{matrix}
bmatrix Used to create a matrix (an array) with brackets [ , ] as enclosing delimiters;
columns are centered.
\begin{bmatrix} • suppose that n columns are desired in the array;
... \end{bmatrix} then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Example:
\begin{bmatrix}
[ ]
aaa & b\cr aaa b
c & ddd
yields
c ddd
\end{bmatrix}
see also: \begin{array}, \begin{matrix}
cases Used for piecewise-defined functions
• an ampersand ‘&’ is used to separate the function cases and their definitions
\begin{cases} • a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
... \end{cases}
Example:
|x| =
\begin{cases}
|x| = {
x if x ≥ 0
x & \text{ if } x\ge 0 \\ yields
-x & \text{ if } x \lt 0 −x if x < 0
\end{cases}
see also: \cases
eqnarray for ‘equation arrays’;
aligns at one or more places;
surround the character(s) to be aligned with ampersands, as shown below;
\begin{eqnarray}
content between alignment characters (or between alignment characters and end-of-line) is left-justified;
... \end{eqnarray} a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Examples:
\begin{eqnarray}
y &=& (x-1)^2 \\
&=& (x-1)(x-1) \\
&=& x^2 - 2x + 1
\end{eqnarray}
yields
y = (x − 1)2
= (x − 1)(x − 1)
= x2 − 2x + 1
\begin{eqnarray}
(x-1)^2 &=& (x-1)(x-1) &=& x^2-2x + 1 \\
(x-1)^3 &=& (x-1)(x-1)(x-1) &=& (x-1)^2(x-1)
\end{eqnarray}
yields
(x − 1)2 = (x − 1)(x − 1) = x2 − 2x + 1
(x − 1)3 = (x − 1)(x − 1)(x − 1) = (x − 1)2 (x − 1)
eqnarray* [May 2011] same as equarray
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 79 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
equation [May 2011] ignored, until MathJax implements automatic numbering
\begin{equation}
... \end{equation}
equation* [May 2011] ignored
gather AMSmath to display any number of centered formulas (without any alignment);
a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows;
individual lines may be tagged using the \tag{} command:
• default input for \tag{} is text
• you may get mathematical content inside \tag{} by using math delimiters;
e.g., \tag{$\alpha$}
Example:
\begin{gather}
a = a \tag{$*$}\\
\text{if } a=b \text{ then } b=a \tag{$\dagger$}\\
\text{if } a=b \text{ and } b=c \text{ then } a=c\tag{3.1}
\end{gather}
yields:
a=a (∗)
if a = b then b = a (†)
if a = b and b = c then a = c (3.1)
see also: \displaylines
gather* AMSmath [May 2011] same as gather
matrix Used to create a matrix (an array) without any enclosing delimiters;
columns are centered.
\begin{matrix} • suppose that n columns are desired in the array;
... then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
\end{matrix} • a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Example:
\begin{matrix}
aaa & b\cr aaa b
c & ddd
yields
c ddd
\end{matrix}
see also: \begin{array}
multline AMSmath a multi-line environment;
typically used for formulas/equations that don't fit on a single line
\begin{multline} • the first (or only) line is displayed left-justified
... \end{multline}
• the last line is displayed right-justified
• any intermediate line(s) are centered
The justification of intermediate lines can be adjusted with \shoveleft and \shoveright.
Examples:
\begin{multline}
\rm first\ line \\
\rm second\ line \\
\rm third\ line \\
\rm fourth\ line
\end{multline}
yields:
first line
second line
third line
fourth line
\begin{multline}
\rm first\ line \\
\shoveleft\rm second\ line \\
\shoveright\rm third\ line \\
\rm fourth\ line
\end{multline}
yields:
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 80 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
first line
second line
third line
fourth line
see also: \begin{split}
multline* [AMSmath] [May 2011] same as multline
see also: \shoveleft, \shoveright
pmatrix Used to create a matrix (an array) with parentheses ( , ) as enclosing delimiters;
columns are centered.
\begin{pmatrix} • suppose that n columns are desired in the array;
... \end{pmatrix} then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Example:
\begin{pmatrix}
( )
aaa & b\cr aaa b
c & ddd
yields
c ddd
\end{pmatrix}
see also: \begin{array}, \begin{matrix}
smallmatrix AMSmath Used to create a small matrix (an array);
particularly suited for use in text;
columns are centered.
\begin{smallmatrix}
... \end{smallmatrix} • suppose that n columns are desired in the array;
then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Examples:
the matrix
$\begin{smallmatrix}
aaa & b\cr
yields the matrix aaa b is...
c & ddd c ddd
\end{smallmatrix}$
is...
