Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS

1 Factorisation, Basic
Algebra & Inequalities

Factorisation

FACTORS OF NATURAL NUMBERS

A number may be made by multiplying two or more numbers together. The numbers that are
multiplied together are called factors of the final number.
Consider the number, 45
45 = 3 × 3 × 5
So, 3 and 5 are prime factors of 45.
Factors of Algebraic Expressions:
We have studied in the chapter of Algebraic Expressions that terms are formed as products of
factors. Therefore, an algebraic term such as 3x can be factorized 3 × x , where 3 and x are
factors of 3x .
Similarly, 7 x 2 y = 7 × x × x × y .
We may say that 7, x and y are ‘prime’ factors of 7x 2 y . In algebraic expressions, we use the
word ‘irreducible’ in place of prime.
Factorisation:
The process of writing an algebraic expression as the product of two or more algebraic
expressions is called factorization.
Example: 30 x 2 y = 2 × 3 × 5 × x × x × y

1 is a factor of every algebraic term. So, 1 is a factor of 30x 2 y also.

Methods of factorization of an algebraic expression are as follows:

(i ) Factorisation by taking out a common factor ( ii ) Factorisation by regrouping terms

( iii ) Factorisation using identities ( iv ) Factors of the form ( x + a ) ( x + b)

(i ) Method of Common Factor:

Case I: When each term of the given expression contains a common monomial factor. In this case,
we take out the common multiplier and use the distributive property.

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Example: Factorise: 4 x3 + 12 x 2 + 20 x 7
Solution: The greatest common factor of the numerical coefficients 4, 12 and 20 is 4.
The greatest common factor of variables is x .
So, 4x is the greatest common factor of the given expression.
Dividing 4 x3 + 12 x 2 + 20 x by 4x , we get the quotient as ( x 2 + 3 x + 5) .
Hence, 4 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 20= x 4 x( x 2 + 3 x + 5)
Case II: When a polynomial is a common multiplier of each term of the given expression. In this
case, we take out the common multiplier and use the distributive property.
Example: Factorise: 3(3 x − 4 y ) − 4(3 x − 4 y ) 2
Solution: (3 x − 4 y ) is common in both terms.
∴ 3(3 x − 4 y ) − 4(3 x − 4 y ) 2 =(3 x − 4 y )[3 − 4(3 x − 4 y ) =(3 x − 4 y ) (3 −12 x + 16 y )
( ii ) Factorisation by Regrouping Terms:
Consider ac + ad + bc + bd
We cannot factorise the expression by taking out the H.C.F. of all the terms as there is no
common factor except 1.
ac + ad + bc + bd = a (c + d ) + b(c + d ) = (c + d )(a + b)
In this expression, we grouped the first and second terms and the third and fourth terms.
Sometimes, we have to make some arrangement of terms so as to have a common
polynomial.
x 2 − xy + y 3 − xy 2 = x 2 − xy − xy 2 + y 3

= x( x − y ) − y 2 ( x − y ) = ( x − y )( x − y 2 )
Example: Factorise: 8 xy − 4 y + 2 − 4 x
Solution: 8 xy − 4 y + 2 − 4 x= 4 y (2 x −1) − 2(2 x −1)= (2 x −1)(4 y − 2)
∴ The factors of (8 xy − 4 y + 2 − 4 x) are (2 x −1) and (4 y − 2) .
( iii ) Factorisation by using identities
We know that (a + b) 2 =a 2 + 2ab + b 2
(a − b) 2 =a 2 − 2ab + b 2
(a + b)(a − b) = a 2 − b 2
Since factorization is the reverse process of multiplication, we can regard these standard
identities as a special case of factorization.

For factorization, first of all we must take out whatever is common throughout and arrange
the terms either in ascending or descending order of the power of the variables. Then, we
check the following two conditions.

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Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS Factorisation
The first and last terms must be the square of some monomials.
The middle term must be twice the product of these monomials, whose squares are the
first and last terms.
Example: Factorise x 4 + 22 x 2 + 121 by using suitable identity.
Solution: x 4 + 22 x 2 + 121
= ( x 2 ) 2 + 2 × x 2 ×11 + (11) 2
= ( x 2 + 11) 2 [using the identity: (a + b) 2 =a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ]

( iv ) Factorisation of the form ( x 2 + (a + b) x + ab) :

x 2 + (a + b) x + ab = ( x + a ) ( x + b)

Example: Consider ( x + 3) ( x + 5) = x 2 + (3 + 5) x + 15 = x 2 + 8 x + 15

Example: Factorise: x 2 + 20 x + 91
Solution: The product of the constants is 91 and the sum of the constants is 20.
Note that 91 =
1× 91 or 7 ×13
Since, the sum of the factors should be 20, the numbers are 7 and 13.

Hence, x 2 + 20 x + 91 = x 2 + (7 + 13) x + 91

= x 2 + 7 x + 13 x + 91
= x( x + 7) + 13( x + 7) = ( x + 7) ( x + 13)

Thus, the factors of x 2 + 20 x + 91 are ( x + 7) and ( x + 13) .

Division of Algebraic Expressions:
We know that division is the inverse operation of multiplication.

For example, 2 x × 3 x 2 =
6 x3

So, 6 x 3 + 2 x =
3 x 2 and 6 x 3 + 3 x 2 =
2x
(i) Division of Monomial by a Monomial:
To divide a monomial by another monomial, follow these steps.
Step1: Find the quotient of the numerical coefficients.
Step2: Find the quotient of the variables.
Step3: Find the product of the results obtained in step 1 and 2.
Example: Divide 15x 2 y 2 z 2 by 3xy .

15 x 2 y 2 z 2 15 × x × x × y × y × z × z
Solution: =
3 xy 3× x × y

= 5 × x × y × z × z = 5 xyz 2

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(ii) Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial:
Step1: Split the polynomial to be divided into separate terms.
Step2: Divide each term by the given monomial.
Example: Divide ( xy + yx − 4 y + 1) by y .
xy + yx − 4 y + 1
Solution: ( xy + yx − 4 y + 1) ÷ y =
y
xy yx 4 y 1 1 1
= + − + = x + x − 4 + = 2x − 4 +
y y y y y y
(iii) Division of a Polynomial by a Polynomial:
Consider: (7 x 2 + 21x) ÷ ( x + 3)

7 x 2 + 21x 7 x( x + 3)
∴ (7 x 2 + 21x) ÷ (=
x + 3) = = 7x
x+3 x+3

ILLUSTARATIVE EXAMPLES
1. Find the greatest common factors of the monomials 14 x 2 y 3 , 21x 3 y 2 ,35 x 4 y 5 z .
Solution: The numerical coefficients of the given monomials are 14, 21 and 35.
The greatest common factor of 14, 21 and 35 is 7. The common literals appearing in the
three monomials are x and y .
The smallest power of ' x ' in the three monomials = 2
The smallest power of in the three monomials = 2
The monomial of common literals with smallest powers = x 2 y 2
Hence, the greatest common factor = 7x 2 y 2
2. Factorise: (i) 18a 3 − 27 a 2b (ii) 12a 2b − 9ab 2 + 6ab

Solution: (i) 18a 3 − 27 a 2b = 9a 2 (2a − 3b)

 H .C.F . of 18a 3 and 27 a 2b is 9a 2 .

(ii) 12a 2b − 9ab 2 + 6=

ab 3ab(4a − 3b + 2)
 H .C.F . of 12a 2b,9ab 2 , 6ab is 3ab .
3. Factorise each of the following expressions:
(i) x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 − a 2 + 2ab − b 2 (ii) 25 x 2 − 10 x + 1 − 36 y 2 (iii) 1 − 2ab − (a 2 + b 2 )

Solution: (i) x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 − a 2 + 2ab − b 2

= ( x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ) − (a 2 − 2ab + b 2 ) = ( x + y ) 2 − (a − b) 2

= {( x + y ) + (a − b)}{( x + y ) − (a − b)}

= ( x + y + a − b) ( x + y − a + b)

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Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS Factorisation

(i) 25 x 2 − 10 x + 1 − 36 y 2

= (5 x) 2 − 2 × 5 x ×1 + 12 − (6 y ) 2

= (5 x − 1) 2 − (6 y ) 2= (5 x − 1 + 6 y ) (5 x − 1 − 6 y )

(ii) 1 − 2ab − (a 2 + b 2 ) =1 − (2ab + a 2 + b 2 )

=1 − (a + b) 2 ={1 + (a + b)}{1 − (a + b)}

= (1 + a + b) (1 − a − b)

4. Factorise: a (3 x − 4 y ) 2 + 2b(4 y − 3 x)

Solution: a (3 x − 4 y ) 2 + 2b(4 y − 3 x)
= (3 x − 4 y )[a (3 x − 4 y ) − 2b]
= (3 x − 4 y )[3ax − 4ay − 2b]

5. Factorise: (i) 80a 2 − 45b 2 (ii) (3a − b) 2 − 9c 2

Solution: (i) 80a 2 − 45b 2 = 5(16a 2 − 9b 2 ) = 5 {(4a ) 2 − (3b) 2 } = 5(4a + 3b) (4a − 3b)

[Using: a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b) ]

(ii) (3a − b) 2 − 9c 2= (3a − b) 2 − (3c) 2= (3a − b + 3c)(3a − b − 3c)

[Using: a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b) ]

6. Factorise: 9(a − b) 2 − 100( x − y ) 2

Solution: (3) 2 (a − b) 2 − (10) 2 ( x − y ) 2 = [3(a − b)]2 − [10( x − y )]2

=(3a − 3b) 2 − (10 x − 10 y ) 2

= [3a − 3b − (10 x − 10 y )][3a − 3b + (10 x − 10 y )] [ a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b)]
= [3a − 3b − 10 x + 10 y ][3a − 3b + 10 x − 10 y ]
7. Factorise each of the following expressions: (i) x 2 + 4 x − 21 (ii) a 2 + 3a − 88
Solution: (i) x 2 + 4 x − 21 = x 2 + 7 x − 3 x − 21

= ( x 2 + 7 x) − (3 x + 21) = x( x + 7) − 3( x + 7) =( x + 7)( x − 3)
(ii) a 2 + 3a − 88 = a 2 + 11a − 8a − 88 =a (a + 11) − 8(a + 11) =(a + 11)(a − 8)
8. Factorise: 15 x 2 − 26 x + 8
Solution: The given expression is 15 x 2 − 26 x + 8 .
15 x 2 − 26 x + 8 = 15 x 2 − 20 x − 6 x + 8
= 5 x(3 x − 4) − 2(3 x − 4) = (3 x − 4)(5 x − 2)

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9. Divide 34 x 3 − 17 x 2 + 51x by 17x .