\left[
\begin{smallmatrix}
aaa & b\cr
yields (in display mode) [ aaa b ]
c & ddd c ddd
\end{smallmatrix}
\right]
\left[
\begin{smallmatrix}
aaa & b\cr
yields (in inline mode) [ aaa b ]
c & ddd c ddd
\end{smallmatrix}
\right]
see also: \begin{array}, \begin{matrix}
split AMSmath for single equations that are too long to fit on one line, and hence must be split into multiple lines;
allows for (optional) alignment at one or more places, using ‘&’ to mark alignment points
Examples:
\begin{split}
\text{first line}\\
&\text{first aligned place} &\text{second aligned place} \\
&\text{and more first aligned}\qquad &\text{and more second aligned} \\
\text{no ampersands on this line} \\
& &\text{aligned at second place} \\
\text{no amps here either}
\end{split}
yields:
first line
first aligned place second aligned place
and more first aligned and more second aligned
no ampersands on this line
aligned at second place
no amps here either
see also: \begin{multline}
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 81 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
subarray a more compact version of \begin{array};
can be used for multi-subscripts and multi-superscripts on large operators;
\begin{subarray} columns can be individually left-justified, centered, or right-justified
{<justification • suppose that n columns are desired in the subarray;
info>} then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
... \end{subarray} • the subarray environment is started with \begin{subarray}{<justification info>} ,
where <justification info> is a series of n letters, one for each column:
◦ ‘l’ for left-justified
◦ ‘c’ for centered
◦ ‘r’ for right-justified
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Example:
\prod_{\begin{subarray}{rl}
i\lt 5 & j\gt 1 \\
k\ge2,\,k\ne 5 \quad & \ell\le 5,\,\ell\ne 2
\end{subarray}}
x_{ijk\ell}
yields
∏ xijkℓ
i<5 j>1
k≥2, k≠5 ℓ≤5, ℓ≠2
see also: \substack, \begin{array}
Vmatrix Used to create a matrix (an array) with ∥ , ∥ as enclosing delimiters;
columns are centered.
\begin{Vmatrix} • suppose that n columns are desired in the array;
... \end{Vmatrix} then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Example:
\begin{Vmatrix}
aaa & b\cr ∥ aaa b ∥
c & ddd
yields ∥ ∥
∥ c ddd ∥
\end{Vmatrix}
see also: \begin{array}, \begin{matrix}
vmatrix Used to create a matrix (an array) with | , | as enclosing delimiters;
columns are centered.
\begin{vmatrix} • suppose that n columns are desired in the array;
... \end{vmatrix} then, n − 1 ampersands are used to separate the columns
• a double backslash ‘\\’ or carriage return ‘\cr’ separates rows
Example:
\begin{vmatrix}
aaa & b\cr ∣ aaa b ∣
c & ddd
yields ∣ ∣
∣ c ddd ∣
\end{vmatrix}
see also: \begin{array}, \begin{matrix}
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 82 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
Syntax for TEX Commands available in MathJax
The following syntax is used in TeX Commands available in MathJax:
• ARGUMENTS:
Arguments are denoted by #1, #2, #3, etc.
Multi-token arguments should be enclosed in (curly) braces: ‘ { } ’
• GROUPING CONSTRUCTS:
There are two basic grouping constructs that use braces;
I refer to them as ‘arguments’ versus ‘braced groups’.
If you're not aware which construct is in force, then you can get unexpected results.
These examples illustrate the difference.
• DIMENSIONS:
⟨dimen⟩ denotes:
⟨optional sign⟩⟨number⟩⟨unit⟩
Examples: -5pt or -5 pt or 3.5pt
Click here for a table of dimension units
• CLASS INFORMATION:
Math operators are divided into several distinct classes, which control the spacing between elements in the typeset expression.
For example, REL uses a little more space than BIN.
◦ ORD: an ‘ordinary’ item, like a variable name or Greek letter
◦ OP: a ‘big operator’, usually having moveable limits (though not always)
and different sizes for display and in-line modes (though not always)
Click here for a table of Big Operators classifying mode behavior
◦ BIN: a ‘binary operator’ like + and −
◦ REL: a ‘binary relation’ like < and ≤
◦ OPEN: an ‘opening delimiter’ like (
◦ CLOSE: a ‘closing delimiter’ like )
◦ PUNCT: a ‘punctuation’ like :
◦ INNER: a special class used for fractions and some other things
• DELIMITERS:
Delimiters are symbols used to enclose expressions (e.g., parentheses, brackets, and braces)
or used as operators (e.g., vertical lines for absolute value).
In MathJax, delimiters can be of class OPEN, CLOSE, REL, or ORD.
Click here for a table of MathJax Delimiters
• BROWSER-SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS:
◦ Set explicit widths for table-cells that contain math content;
in native MathML environments, some unusual line-breaking in math can occur otherwise.
DIMENSION UNITS:
em a relative measure; approximately the width of 1 em spaces:
depends on current font capital ‘M’ in current font | | | compare with M in a small font
| | | compare with M in a medium font
| | | compare with M in a large font
| | | in scriptstyle (medium font)
| | | in scriptscriptstyle (medium font)
ex a relative measure; 1 ex = 0.43 em 1 ex spaces:
depends on current font | | | compare with x in a small font
approximately the height of
lowercase ‘x’ in current font; | | | compare with x in a medium font
gives information about the height of lowercase letters
| | | compare with x in a large font
||| in scriptstyle (medium font)
||| in scriptscriptstyle (medium font)
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 83 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
1
pt point 1 pt = em 10 pt (1 em ) spaces:
10
| | | in a small font
a relative measure;
depends on current font; | | | in a medium font
not affected by superscript level | | | in a large font
| | | in scriptstyle (medium font)
| | | in scriptscriptstyle (medium font)
pc pica 1 pc = 12 pt 1 pc spaces:
| | | in a small font
a relative measure;
depends on current font; | | | in a medium font
not affected by superscript level | | | in a large font
| | | in scriptstyle (medium font)
| | | in scriptscriptstyle (medium font)
1
mu a relative measure; 1 mu = em 18 mu (1 em ) spaces:
18
depends on current font; | | | in a small font
changes with superscript level
| | | in a medium font
| | | in a large font
| | | in scriptstyle (medium font)
| | | in scriptscriptstyle (medium font)
cm centimeter 10 mm = 1 cm 1 cm ( 10 mm ) spaces:
mm millimeter | | | in a small font
absolute measure; | | | in a medium font
does not depend on current font | | | in a large font
| | | in scriptstyle (medium font)
| | | in scriptscriptstyle (medium font)
in inch 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 in spaces:
| | in a small font
absolute measure;
does not depend on current font | | in a medium font
| | in a large font
| | in scriptstyle (medium font)
| | in scriptscriptstyle (medium font)
px screen pixel 10 px spaces on your own screen:
| | | in a small font
| | | in a medium font
| | | in a large font
| | | in scriptstyle (medium font)
| | | in scriptscriptstyle (medium font)
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 84 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
VARIABLE-SIZED DELIMITERS
When used with \left and \right , these symbols expand to the height of the enclosed math expression.
They can also be used with \Bigg, \bigg, \Big, \big (or, the left/right/middle versions) to produce fixed-height large delimiters.