34 x3 − 17 x 2 + 51x
Solution: (34 x3 − 17 x 2 + 51x) ÷ 17 x =
17 x
34 x3 17 x 2 51x
= − +
17 x 17 x 17 x
34 × x × x × x 17 × x × x 51× x
= − + = 2x2 − x + 3
17 × x 17 × x 17 × x

10. Divide z (5 z 2 − 80) by 5 z ( z + 4) .

Solution: z (5 z 2 − 80) = 5 z ( z 2 − 16) = 5 z × ( z + 4)( z − 4)

z (5 z 2 − 80)
Thus, z (5 z 2 − 80) ÷ 5 z ( z + 4) =
5 z ( z + 4)
5 z × ( z + 4)( z − 4)
= = z−4
5 z ( z + 4)

SUBJECTIVE exercise

1. Factorise: 2a + 6b − 3(a + 3b) 2

2. Factorise: 6ab − b 2 + 12ac − 2bc

3. Factorise the following expression: a 3 x + a 2 ( x − y ) − a ( y + z ) − z .

4. Factorise: ( x 2 + 3 x) 2 − 5( x 2 + 3 x) − y ( x 2 + 3 x) + 5 y .

5. Factorise: 9a 4 − 24a 2b 2 + 16b 4 − 256 .

6. Simplify:  4 x 2 − 25 y 2 + 30 y − 9  ÷ [ 2 x + 5 y − 3] .

6 x 2 + 15 x + 9 p2 − p − 6
7. Simplify: ( i ) ( ii )
2x + 3 p−3

8. Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions: ( i ) x 2 − 4 x + 4 y − y 2 ( ii ) a 2 − b 2 − a − b

9. Factorise: ( i ) 9 x 2 −16 y 2 ( ii ) 36a 2 − ( p − q)2
10. If 5 x 2 −13 x − 6= (mx + 2) ( x − n) , then find 2m + 3n .

11. If x 2 + 7 x − 30 = ( x + a ) ( x − b), a, b > 0, then find 2a + b .

12. If 4 x 2 − 36 = b( x + a ) ( x − a ), then a + b =___________

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Conceptual exercise

1. Factorisation of xy − pq + qy − px is

( a ) ( y − p) ( x + q) ( b ) ( y − p) ( x − q) ( c ) ( y + p) ( x + q) ( d ) ( y + p) ( x − q)
2. Factorise: a 3b − ab3

( a ) ab(a 2 + b2 ) ( b ) ab(a 2 + ab + b2 ) ( c ) ab(a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ( d ) ab(a − b)(a + b)

3. The factors of x 2 −11x − 42 are

( a ) ( x −14) ( x − 3) ( b ) ( x −14) ( x + 3) ( c ) ( x + 14) ( x + 3) ( d ) ( x + 14) ( x − 3)

4. One of the factors of a 2 − 2ab − c 2 + b 2 is _______.

( a ) (a − b + c) ( b ) (a + b + c) ( c ) (a + b − c) (d ) None of these
5. One of the factors of a 2 + 4b 2 + 4ab is _______.

( a ) a + 2b ( b ) a ( c ) a − 2b ( d ) − 2b
6. Factorise the polynomial pa 2 + qb 2 + pb 2 + qa 2 .

( a ) ( a 2 + b) ( p + q ) ( b ) (a + b 2 ) ( p + q) ( c ) ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( p + q ) ( d ) ( a + b) ( p + q )
7. Resolve into factors: (a − b) 2 − (a − b)3

( a ) (a − b)2 (1 − a + b) ( b ) (a − b)2 (1 − a + b)2 ( c ) (a − b)2 (1 − a − b) ( d ) (a − b) (1 − a + b)

8. Resolve into factors: −7(a − 5b) + 14(a − 5b) 2

( a ) 7(a − 5b) {2(a + 5b) −1} ( b ) 7(a + 5b) {2(a − 5b) −1}
( c ) 7(a − 5b) {2(a − 5b) + 1} ( d ) 7(a − 5b) {2(a − 5b) −1}
9. Factorise: ( x + y ) (2 x + 3 y ) − ( x + y ) ( x + 1)

( a ) ( x + y ) ( x + 3 y + 1) ( b ) ( x + y ) ( x + 3 y −1) ( c ) ( x − y ) ( x + 3 y −1) ( d ) ( x + y ) ( x − 3 y −1)

Passage: For factorization of the type x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = ( x + y ) 2 check that the first and last terms
must be the squares of some monomials. Also, the middle term must be twice the product of
these monomials, whose squares are first and last terms.

10. Factorise: 4a 2 + 12ab + 9b 2

( a ) (a + 3b) (a + 3b) ( b ) (2a + b) (2a + b) ( c ) (2a + 3b) (2a + 3b) ( d ) (3a + 3b) (3a + 3b)
11. Factorise: 16 x 2 + 24 x + 9

( a ) (4 x + 3) (4 x + 3) ( b ) (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3) ( c ) (4 x + 1) (4 x + 1) ( d ) ( x + 3) ( x + 3)

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Passage: When factors are of the form ( x + a ) ( x + b), then ( x + a ) ( x + b) = x 2 + (a + b) x + ab

or, x 2 + (sum of constants) x + (Product of Constants) .

12. Factorise: 8a 2 − 22ab + 15b 2

( a ) (4a − 5b) (2a − 3b) ( b ) (4a + 5b) (2a + 3b) ( c ) (4a − 5b) (2a + 3b) ( d ) (4a + 5b) (2a − 3b)
13. Factorise: 10a 2 − 83a −17

( a ) (2a + 17) (5a + 1) ( b ) (2a + 17) (5a −1) ( c ) (2a −17) (5a −1) ( d ) (2a −17) (5a + 1)
14. Factorise: 2 x 2 − 35 x −18

( a ) ( x + 18) (2 x + 1) ( b ) ( x −18) (2 x + 1) ( c ) ( x + 18) (2 x −1) ( d ) ( x −18) (2 x −1)

exercise-1

1. The factors of x 2 + xy − 2 xz − 2 yz are

( a ) ( x − y) ( x + 2 z) ( b ) ( x + y) ( x − 2 z) ( c ) ( x − y) ( x − 2 z) ( d ) ( x + y) ( x + 2 z)
2. The factors of a 2 + b − ab − a are
( a ) (a −1) (a − b) ( b ) (a + b) (a −1) ( c ) (a + 1) (a − b) ( d ) (a + 1) (a + 2b)
3. Factorise: 8 x 2 −18 x + 9
( a ) (4 x − 3) (2 x + 3) ( b ) (8 x −1) ( x − 9) ( c ) (8 x − 3) ( x − 3) ( d ) (2 x − 3) (4 x − 3)
4. Factorise: 6a 2 − b + 3ab − 2a
( a ) (2a + b) (3a −1) ( b ) (2a + b)2 (2a −1) ( c ) (2a + b)2 (3a −1) ( d ) (3a + b)2 (3a −1)
5. a 2 − (b − c) 2 =
( a ) (a + b − c) (a − b + c) ( b ) (a − b − c) (a − b − c)
( c ) (a + b + c) (a + b − c) ( d ) (a + b + c) (a + b + c)
6. One of the factors of x9 − x is
( a ) x4 + 1 (b ) x4 − 1 ( c ) x + 1 ( d ) All
7. If the factors of a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca ) are (a + b + mc) and (a + b + nc), then the value of
m + n is ________
( a ) 0 ( b ) 2 ( c ) 4 ( d ) 6
8. Simplify: (3 x + 5 y ) 2 − (3 x − 5 y ) 2

( a ) 60 xy ( b ) 15 xy ( c ) 20 xy ( d ) 30 xy

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1 2 2 49 2 2
9. Factorise: x y − y z
81 100

1 7  1 7  1 7  1 7 
(a) y x − z  x − z  ( b ) y 2  x + z  x − z
9 10   9 10  9 10   9 10 
1 7  1 7  1 7  1 7 
(c) y2  x − z  x − z  (d ) y x + z  x + z
9 10   9 10  9 10   9 10 

10. Factorise the polynomial 2 x 2 − xy − 28 y 2 .

( a ) ( x − 4 y ) (2 x + 7 y ) ( b ) ( x + 4 y ) (2 x + 7 y ) ( c ) ( x − 4 y ) (2 x − 7 y) ( d ) ( x + 4 y ) (2 x − 7 y )
11. Divide 18 xyz (3 x −12) (4 y − 20) by 27 ( x − 4) ( y − 5) .

( a ) 8 xyz ( b ) 10 xyz ( c ) 9 xyz ( d ) 12 xyz

12. Division of 35a 2 + 32a − 99 by 7 a − 9 gives

( a ) 5a + 11 ( b ) 11a + 5 ( c ) 7a − 9 ( d ) 9a − 7
13. Division of a12 + a 6b 6 + b12 by a 6 − a 3b3 + b 6 gives

( a ) a 6 + ab + b6 ( b ) a 6 + a3b3 + b6 ( c ) a 6 + a 2b 2 + b 6 (d ) None of these

2 1
14. The factors of  4 − 2  are
x x 

 2 1  2 1   2 1  2 1 
( a )  4
+   4 −  ( b )  2
+   2 − 
 x x  x x  x x  x x

 2 1  2 1 
( c )  2
+   2 +  (d ) None of these
 x x  x x

exercise-2

1. The factors of x 4 + y 4 + x 2 y 2 are

( a ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 − xy ) ( b ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 − y 2 )
( c ) ( x 2 + y 2 + xy ) ( x 2 + y 2 − xy ) (d ) Factorization is not possible

2. The factors of x 4 + 2 x 2 + 9 are

( a ) ( x 2 − 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 2 x + 3) ( b ) ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 − 3)
( c ) ( x + 3) ( x − 2) ( d ) None of these

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3. Factorisation of 25( x + y ) 2 − 36( x − 2 y ) 2 is

( a ) (11x − 7 y ) (17 y − x) ( b ) (11x + 7 y ) (17 y + x)

( c ) (11x − 7 y ) (11x − 7 y) ( d ) (17 y − x) (17 y − x)
4. Divide x 4 − 5 x3 − 36 x 2 by x + 4 .

( a ) x 2 ( x − 9) ( b ) x( x − 9) ( c ) x 2 ( x + 9) ( d ) x( x + 9)
5. Factorise: pq 2 + q ( p −1) −1

( a ) ( pq + 1) (q −1) (b) p (q + 1) (q −1) ( c ) q( p −1) (q + 1) ( d ) ( pq −1) (q + 1)

1 2
6. One of the factors of x 2 + 2
+ 2 − 2 x − is
x x
1 1 1 1
(a) x − (b) x + − 1 (c) x + ( d ) x2 +
x x x x2

a 2 − b 2 ab 2 + a 2b
7. Simplify: (d ) −
a ( a − b) ab 2
(a + b) (b − a ) a 2 − 2b 2
(a) (b) ( c ) a 2 ( d ) a − 2b
ab ab
8. Factorise: ( x 2 − y 2 ) z + ( y 2 − z 2 ) x

( a ) ( x + z ) ( zx + y 2 ) ( b ) ( x + z ) ( zx − y 2 ) ( c ) ( x − z ) ( zx − y 2 ) ( d ) ( x − z ) ( zx + y 2 )
9. Factorise: a 4 − (a − b) 4

( a ) b(2a + b) (2a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ) ( b ) b(2a − b) (2a 2 + 2ab + b2 )

( c ) b(2a − b) (2a 2 − 2ab + b2 ) ( d ) b(2a + b) (2a 2 − 2ab + b2 )
10. Factorise: x 3 + x 2 + xy + x + y + 1

( a ) ( x + 1) ( x 2 − y −1) ( b ) ( x −1) ( x 2 + y + 1) ( c ) ( x + 1) ( x 2 + y −1) ( d ) ( x + 1) ( x 2 + y + 1)

11. The factors of 625a12 − 81b12 are

( a ) (25a 6 + 9b 6 ) (5a 3 − 3b3 ) (5a 3 + 3b3 ) ( b ) (5a3 + 3b3 )2 (5a3 − 3b3 )2

( c ) (5a3 − 3b3 )4 ( d ) (25a 6 − 9b6 )2
12. Factorise: y16 − 63 y 8 − 64

( a ) ( y8 −1) ( y 4 + 8) ( y 4 − 8) ( b ) ( y 4 + 8)2 ( y8 + 1)
( c ) ( y 4 − 8)2 ( y8 −1) ( d ) ( y 4 + 8) ( y 4 − 8) ( y8 + 1)

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13. The factors of x8 − x 4 − 30 are

( a ) ( x 4 − 6) and ( x 4 − 5) ( b ) ( x 4 − 6) and ( x 4 + 5)
( c ) ( x 4 + 6) and ( x 4 − 5) ( d ) ( x 4 + 6) and ( x 4 + 5)
exercise-3

1. Factorise: − x 2 + x 3 + 6

(a) (x + 3) (2 3 − x) (b) ( x − 3) (2 3 + x)

(c) (x + 3) (2 3 + x) ( d ) ( 3 x + 1) (2 3 + x)

2. One of the factors of (a 2 − b 2 ) (c 2 − d 2 ) − 4abcd is

( a ) ac − bd + bc + ad ( b ) ac + bd + bc + ad ( c ) ab + bd − bc − ad ( d ) None of these

3. 6 5 x 2 − 2 x − 4 5 is equal to

(a) ( 5 x − 2) (6 x + 2 5) ( b ) ( 5 x + 2) (6 x + 2 5)

(c) ( 5 x + 2) (6 x − 2 5) ( d ) ( 5 x − 2) (6 x − 2 5)

2
 4  4
10  3 x −  − 3  3 x −  − 7 is equal to
4.  x  x
4 4 4 4 
( a )  3x −  
+ 7   3 x − −10  ( b )  3x − 
−14   3 x − + 5 
 x  x   x  x 
4  40 4  40
( c )  3x − 
−1  30 x − + 7  ( d )  3x − 
+ 1  30 x − + 7 
 x  x   x  x 
1 2
5. Factors of c − 2c − 9 are
3
1 1 1 1
( a )  
c + 3  (c + 3) ( b )  c − 3  (c − 3) ( c )  
c − 3  (c + 3) ( d )  c −  (3c + 1)
3  3  3   3
6. 2
Factorise: x + 5 3 x + 12

(a) (x + 2 3) ( x + 3 3) ( b ) ( x + 3) ( x + 4 3)

(c) (x + 4 3) ( x + 3) (d ) (x − 3) ( x − 4 3)

7. Divide ( y 2 + 6 y −16) ( y + 2) by ( y 2 − 4) .

(a) y + 8 ( b ) y − 2 (c) y + 4 (d ) 2y + 4

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8. One of the factors of 81a 4 + ( x − 2a ) ( x − 5a ) ( x − 8a ) ( x −11a) is

( a ) x 2 −13ax + 31a 2 ( b ) x 2 + 13a + 31a 2 ( c ) x 2 + 18a − 31a 2 ( d ) x 2 −18a + 31a 2

FACTORISATION - KEY
subjective Exercis
1) (a + 3b) (2 – 3a – 9b) 2) (6a – b) (b + 2c) 3) (a + 1) (a2x – ay – z)
4) (x2 + 3x – 5) (x2 + 3x – y) 5) (3a2 – 4b2 – 16) (3a2 – 4b2 + 16)
6) (2x – 5y + 3) 7) i) 3(x + 1) ii) p + 2
8) i) (x – y) (x + y – 4) ii) (a + b) (a – b – 1)
9)i)(3x – 4y) (3x + 4y) ii)(6a + p – q)(6a – p+q) 10) 19 11) 23 12) 7

Conceptual Exercise
1) A 2) D 3) B 4) A 5) A 6) C 7) A 8) D 9) B
10) C 11) A 12) A 13) D 14) B

Exercise - 1
1) B 2) A 3) D 4) A 5) A 6) D 7) B 8) A 9) B
10) A 11) A 12) A 13) B 14) B

Exercise - 2
1) C 2) A 3) A 4) A 5) D 6) C 7) A 8) D 9) C
10) D 11) A 12) D 13) B

Exercise - 3
1) A 2) A 3) A 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) A 8) A

BASIC ALGEBRA
ILLUSTARATIVE EXAMPLES
1. The difference between the ages of a mother and her son 10 years late will be 23 years
what is the difference between their ages 5 years ago , if the present age of the son is more
than 5 years.

Solution: ( x + 0 ) − ( y + 10 ) =
23
x− y =23

( x − 5) − ( y − 5) =
23

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2. How much amount of pure milk should be added to 12 litres of 80% milk solution so that
the resultant solution contains 90% milk
Solution: x + 80% of 12 = 90%of (12 + x )
4 9
x + ×12 = × (12 + x )
5 80
5 x + 48 108 + 9 x
=
5 10
10 x + 96 = 108 + 9 x
x = 12 .
1 1
3. If x + 2 then find x100 − 100
=
x x

x 2 + 1 = 2 x ⇒ ( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
2
Solution:
1 1
x100 −
100
=1 == 0
x 1
( x + y) + ( x − y) ( x + y) + ( x − y)
3 3 3 3

4. Simplify : − y ( 3x 2 + y 2 )
2 2
2 x3 6 y 2 x
− y ( 3 x 2 + y 2 ) = x3 + 3 xy 2 − 3 x 2 − y 2 = ( x − y )
3
Solution:
2
a2 1 1 a 3
5. Find the square root of + − + − where ( a > 1)
4 a2 a 2 4
a2 1 1 a 1
Solution: + − + + −1
4 a2 a 2 4
2 2
a 1 11 1 a 1 a 1
=   +   − 2. + 2 , + − 2. ,
2 a 2a 2 2 4 2 a
2
a 1 1
=  − + 
2 a 2

a2 1 1 a 3 a 1 1
+ − + − = − +
4 a2 a 2 4 2 a 2
2
 2  
6. Simplify  ∑ ( x + 1)  −  ∑ x  − 3
 x, y, z   x, y , z 

( x + 1) + ( y + 1) + ( z + 1) − ( x + y + z )
2 2 2 2
Solution: −3
 
− 2 zx z  ∑ x − ∑ ( xy ) 
= 2 x + 2 y + 2 z − 2 xy − 2 yz=
 x, y, z x, y , z 

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2 3 3 4
7. Solve =
+ 2 and =
+ 20
x y x y
1 1
Solution: =
Let a=
and b
x y