Each is illustrated below in sizes: normal, \big, \Big, \bigg, \Bigg
( )
( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) )
class OPEN class CLOSE
⟮ ⎧ ⎧ ⎧ ⎧
⎩ ⎩ ⎪ ⎪ ⟯ ⎫ ⎫ ⎫ ⎫
⎭ ⎭ ⎪ ⎪
\lgroup \rgroup
⎩ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎭ ⎪
⎭
⎪
class OPEN class CLOSE
[ ]
[ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ]
class OPEN class CLOSE
\{ \}
{ { { { { } } } } }
class OPEN class CLOSE
\uparrow ↑ \Uparrow ⇑
↑ ↑ ⏐ ⇑ ⇑ ‖
↑ ↑
⏐ ⏐ ⏐
⏐ ⏐
⏐ ⇑ ⇑
‖ ‖ ‖
‖ ‖
‖
⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ‖ ‖ ‖
class REL class REL
\downarrow ⏐ \Downarrow ‖
⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ‖ ‖ ‖
↓ ⏐
↓ ⏐ ⏐
⏐ ⏐
⏐ ⇓ ‖
⇓ ‖ ‖
‖ ‖
‖
↓ ↓ ↓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓
class REL class REL
\updownarrow \Updownarrow
↑ ↑
↑ ⏐ ⏐ ⇑ ⇑
⇑ ‖ ‖
↕ ↑
⏐
↓ ⏐ ⏐ ⇕ ⇑
‖
⇓ ‖ ‖
↓ ⏐
↓ ⏐
↓ ⇓ ‖
⇓ ‖
⇓
class REL class REL
\langle \rangle
⟨ ⟨ ⟨ ⟨ ⟨ ⟩ ⟩ ⟩ ⟩ ⟩
class OPEN class CLOSE
< >
< ⟨ ⟨ ⟨ ⟨ > ⟩ ⟩ ⟩ ⟩
class REL class REL
| or \vert ∣ \| or \Vert
| ∣ ∣∣ ∣∣∣ ∣ ∥ ∥ ∥ ∥ ∥
∣ ∥ ∥
∥ ∥
∥
class ORD class ORD
\arrowvert \Arrowvert
∣ ∥ ∥
⏐ ∣ ∣∣ ∣∣ ∣ ∥ ∥ ∥
∥ ∥
∥ ∥
∣ ∣ ∥
class ORD class PUNCT
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
\bracevert
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪
class ORD
\lceil \rceil
⌈ ⌈ ⌈ ⌈ ⌈ ⌉ ⌉ ⌉ ⌉ ⌉
class OPEN class CLOSE
\lfloor \rfloor
⌊ ⌊ ⌊ ⌊ ⌊ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋
class OPEN class CLOSE
/ \backslash
/ / / / / ∖ \ \ \ \
class ORD class ORD
⎭ ⎭ ⎪ ⎧
⎧ ⎪ ⎩ ⎩ ⎪ ⎫
⎫ ⎪
⎰ ⎧ ⎧ ⎱ ⎫ ⎫
\lmoustache \rmoustache
⎭ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎩ ⎪
⎩
⎪
class OPEN class CLOSE
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 85 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
BIG OPERATORS
For some of these operators (as indicated in the table), default limit positions can be changed using the \limits and \nolimits commands.