2a +=
3b 2 and 3a +=
4b 20

⇒ 6a + 9b =
6
⇒ 6a + 8b =−40
b = 34
3 68 + 34 71
From 1, 2a − =2 ⇒ 2a = =
34 34 34
1 71 68
a= = x=
x 68 71
1 −1
b== ⇒y=
y 34
68 −1 
( x, y ) =  , 
 71 34 
x +1 x −1 8x 12 x3
8. Simplify : − + −
x −1 x + 1 1 + x2 x4 −1

( x + 1) − ( x + 1)
2 2
8 x ( x 2 − 1) − 12 x3
+
x2 −1 x4 −1
4 x ( x 2 + 1) + ( −4 x3 − 8 x )
=
x4 −1
−4 x 4x

= =
x4 −1 1 − x4
7x 3
9. What should be subtracted from 2
to get
x − x − 12 x+3
7x 3
2
− A=
x − x − 12 x+3

7x 3
A
= −
( x + 3)( x − 4 ) x + 3
7 x − 3( x − 4) 4 x + 12 4
= = =
( x + 3)( x − 4 ) ( x + 3)( x − 4 ) x − 4

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SUBJECTIVE exercise

1. If 5 x − 2 y =
17 and 3 x + y =,
8 then find the values of x and y .
2. If ( p, q ) is an ordered pair which satisfies the equations 2 x + 3 y =
13 and 5 x − 2 y =
4 then find
pq
the value of .
p+q
3. The sum of the digits of a two – digit number is 9. If 9 is subtracted from the number, then the
resultant number is equal to the number obtained by reversing the digits of the original number.
Find the original number.
4+ x 7 3− x 5
4. Solve: += + .
3 4 2 4
1 1 1 1
5. Find the roots of the equation − =− where a ≠ 0 .
x x−a b b−a

6. If y + 1 − y −=
1 4 y −1 , then find the value of y .
2x 1 1
7. Simplify: 4 2
+ 2 − 2 .
x − 3x + 1 x + x −1 x − x −1

8. The HCF of 24x5 and 36 x 6 y k is 12x 5 , then find the value of k.

2 −4 x
9. What should be added to 2
to get 2 ?
x + x−6 ( x − 4) ( x 2 − 9)
2x 1 8x
10. If = , then = __________.
1+ 2x 3 1 − 8x
1
( a − b ) + ( b − c ) + ( c − a )  .
2 2 2
11. Prove that a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca=
2 

12. Prove that if a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ab + bc + ca then a= b= c .

13. Prove that ( ax + by ) + ( bx − ay ) = ( a 2 + b 2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) .

2 2

14. If a + b + c =0 then prove that a 3 + b3 + c 3 =

3 abc . Is the converse true?

Conceptual exercise

1. The system of equations x + y =2 and 4 x + 4 y =

8 is __________. (consistent/inconsistent)
x2 2x 7 2 x 7 x2 7 x2 2 x
2. If K = + − , L= + + and M = − − , then the value of K + L + M is
5 3 2 3 2 5 2 5 3
__________.

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7 2 x x2 x2 2x 7 2x 7 x2 x2 2x 7
(a) + − (b) − + (c) + + (d ) − −
2 5 5 5 3 2 3 2 5 5 3 2
3. 2 2
One of the factors of x − x + y − y is ________.

( a ) x + y ( b ) x − y + 1 ( c ) x + y −1 ( d ) x + y +1
4. If a 2 + 16a + k is a perfect square, then the value of k is ________.

( a ) 4 ( b ) 16 ( c ) 36 ( d ) 64
5. Factorise x 4 + x3 − x 2 − x

( a ) ( x 2 + 1) ( x −1) x ( b ) x ( x + 1)2 ( x −1) ( c ) ( x 2 + 1) ( x −1)2 ( d ) x ( x −1)2 ( x + 1)

1 4 x4 +1
6. If x − 2 then
= =
2x 4x2
( a ) 10 ( b ) 14 ( c ) 5 (d ) 7
7. 8( x + y )3 − 27 ( x − y )3 =
_________

( a ) ( x − 5 y ) (19 x 2 −10 xy + 7 y 2 ) ( b ) ( x − 5) (19 x 2 −10 xy + 7 y 2 )

( c ) (− x − y ) (19 x 2 −10 xy + 7 y 2 ) ( d ) (− x + 5 y ) (19 x 2 −10 xy + 7 y 2 )

8. (a + b) (a 2 + b 2 ) (a 4 + b 4 ) (a8 + b8 ) (a16 + b16 ) (a 32 + b32 ) =

a 64 − b 64 a 64 + b 64 a −b
(a) (b) ( c ) a 64 − b64 (d )
a −b a+b a+b
9. A man can row upstream at 7 km/hr and downstream at 13 km/hr then the rate of speed of the
man in still water is _______.

( a ) 6 km / hr (b) 10 km/hr ( c ) 600 m / hr ( d ) 30 km / hr

1
10. If x − =4 then
x
1 1 1 1
( a ) x2 + 18
= (b) x + =± 2 5 ( c ) x2 − ±8 5
= ( d ) x4 + 322
=
x2 x x2 x4
11. What should be multiplied to (2 x 2 + 3 x − 4) to get 4 x 4 − 9 x 2 + 24 x −16 ?

( a ) 2 x 2 − 3x − 4 ( b ) 2 x 2 + 24 x −16 ( c ) 2 x 2 + 3x + 4 ( d ) 2 x 2 − 3x + 4
7 9
04 08
23 24
(81) − (19) =
_________.
12.
( a ) 6100 ( b ) 6200 ( c ) 6300 ( d ) 6400

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13. If x 4 + 1 =1297 and y 4 −1 =2400, then y 2 − x 2 =

_________.
( a ) 10 ( b ) 25 ( c ) 13 ( d ) 43
1
 1
 
a + b ( a + b )2

  1  a − b  
  x a2 − b2    = ____________.
14.
   

1 1
( a ) x 2 ( b ) ( c ) x3 (d )
x x2
1 2
15. 1 5 3 + 5 3 , then the value of x3 − 3 x 2 −12 x + 6 =
If x =+ _________.
( a ) 22 ( b ) 20 ( c ) 16 ( d ) 14
16. x831 + y 831 is always divisible by
( a ) x − y ( b ) x 2 + y 2 ( c ) x + y ( d ) None of these

17. If x n − y n is divisible by ( x − y ) , then n is _________.

(a) Even ( b ) Odd (c) Any natural number (d ) Cannot say
2
   
 ∑ x −  ∑ x  = _________.
2
18.  x , y , z   x , y , z 
   
( a ) ∑ x ( b ) 2  ∑ ( xy )  (c) π ( xy ) ( d ) 2  ∑ ( x + y)
x, y, z  x, y, z  x, y, z  x, y, z 
19. If 3a + 5b + 6c =
33 and a + 3b + 4c =
19 then a + b + c =________.
( a ) 7 ( b ) 14 ( c ) 21 ( d ) 13
1 10
20. What are the values of x which satisfy the equation 5x − 6 + = ?
5x − 6 3

11 11 11
( a ) 3 ( b ) 4, (c) ( d ) 3,
9 9 9
21. There exists real number x such that 2 x = 3 . Evaluate the following:
x −1
1
( iv )   (v) ( )
6x
( i ) 23 x ( ii ) 2 x +3 ( iii )16 x +1 2
4
22. Find the values of the following:

( i )( −1) + ( −1) + ( −1) ..... + ( −1) ( ii )( −1) + ( −1) + ( −1) ..... + ( −1)
1 2 3 2023 1 2 3 2024

( iii )( −1) + ( −1) + ( −1) ..... + ( −1) ( iv )( −1) + ( −1) + ( −1) ..... + ( −1)
1 3 5 2023 2 4 6 2024

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23. Two real numbers a, b are such that a + b =−3, ab =−1 . Find the following:

( i ) a 2 + b2 ( ii ) a3 + b3 ( iii ) a 4 + b 4 ( iv )( a + 3)( b + 3) ( v )( 3a − 2 )( 3b − 2 )
24. a, b,∈ R such that a + b =2, ab =−2 then find

( i ) a 2 b 3 + a 3b 2 ( ii ) a 4 + b 4 ( iii ) a −2 + b −2
25. If x =3 − 2, y = 2 − 5, z =5 − 3 , then find x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz .

exercise-1

1. If x = (−1)1 + (−1) 2 + .... + (−1) 2009 and y = (−1)1 + (−1) 2 + (−1)3 − (−1) 4 + .... + (−1) 2009 , then
x− y =______.

( a ) 2009 ( b ) 2008 ( c ) 0 ( d ) 1004

2. If x =−
( 23) + 22 + (−23) + 22 + ....(40 terms) and y = 11 + (−10) + 11 + (−10) + ....(20 terms)
then y − x =__________.
( a ) 40 ( b ) 10 ( c ) 20 ( d ) 30
1 1
3. If x + =2 then x 2013 − 2012 =
_________.
x x
( a ) 2 ( b ) 1 ( c ) 0 ( d ) −1
4. If x = − 2 and x 2 + y 2 + 3 xy =− 5 then y = ________.
( a ) − 2 ( b ) 3 ( c ) − 4 ( d ) 9
5. If 2=
x
3=
y
4 z for x, y, z ∈ Z then x + y + z =_______.

1 14
( a ) 0 ( b ) 1 (c) (d )
3 3
1  m 12  1  
−1
1 1
6. If 2 × m = , then ( 4 ) +  m   =
−m
_________.
2 4 14   5  
1 −1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 4 (d )
2 4
1
2m + n (a 2 m + n − p ) 2
7. If m − n = 16 and a = 2 then m − 2 n + 2 p −1 = __________.
10
2 (a )
1 1
( a ) 2 (b)
( c ) 9 (d )
4 8
8. If a=
p q
b= r
c= abc then pqr = _________.

(a) p 2 q + q 2 r (b) pq + qr + pr ( c ) ( pq + qr + rp)2 (d ) pq (qr + rp )

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 −1 −1  1 1 
9.
−1 −1 2
( p + q ) ( p − q ) ÷  −1 + −1   ( pq ) =__________.
  p q 
( a ) ( pq)2 (b) q-p ( c ) − ( pq)−2 (d ) 1
y
10. If x
3× 5 =
10125, then 12xy = ________.
1 1
( a ) 1 (b) ( c ) 2 (d )
3 2
1 1 1 1
11. The square root of ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 2  + +  =________.
xyz x y z
x+ y+ z yz zx xy x y z
(a) (b) + + (c) x+ y+ z (d ) + +
xyz x y z yz xz xy

1 1
12. If x + 3 then
= x+ can be _________.
x x

(a) 3 (b) 5 ( c ) 7 ( d ) 2

( a − b)3 − ( a + b)3 _______.

13. + a (a 2 + 3b 2 ) =
2
( a ) a3 − b3 ( b ) (a + b)3 ( c ) a3 + b3 ( d ) ( a − b)3
14. Solve: 4(2 x −1 ) + 9(3 y −1 ) =
17 and 3(2 x ) − 2(3 y ) =
6

( a ) ( x, y ) = (2,1) ( b ) ( x, y ) = (−2, − 1) ( c ) ( x, y ) = (1, 2) ( d ) ( x, y=

) (2, − 1)

15. If x, y ∈ N and x + y =7, then which of the following cannot be the value of yx ?
( a ) 25 ( b ) 36 ( c ) 64 ( d ) 81
a 2 − (b − c) 2 b 2 − (a − c) 2 c 2 − (a − b) 2
16. + + ________.
=
(a + c) 2 − b 2 (a + b) 2 − c 2 (b + c) 2 − a 2

1
( a ) 0 ( b ) 1 ( c ) a + b + c (d )
a+b+c
( x 2 + 11x + 28) ( x 2 + 6 x + 8) _________.
17. ÷ =
( x 2 + 13 x + 40) ( x 2 + 11x + 24)

( x + 2) ( x + 7) x+4 x +8 ( x + 3) ( x + 7)
(a) (b) (c) (d )
( x + 3) ( x + 3) x +8 x+4 ( x + 2) ( x + 5)

18. If 88 + 88 + 88 + 88 =
2k then find K

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1 1
19. i) If x + 2 then find the value of x
= ii) If x + =−2 then find the value of x
x x
1 1 1 1
20. If x + 3 then find
= i) x 2 + ii) x3 + iii) x 4 +
x x2 x3 x4
21. If a = 2021, b = 2022, c = 2023, then find the value of a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca
22
22
Find i )23 ii ) ( 2 3 2
) iv) − 24 ( −3)
2 2
22. iii ) 22
2
1 1
23. If a + =−2 then find a 99 + 100
a a
1 1 1
24. Find the value of + +
1+ x m−n
+x m− p
1+ x n−m
+x n− p
1+ x p−m
+ x p−n

If a, b, c ∈ R such that 3 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = ( a + b + c ) then prove that a= b= c

2
25.

26. Given that

= y +1
2 x 8= ,9 y 3x −9 Find the value of x + y
1 1
27. If 3
x+ 3
= then find the value of x 3
+
3
x x3

exercise-2
2x  x 7  4 5
1. If + 3  −  +=
1 ( x −1) + then x = _______.
5 2 3 5 2

( a ) 12 ( b ) 4 ( c ) 7 (d ) 8

= __________.
x x2 3 x3 6 x4 10

2. 2 x 3x 6x 9x

( a ) 18 ( b ) 54 ( c ) 24 ( d ) 36
( a + b) 2 (b + c) 2 (c + a ) 2
3. + + = ______ (a ≠ b ≠ c)
(b − c) (c − a ) (a − b) (c − a ) (a − b) (b − c)

( a ) − 1 ( b ) 0 ( c ) 1 (d ) 2
4. The square root of ( xy + xz − yz ) 2 − 4 xyz ( x − y ) is _________.
( a ) xy + yz − 2 xyz ( b ) x + y − 2 xy ( c ) xy + 3 − y ( d ) xy + yz − zx
5. 23 then the value of a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc =
If a + b + c =9 and ab + bc + ca = __________.
( a ) 108 ( b ) 207 ( c ) 669 ( d ) 729
6. Solve: (0.4) x −1 = (6.25)6 x − 5 .

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7. Solve: 3x −1 + 5 x −1 =
34 .

8. Find the values of x (x belongs to Z) satisfying x

64 − x 23 x + 3 + 12 =
0.

x x + 1 17
9. If + = then find the values of x .
x +1 x 4

10. If x + x − 1− x =
1 then find x .

5+ 3 5− 3
11. If x = , y= then find the value of 7 x 2 + 11xy + 7 y 2 .
5− 3 5+ 3

12. If a + b + c =0 then find

( a − 2b − 2c )( b − 2c − 2a )( c − 2a − 2b )
abc
a b c
13. Let a, b, c,∈ R such that 4a 2 + ab 2 + c 2 − 6ab − 3bc − 2ca =
0 then find + +
b c a
14. If a + b + c =0 then prove that a 3 + b3 + c 3 =
3abc Is the converse true ?
15. 2 2
If x + y − 6 x + 8 y + 25 =
0 , where x, y,∈ R then find 3 x + 2 y
4
then the value of (1 + x ) , is
48
16. If x =
( 5 +1 )( 8
5 +1)( 16
5 +1 )
17. If a + b + c = 23 then find the value of a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc
9 , ab + bc + ca =
1 1
18. If x < 0, x 2 + 2
7 then find x3 + 3
=
x x
K
x y x x
19. If =  then find the value of K
y x y  y
x
x
= 273
20. If 327 then find the value of x

exercise-3
1 1 1 1
1. If A A
=B B
= C C , ABC + B AC + C AB = 729 then A A
= _________.

( a ) ABC 81 ( b ) 3
3 ( c ) ABC
27 ( d ) ABC 9
1 1 1
2. If x + y + z =1, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
9 and x 3 + y 3 + z 3 =
1 then + + =
x y z
1 1
(a) ( b ) 1 (c) (d ) 2
3 2
3. If α , β , γ are such that α + β + γ =2, α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 =
6 and α 3 + β 3 + γ 3 =
8, then find the
value of α + β + γ .
4 4 4

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4. If a + b + c =0 and a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =4, then find the value of a 4 + b 4 + c 4 .

1 1 1
5. If x + y + z =12, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
96 and + + =36, then find the value x3 + y 3 + z 3 .
x y z
2 2
6. Solve: 3x − x + 4 x − x =25 .
7. Solve: 4 x − 5 × 2 x + 4 =0 .
2
8. Solve: 32 x −7 x+7
= 9.

( ) ( ) ( )
x x x
2
9. Solve: 2 + 3 =13 .
x
10. Solve: 1 + 3 2
2x .
=
5 5 5
11. If x 3 + y 3 + z 3
0 and ( x5 + y 5 + z 5 )3 =
= A( xyz ) B then find the values of A and B.
12. The number of solutions of 22 x − 32 y =
55, in which x, y ∈ z is ________
a b
If ( a 2 + b 2 ) =( a 3 + b3 ) then find the value of
3 2
13. +
b a
3 3 3
14. Let a < b < c < o then find the sign of  a ( b − c )  + b ( c − a )  + c ( a − b ) 

15. If x, y, z ∈ R such that x 2 + 6 y =

−17, y 2 + 4 z =
1, z 2 + 2 x =
2, then find the value of x 2 + y 2 + z 2

16.
(x ) 4

If x = 4 then what is the value of x + x

(x )
2
(x )
8

17. If a, b ∈ R such that a + b =−3, ab =−1 then find the value of Find the value of a 5 + b5
18. If x, y, z ∈ R such that x 2 + 4 y 2 + 16 z 2 =
48 and xy + 4 yz + 2 zx =
24 then find the value of
2 2 2
x +y +z
If ( a + b + c ) = a 3 + b3 + c3 then prove that ( a + b + c ) = a 5 + b5 + c5
3 5
19.
1 1 1 7
20. If a, b, c ∈ R such that a + =
b + c 7, + += then find the value of
a + b b + c c + a 10
a b c
+ +
b+c c+a a+b

BASIC ALGEBRA - KEY

Subjective Exercise
6 −2 5
1) x = 3, y = –1 2) 3) 54 4) 5) b and a – b 6) 7) 0
5 5 4
−2 1
8) Any whole number 9) 2 10) 14) NO
x − x−6 7
Conceptual Exercise
1) Inconsistent 2) C 3) C 4) D 5) B 6) C 7) D 8) A 9) B
10) ABCD 11) D 12) B 13) C 14) B 15) A 16) C 17) C 18) B 19) A

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Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS Inequalities
20) D 21) (i) 27, (ii) 24, (iii) 1296, (iv) 4/9, (v) 27
22) (i) -1, (ii) 0, (iii) -1012, (iv) 1012 23) (i) 11, (ii) -36, (iii) 119, (iv) -1, (v) 13
24) (i) 8, (ii) 56, (iii) 2. 25) 0

Exercise - 1
1) C 2) D 3) C 4) B 5) A 6) A 7) A 8) B 9) B 10) A
11) D12) B 13) D 14) A 15) B 16) B 17) D 18) 26 19) (i) 1 (ii) -1
20) (i) 7(ii) 18(iii) 47 21) 3 22) (i) 512, (ii) 64, (iii) 4096, (iv) -144, 23) 0, 24) 1
26) 27 27) 5778

Exercise - 2
11 1 −16
1) C 2) A 3) A 4) D 5) A 6) 7) 3 8) 3 9) and
13 15 15
16
10) 11) 44512) 2713) 23/6 14) (i) 6 (ii) 18 15) 116) 125 17)108 18) -18
25
19) 3/820) 1/2

Exercise - 3
5
1) B 2) B 3) 18 4) 8 5) 866 6) –1, 2 7) 0, 2 8) 1, 9) 4 10) 2
2
11) A = 27, B = 5 12) 1 13) 2/3 14) Negative 15) 14 16) 258 17) –393
18) 21 20) 19/10

BASIC ALGEBRAIC INEQUALITIES

REAL NUMBER LINE
i. Every real number either rational number, can be represented on real number line at
their exact position uniquely.

ii. Two unequal real numbers lie on real number line as greater number ( β ) is on right is on

right side of lesser number (α ) .