Both commands should follow immediately after the base symbol to which they apply. For example, compare:
\coprod_{i=1}^n \coprod\limits_{i=1}^n \coprod_{i=1}^n \coprod\nolimits_{i=1}^n
(inline mode) (inline mode) (display mode) (display mode)
n n
∐ ∐
n n
∐i=1 ∐
i=1 i=1
i=1
display with
default inline mode inline with default display mode \nolimits
operator name
behavior \limits behavior (unless otherwise
indicated)
\arccos, \arcsin, \arctan display with \limits
do not change size; sup
sup sup
default limit placement is the same in both inline arccossub arccos arccossub sup
sub arccos
and display modes; sub
can change limit placement using \limits
\arg display with \limits
sup
does not change size; sup
arg sup sup
argsub argsub arg
default limit placement is the same in both inline sub sub
and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits
\bigcap, \bigcup
sup sup
⋂ ⋂
sup sup
both change size; ⋂sub ⋂
sub
sub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
\nolimits
\bigodot, \bigoplus, \bigotimes
sup sup
⨀ ⨀sub
sup sup
all change size; ⨀sub ⨀
sub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
\nolimits
\bigsqcup
sup sup
⨆ ⨆
sup sup
changes size; ⨆sub ⨆
sub
sub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
\nolimits
\biguplus
sup sup
⨄ ⨄
sup sup
changes size; ⨄sub ⨄
sub
sub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
\nolimits
\bigvee, \bigwedge
sup sup
⋁ ⋁
sup sup
both change size; ⋁sub ⋁
sub
sub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
\nolimits
\coprod
sup sup
∐ ∐
sup sup
changes size; ∐sub ∐
sub
sub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
\nolimits
\cos, \sin, \tan, \sec, \cot, \csc display with \limits
\cosh, \sinh, \tanh, \coth
do not change size; sup sup sup sup
cossub cos cossub cos
default limit placement is the same in both inline sub sub
and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits
\deg sup sup sup
degsub degsub
deg
sub
does not change size;
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 86 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
default limit placement is the same in both inline display with \limits
and display modes;
sup
can change limit placement using \limits
deg
sub
\det
sup sup
sup sup
does not change size; detsub det det detsub
sub sub
can change limit placement using \limits and
\nolimits
\dim display with \limits
does not change size; sup sup
sup sup
dimsub dim dimsub dim
default limit placement is the same in both inline sub sub
and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits
\exp display with \limits
sup
does not change size; sup
exp sup sup
expsub expsub exp
default limit placement is the same in both inline sub sub
and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits
\gcd
sup sup
sup sup
does not change size; gcdsub gcd gcd gcdsub
sub sub
can change limit placement using \limits and
\nolimits
\hom display with \limits
does not change size; sup sup
sup sup
homsub hom homsub hom
default limit placement is the same in both inline sub sub
and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits
display with \limits
\idotsint
sup sup
∫ ⋯∫
sup sup
∫ ⋯ ∫sub ∫ ⋯∫
changes size; sub sub ∫ ⋯∫
can change limit placement using \limits
sub
\iiiint, \iiint, \iint, \int display with \limits
sup sup
∬
sup sup
all change size; ∬sub ∬
can change limit placement using \limits; sub sub ∬
common behavior is illustrated here using \iint sub
\intop
sup
sup sup
∫ ∫
sup
changes size; ∫sub ∫
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
sub
sub
\nolimits
\inf, \sup
sup sup
sup sup
do not change size; infsub inf inf infsub
sub sub
can change limit placement using \limits and
\nolimits
\injlim, \varinjlim
sup sup
sup sup
do not change size; inj limsub inj lim inj lim inj limsub
sub sub
can change limit placement using \limits and
\nolimits
\ker display with \limits
does not change size; sup sup
sup sup
kersub ker kersub ker
default limit placement is the same in both inline sub sub
and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 87 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
\lg sup sup sup
lgsub lgsub display with \limits
lg
sub
does not change size; sup
default limit placement is the same in both inline lg
sub
and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits
\lim, \liminf, \limsup, \varliminf,
\varlimsup
sup sup
sup sup
limsub lim lim limsub
do not change size; sub sub
can change limit placement using \limits and
\nolimits
\ln, \log display with \limits
does not change size; sup sup
sup sup
lnsub ln lnsub ln
default limit placement is the same in both inline sub sub
and display modes;
can change limit placement using \limits
\max, \min
sup sup sup sup
do not change size; maxsub max max maxsub
sub sub
can change limit placement using \limits and
\nolimits
display with \limits
\oint
sup sup
∮
sup sup
∮sub ∮
changes size; sub sub ∮
can change limit placement using \limits
sub
\Pr
sup sup
sup sup
does not change size; Prsub Pr Pr Prsub
sub sub
can change limit placement using \limits and
\nolimits
\prod
sup sup
∏ ∏
sup sup
changes size; ∏sub ∏
sub
sub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
\nolimits
\projlim, \varprojlim
sup sup
sup sup
does not change size; proj limsub proj lim proj lim proj limsub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub sub
\nolimits
\sum
sup sup
∑ ∑
sup sup
changes size; ∑sub ∑
sub
sub
can change limit placement using \limits and sub
\nolimits
copyright Dr. Carol JVF Burns 88 http://www.onemathematicalcat.org
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