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 Inequalities Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS
iii. Any real number present on real number line is always greater than all the number lying
left side of it and lesser than all the numbers lying right of it .

iv. Imaginary number present on real number line is

v. Square of a real number is always a non – negative real number.
∀ x ∈ R then x 2 ≥ 0 (Always)

TYPES OF INTERVALS
Intervals are basically subsets of R . If there are two numbers a, b,∈ R such that a < b , we
can define four types of intervals as follows:
Open Interval

( a, b ) or ]a, b=[ { x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included as they are shown as open points

Closed Interval

[ a, b=] { x : a ≤ x ≤ b} i.e. end points are also included as they are shown as dark points.
This is possible only when both a and b finite.

Semi Open or Semi Closed Interval

i. ( a, b] or ]a, b=] { x : a < x ≤ b} can be represented as where a is open point (not included) and
b is dark point (included)

ii. [ a, b ) or [ a, b=[ { x : a ≤ x < b} can be represented as

iii. [ a, ∞=) { x : x ≥ a} can be represented as

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iv. , b ] { x : x ≤ b} can be represented as

( −∞=

v. For some particular values of x , we use symbol {} e.g.

If x = α , β we can write it as x ∈ {α , β }
Only α and β are included, no intermediate values

vi. If x = a, b, c, d we can write it as x ∈ {a, b, c, d }

Only four values a, b, c, d are included.

vii. If there is no values of x , then we say x ∈ φ (null set)

viii. x ∈ [ a, b ) ∪ [ c, d ] ∪ ( e, ∞ ) can be represented as

INEQUALITIES
We have the following elementary properties of inequalities:
• If a ≤ b , the either a < b or a =b.
• Let a < b . Now if both sides are increased or decreased by same quantity say by k then L.H.S.
is still less than the R.H.S.
So, a ± k < b ± k .
• If a < b and c < d , then a + c < b + d or a − d < b − c
• If a < b then ka < kb , if k is positive
• If a < b then ka > kb , if k is negative
Thus, if inequality is multiplied by negative quantity on both sides, sign of inequality changes.
• a < b and b < c, then a < b < c . This is called transitive property of inequality.
If a < b and b ≤ c , then a < b ≤ c
If a ≤ b and b ≤ c , then a ≤ b ≤ c
If a < b and b < c , then we cannot relate a and c
Also, if a < b < c, then a < c .

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• If 0 < a < b , then ( i ) a r < b r when r > 0 and ( ii ) a r > b r when r < 0 .
1
• a+ ≥ 2 for a > 0 and equality holds for a = 1 .
a
1
• a+ ≤ −2 for a < 0 and equality holds for a = −1 .
a
1. Solve the following inequalities. Write the solution in the form of intervals.
x
( i ) 3x ≥ 18 ( ii ) 2 x + 17 < 3 ( iii ) 7 − 4 x > −17 ( iv ) + 3 ≤ −2
4
Solution:
( ii ) 2 x + 17 < 3
( i ) 3x ≥ 18 ⇒ 2 x < 3 − 17
⇒x≥6 ⇒ 2 x < −14
⇒ x ∈ [ 6, ∞ ) ⇒ x < −7
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −7 )

( iii ) 7 − 4 x > −17 x

( iv ) + 3 ≤ −2
4
⇒ −4 x > −17 − 7
x
⇒ 4 x < 24 ⇒ ≤ −5
4
⇒x<6 ⇒ x ≤ −20
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, 6 ) ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, 20]

2. Solve the following inequalities:

2 − 3x
( i ) 7 x + 15 ≥ 9 − 4 x ( ii ) − 5 ≤ ≤9 ( iii ) 5 x − 6 ≤ 4 and 7 − 3x ≥ 2 x
4
Solution:
2 − 3x
( i ) 7 x + 15 ≥ 9 − 4 x ( ii ) We have, -5 ≤ ≤9
4
7 x + 4 x ≥ 9 − 15 ⇒ −20 ≤ 2 − 3 x ≤ 36
⇒ 11x ≥ −6 ⇒ −22 ≤ −3 x ≤ 34
−6 22 34
⇒x≥ ⇒ ≥x≥−
11 3 3
 −6   −34 22 
⇒ x∈ ∞ ⇒ x∈ ,
 11   3 3 

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( iii ) We have,5 x − 6 ≤ 4 and 7 − 3x ≤ 2 x

5x − 6 ≤ 4
⇒ 5 x ≤ 10 ⇒ x ≤ 2
Also, 7 − 3 x ≥ 2 x
⇒ 7 ≥ 2 x + 3x
⇒ 5x ≤ 7
7
⇒x≤
5
From ( i ) and ( ii ) x ∈ ( −∞, 7 / 5]

IMPORTANT RESULTS
1. For ( x − a )( x − b ) < 0 and a < bthen a < x < b i.e,, x ∈ ( a, b )
2. If x − a x − b < 0 and a < bthen a < x < b i.e,, x ∈ a, b
( )( ) ([a, b)]
3. If ( x − a )( x − b ) > 0 and a < 0 anda < b, then x < a or x > bi.e.,, x ∈ ( −∞, a ) ∪ ( b, ∞ )

4. If ( x − a )( x − b ) > 0 and a < b, then x < a or x > b i.e. x ∈ ( −∞, a ] ∪ [b, ∞ )

Example-1: Solve x 2 − x − 2 > 0

Solution: x 2 − x − 2 > 0 or ( x − 2 )( x + 1) > 0
Now x 2 − x − 2 =0 ⇒ x =−1, 2
On the number line ( x − axis ) mark x =
−1and x =
2.
Now when x > 2, x + 1 > 0 and x − 2 > 0
⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 2 ) > 0

When −1 < x < 2, x + 1 > 0 but x − 2 < 0

⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 2 ) > 0
Hence , sign scheme of x 2 − x − 2 is

From the figure, x 2 − x − 2 > 0, x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ )

Example-2: Solve : x 2 − x − 1 < 0

Solution: Let us first factorize x 2 − x − 1

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x 2 − x − 1 =0

1+ 1+ 4 1+ 5
⇒x
= =
2 2
1+ 5
Now on the number line ( x − axis ) , mark x =
2

From the sign scheme of x 2 − x − 1, which is shown in the figure, we have x 2 − x − 1 < 0

 1− 5 1+ 5 
⇒ x ∈  , 
 2 2 
Example-3: Solve: ( x − 1)( x − 2 )(1 − 2 x ) > 0.
Solution : We have ( x − 1)( x − 2 )(1 − 2 x ) > 0

Or − ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( 2 x − 1) > 0

Or ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( 2 x − 1) < 0
On the number line mark x = 1/ 2,1, 2

When x > 2 all factors ( x − 1) , ( 2 x − 1) , and ( x − 2 ) are positive Hence,

( x − 1)( x − 2 )( 2 x − 1) > 0 for x > 2
Now put positive and negative signs alternatively as shown in the figure.
Hence , solution set of
( x − 1)( x − 2 )(1 − 2 x ) > 0 or ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( 2 x − 1) < 0 is ( −∞,1/ 2 ) ∪ (1, 2 ) .
RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC INEQUALITIES
Consider the following types of rational algebraic inequalities
P ( x) P ( x)
> 0, <0
Q ( x) Q ( x)

P ( x) P ( x)
> 0, <0
Q ( x) Q ( x)

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If P ( x ) and Q ( x ) can be resolved in linear factors, then use wavy curve method, otherwise
we use the following statements for solving inequalities of this kind.

 p ( x ) > 0, Q ( x ) > 0
P ( x) 
1. > 0 ⇒ {P ( x ) Q ( x ) > 0 ⇒  or
Q ( x)  p x < 0, Q x < 0
 ( ) ( )
 P ( x ) > 0, Q ( x ) < 0
P ( x) 
2. < 0 ⇒ {P ( x ) Q ( x ) < 0 ⇒  or
Q ( x)  P x > 0, Q x > 0
 ( ) ( )

 P ( x ) < 0, Q ( x ) > 0
P ( x)  P ( x ) Q ( x ) > 0 
3. > 0⇒  ⇒ or
Q ( x) Q ( x ) ≠ 0  P x > 0, Q x < 0
 ( ) ( )
 P ( x ) < 0, Q ( x ) > 0
P ( x)  P ( x ) Q ( x ) > 0 
4. > 0⇒  ⇒ or
Q ( x) Q ( x ) ≠ 0  P x > 0, Q x < 0
 ( ) ( )

SOLVING RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC INEQUALITY (WAVY CURVE METHOD)

Let f ( x )
( x − α1 )( x − α 2 )( x − α 3 )( x − α 4 )
( x − β1 )( x − β 2 )( x − β3 )( x − β 4 )
Zeroes: Real values of x where f ( x ) becomes zero where zeroes of given inequality are
x = α1 , α 2 , α 3 , α 4
Poles: Real values of x where f ( x ) becomes not defined where poles of given inequality ≠ β1 β 2 , β3, β 4
Let α1 < β1 < α 2 < β 2 < α 3 < β3 < α 4 < β 4 Sign of f ( x ) are shown in to formats as following
on real number line .

Now we can observe the sign of f ( x ) in different interval of x on real number line .

f ( x ) > 0 we get x ∈ ( −∞, α1 ] ∪ ( β1 , α 2 ] ∪ ( β 2 , α 3 ] ∪ ( β 3 , α 4 ] ∪ ( β 4 , α ]

(Zeroes are not part of solution as equality sign is not present)

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f ( x ) < 0we get x ∈ [α1 , β1 ) ∪ [α 2 , β 2 ) ∪ [α 3 , β3 ) ∪ [α 4 , β 4 )

f ( x ) < 0we get x ∈ [α1 , β1 ) ∪ [α 2 , β 2 ) ∪ [α 3 , β3 ) ∪ [α 4 , β 4 )

(i) Poles can never be the part of solution of any inequality

(ii) Zeroes are part of solution only if equality sign is present with given inequality
(iii) + or − sign are written according to the sign of f ( x ) in given interval

Example-1: Solve
( x − 1)( x + 1) ≥ 0
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )

Solution:
( x − 1)( x + 1) ≥ 0
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
Zeroes x = 1, −1; poles x ≠ −2, 2

x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ [ −1,1] ∪ ( 2, ∞ )

Example-2: Solve
( 5 − x )( 2 − x )( 2 + x ) < 0
( x + 2 )( x − 1) x

Solution:
( 5 − x )( 2 − x )( 2 + x ) < 0
( x + 2 )( x − 1) x
Poles x ≠ −2, 0,1

on simplification
( 5 − x )( 2 − x ) < 0 ⇒ x ∈ ( 0,1) ∪ ( 2,5 ) .
( x − 1) x
( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3)
10 103 98

Example-3: Solve >0

( x + 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x + 3)
12 36 51

( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3)
10 103 98

Solution: >0
( x + 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x + 3)
12 36 51

x ≠ 1, −2,3, −1, 2, −3

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Zeroes are not part of solution as equality sign is not present in question.
x ∈ ( −∞, −3) ∪ ( −2, −1) ∪ ( −1,1) ∪ (1, 2 ) ∪ ( 2,3) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) or
x ∈ ( −∞, −3) ∪ ( −2, ∞ ) − {−1,1, 2,3} .

IRRATIONAL EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS

Here, we consider equations of the type which contain the unknown under the radical sign and
the value under the radical sign is known as radicand.
• If roots are all even (i.e. x , 4 x , 6 x ,..., etc ) of an equation are arithmetic. In other words, if the
radicand is negative ( i.e. x < 0 ) , then the root is imaginary, if the radicand is zero, then the root
is also zero and if the radicand is positive, then the value of the root is also positive.
• If roots are all odd (i.e. 3 x , 5 x , 7 x ,..., etc ) of an equation, then it is defined for all real values
of the radicand. If the radicand is negative, then the root is negative, if the radicand is zero, then
the root is zero and if the radicand is positive, then the root is positive.
Example-1: Solve the equation x= x − 2 .

Solution: We have, x= x − 2 on squaring both sides, we obtain

x ( x − 2)
2

=
⇒ x 2 − 5 x + 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 4 ) = 0

Hence, x1 = 4 satisfies the original equation, but x2 = 1 does not satisfy the original
equation.
∴ x2 =1 is the extraneous root.

Example-2: Solve the equation ( 6 − 4 x − x ) =x + 4 .

2

Solution: We have, ( 6 − 4 x − x ) =x + 4
2

This equation is equivalent to the system

 x+4≥0

6 − 4 x − x = ( x + 4 )
2 2

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 x ≥ −4
⇒  2
x + 6x + 5 =0

On solving the equation x 2 + 6 x + 5 =0

( −1) and x2 =
We find that, x1 = ( −5) only x1 = ( −1) satisfies the condition x ≥ −4 .
Consequently, the number −1 is the only solution of the given equation.

Example-3: Solve the equation 3

( 2 x − 1) + 3 ( x − 1) =
1.

Solution: We have, 3
( 2 x − 1) + 3 ( x − 1) =
1 …(i)
Cubing both sides of Eq. (i), we obtain

2 x − 1 + x − 1 + 3 ⋅ 3 ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1) ( 3
( 2 x − 1) + 3 ( x − 1) ) =
1

⇒ 3 x − 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 ( 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1) (1) =1 [from Eq. (i)]

⇒ 3 ⋅ 3 ( 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1) = 3 − 3 x ⇒
3
( 2x 2
− 3 x + 1) = (1 − x )

Again cubing both sides, we obtain

2 x 2 − 3 x + 1= 1(1 − x )
3

⇒ ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1) = (1 − x )
3

⇒ ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1) =−1( x − 1)
3

{
⇒ ( x − 1) 2 x − 1 + ( x − 1)
2
} =0
⇒ ( x − 1) ( x 2 ) =
0

x1 0 and =
∴ = x2 1
 x1 = 0 is not satisfies the Eq. (i), then x1 = 0 is an extraneous root of the Eq. (i), thus
x2 = 1 is the only root of the original equation.

Example-4: Solve the equation ( 2x 2

+ 5x − 2) − 2 x2 + 5x − 9 =
1.

Solution: Let u
= ( 2x 2
+ 5x − 2)

v
and = ( 2x 2
+ 5x − 9)

∴u 2 = 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2

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and v 2 = 2 x 2 + 5 x − 9
Then, the given equation reduces to the solution of the system of algebraic equations.
1
u −v =
u 2 − v2 =
7

⇒ ( u + v )( u − v ) =
7

⇒ u+v =7 [ u − v =
1]
We get,=
u 4,=
v 3

∴ 2 x2 + 5x − 2 =4
∴ 2 x 2 + 5 x − 18 =
0

∴ x1 =2 and x2 = −9 / 2
Both roots satisfies the original equation.

Hence, x1 = 2 and x2 = −9 / 2 are the roots of the original equation.

 3 7  6
Example-5: Solve the inequation 5  + < 5 .
 x + 1 x + 2  x −1
Solution: The given inequation is equivalent to
3 7 6
+ <
x +1 x + 2 x −1

4 x 2 − 15 x − 25
⇒ <0
( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x − 1)

⇒
( x + 5 / 4 )( x − 5) < 0
( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x − 1)
From Wavy Curve Method:

 5 
x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪  − , −1 ∪ (1,5 )
 4 
Example-6: Solve the inequation ( x + 14 ) < ( x + 2 ) .

Solution: We have ( x + 14 ) < ( x + 2 )

This inequation is equivalent to the system

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 x + 14 > 0  x > −14

 
x + 2 > 0 ⇒ x > − 2
  2
 x + 14 < ( x + 2 )
2
 x + 3 x − 10 > 0

 x > −14  x > −14

 
⇒  x < −2 ⇒ x > − 2
 x + 5 x − 2 > 0  x < −5and x > 2
( )( ) 
On combining all the inequation of the form
2n f ( x) > g ( x), n ∈ N
Is equivalent to the collection of two systems of inequations
 g ( x ) > 0  g ( x ) < 0
i.e  and 
 f ( x ) > g ( x )  f ( x ) > 0
2n

And inequation of the form 2 n +1 f ( x ) > g ( x ) , n∈ N

is equivalent to the inequation f ( x ) > g 2 n +1 ( x )

Example-7: Solve the inequation (−x 2

+ 4 x − 3) > 6 − 2 x

Solution: We have (−x 2

+ 4 x − 3) > 6 − 2 x

This inequation is equivalent to the collection of two systems, of inequations

6 − 2 x > 0 6 − 2 x < 0
i.e.  2 2 and 
− x + 4 x − 3 x > ( 6 − 2 x )
2
− x + 4 x − 3 > 0

 x > 3  x < 3
⇒ and 
( x − 3)( 5 x − 13) < 0 ( x − 1)( x − 3) < 0

x < 3
 x > 3
⇒ 13 and 
 5 < x < 3 1 > x < 3

The second system has solution and the first system has solution in the interval
 13 
 < x < 3
5 
 13 
Hence, x ∈  ,3  is the set of solution of the original inequation.
5 

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SUBJECTIVE exercise

1. Solve : 3 x 2 − 7 x + 4 < 0 1
7. Solve : < 1
x
2. Solve : 3 x 2 − 7 x + 6 < 0
6x − 5
8. Solve : <0
3. Solve : 3 x 2 − 7 x − 6 < 0 4x +1
2x − 3
4. Solve : x 2 − 3 x + 5 > 0 9. Solve : >0
3x − 7
5. Solve: x 2 − 14 x − 15 > 0 2
10. Solve : <3
x
6. Solve : 2 − x − x 2 > 0 11. Solve : x − 2 > −1

12. Solve : x−2<3

Conceptual exercise

1. If the expression 4 x − 5 x 2 + 1 is positive then x lives in

−1 
( a )  ,1 ( b )(1,1) ( c ) φ (d ) R
 5 
2. The expression x 2 − 5 x − 6 is negative if x lives in

( a )( −1, 6 ) ( b )(1,1) ( c ) φ (d ) R
3. The solution set of x 2 < 6 x − 5 is
( a )(1,5) ( b ) [1,5) ( c ) [1,5] ( d ) (1,5]
4. The solution set of 2 x 2 − 3 x − 5 > 0 is
5 5
( a )  
, − 1 ( b )  − 
, − 1 ( c )( −∞, − 1) ( d )(1,5]
2   2 
1 1
5. Solve: >
( x − 1)( x − 2 ) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
x4
6. Solve: >0
( x − 2)
2

exercise-1
−1
1. If < x < 3, then the value of 2 x 2 − 5 x − 3 is
2
( a ) Zero ( b ) Positive ( c ) negative ( d ) not determined

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2. The least integral value of x for which 33 − x ( 2 + 3 x ) > 0 is

( a ) -11 ( b ) -3 ( c ) -2 ( d ) -1
3. The least integral value of x for which x 2 − 9 x + 18 < 0 is ________

Solve The Following:

( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 4 ) < 0
2 3
4. x 2 − 3 x + 2 > 0 and x 2 − 3 x − 4 < 0 , ∀ 18.

( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 3
x∈R
19. <0
x4 ( x − 2)
( x − 2 ) ( x − 3) ( 24 − 10 x )
20 20 31
5. >0
( x − 1)( 3 − x )( x − 2 )
2
20. >0
(x − 5x + 6) (x − 11x + 24 ) > 0
2 20 2 31
6.

x ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1) ( 2 x − 3)( x − 3) > 0
2 5 4
7. Exercise - 2
exercise-2
( x + 3)( 3x − 2 ) ( 7 − x ) ( 5 x + 8)
5 3 2
8. >0
Solve The Following:
( 5 − x )( x + 2 )(1 − x ) > 0 2x + 3
9. −3 < 2 x − 1 < 19 and −1 ≤ ≤3
x ( x − 4) 1. 5
( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) > 0
2

10.
x 2 − 16 2. (x 2
− x − 1)( x 2 − x − 7 ) < −5

( 5 − x )( x + 2 )(1 − x ) > 0
( x − 2) ( x + 2)
4 5
3.
11. <0 x ( x − 4)
( x − 3)
11

x 2 − 3x + 2
x ( x − 1)
2
4. >1
12. <0 x 2 + 3x + 2
( x + 2 )( x − 3)
8 x 2 + 16 x − 51
5. >3
x ( 3 − 4 x )( x + 1) ( 2 x − 3)( x + 4 )
13. <0
( 2 x − 5)
( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3) > 1
14.
( x − 3)( x + 2 )( x + 6 ) < 0 6.
( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)
( x + 1)( x − 5)
x2 −1
( x − 3)( x + 2 )( x + 6 ) > 0 7. <3
15. 2x + 5
( x + 1)( x − 5)
3 2
x 1 8. 2+ >
16. < x +1 x
x+2 x
x2 −1
x 1 9. <1
17. < x2 + x + 1
x −3 x

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Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS Inequalities
3 17. Find the largest integral value of which
 22 
x−  satisfies the following inequalities
10.  7 
<0 4 x + 19 4 x − 17
(x −π )
4
<
x+5 x −3
( 2 x + 3)( 4 − 3x ) ( x − 4 ) < 0
3
11. 18. Find the largest integral value of which
( x − 2 ) x5
2
satisfies the following inequalities

( x + 1)( x − 3) ( x − 5)( x − 4 ) ( x − 2 ) < 0

2 2
12. 5x + 1
<1
( x + 1)
2

19. Solve : x − 5 − 9 − x >1 x ∈ z

x+2 1
13. >
x2 + 1 2 20. Solve: x −1 > 3 − x
6 x2 − 5x − 3
14. <4 21. Solve: x + x > x − 3
x2 − 2 x + 6
x − 2 2x − 3 22. Solve: x+2 > x
15. >
x + 2 4x −1
x −1
16. Find the largest integral value of which 23. Solve:
x−2
satisfies the following inequalities
x−2
<0
x2 − 9

exercise-3

1. Solve : x ( 2 x − 1)( 3x − 9 ) ( x − 3) < 0

x −1 x +1
2. Solve: − <2
x x −1
2 1
3. Solve : >
x−2 x

1 1
4. Solve : >
( x − 1)( x − 2 ) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)

( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3) ( x + 11) ( x − 7 )
12 11 71 40 15

5. Solve: <0
( x + 3)
15

5
1
( x − 2 ) ( x + 1)  x −  ( x + 8)
10 3 2

 2
6. Solve: >0
x ( x − 3) ( x + 2 )
24 3 5

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 Inequalities Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS

971
 1
( x − 2) ( x + 1)
 x −  ( x + 8)
10000 253 4

 2
7. Solve: >0
x ( x − 3) ( x + 2 )
500 75 93

2x 1
8. Solve: 2
>
2 x + 5x + 2 x + 1
2 1 2x −1
9. Solve: 2
− − 3 >0
x − x +1 x +1 x +1
( x + 2 ) ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
10. Solve: >0
−4 + 3 x − x 2
1 2 1− 2x
11. Find the largest integral value of which satisfies the following inequalities − 2 < 3
x +1 x − x +1 x +1
x+4 2 4x
12. Find the largest integral value of which satisfies the following inequalities − <
x − 9 x + 3 3x − x 2
2

x 2 − 11x + 18
13. Let f ( x ) =
x 2 − 7 x + 12

COLUMN – I COLUMN – II
i) Complete solution of f ( x ) <1 (A) ( 3, 4 )
3 
ii) Complete solution f ( x ) < 0 (B)  , 2  ∪ ( 9 ∞ )
2 
iii) Complete solution of f ( x ) > 0 ( C) ( 2,3) ∪ ( 4,9 )
iv) Complete solution of f ( x ) > 2 ( D ) ( −∞ , 2 ) ∪ ( 3, 4 ) ∪ ( 9, ∞ )
3 
( E)  ,3  ∪ ( 4, ∞ )
2 

14. Number of real roots of the equation x + x − 1− x =

1 is _________

(a) 0 ( b )1 (c) 2 (d )3
15. The value of x which satisfy the equation

5 x 2 − 8 x + 3 − 5 x 2 − 9 x +=
4 2 x 2 − 2 x − 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 is

16. Solve : x + 8 + 2 x + 7 + x +1− x + 7 =4

17. Solve : x + x > x −3

18. Solve: 2 + x − x 2 > x − 4

19. Solve : − x 2 + 10 x − 16 < x − 2, x ∈ z

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Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS Inequalities

INEQUATIONS - KEY
subjective Exercise

 4  −2 
1) x ∈ 1,  2) x ∈ φ 3) x ∈  ,3  4) x ∈ ( −∞, ∞ ) 5) x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ (15, ∞ )
 3  3 
 1 5  3 7 
6) x ∈ [ −2,1] 7) x ∈ ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ (1, ∞ ) 8) x ∈  − ,  9) x ∈  −∞,  ∪  , ∞ 
 4 6  2 3 
2 
10) x ∈ ( −∞, 0 ) ∪  , ∞  11) x ∈ [ 2, ∞ ) 12) x ∈ [ 2,11]
3 

Conceptual Exercise
1) A 2) A 3) A 4) C 5) x ∈ ( 0, 2] 6) x ∈ R − {0, 2}

Exercise - 1
 12 
1) A 2) A 3) 4 4) x ∈ [ −1,1) ∪ ( 2, 4] 5) x ∈  −∞,  ∪ {3} 6) x ∈ ( −∞,3] ∪ [8, ∞ )
 5

3   2   −8 
7) x ∈ [ 0,1] ∪  , ∞  8) x ∈ ( −∞, −3] ∪  , 7  ∪  
2  3   5 
9) x ∈ [ −6, −5 ) ∪ ( −4, −2] ∪ ( −1,1] ∪ ( 2, 4] ∪ [5, 6 ) 10) x ∈ ( −4, −2] ∪ {1} ∪ ( 4, ∞ )
 3 5 
11) x ∈ [ −2,3) 12) x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ [1,3) ∪ {0} 13) x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪  0,  ∪  , ∞ 
 4 2 
14) x ∈ ( −∞, −6 ) ∪ ( −2, −1) ∪ ( 3,5 ) 15) x ∈ ( −6, −2 ) ∪ ( −1,3) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )
16) x ∈ ( −2, −1] ∪ ( 0, 2] 17) x ∈ ( 0,3) 18) x ∈ ( −1,1) ∪ (1, 4 ) 19) x ∈ [ −1, 0 ) ∪ ( 0, 2 )
20) x ∈ (1, 2 ) ∪ ( 2,3)

Exercise - 2

1) x ∈ ( −1, 6] 2) x ∈ ( −2, −1) ∪ ( 2,3) 3) x ∈ [ −2, 0 ) ∪ [1, 4 ) ∪ [5, ∞ )

 3 5 
4) x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( −1, 0] 5) x ∈ ( −∞, −4 ) ∪  −3,  ∪  , ∞  6) x ∈ ( −∞, −3) ∪ ( −2, −1)
 2 2 
 −5  1 
7) x ∈  −∞,  ∪ ( −2, −8 ) 8) x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( −1, 0 ) ∪  , ∞ 
 2  2 
 22   −3   4 
9) x ∈ ( −2, ∞ ) 10) x ∈  −∞,  − {π } 11) x ∈  −∞,  ∪  0,  ∪ [ 4, ∞ )
 7  2   3
 −9 
12) x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, 0 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) 13) x ∈ ( −1,3) 14) x ∈  ,3
2 

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 Inequalities Pragya - G8: MATHEMATICS

1 
15) x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪  ,1 ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) 16) –4 17) 2 18) –2
4 
19) 9 20) x ∈ ( 2,3] 21) x ∈ [ 0, ∞ ) 22) x ∈ [ −2, 2] 23) x ∈ [1, 2 )

Exercise - 3

 1
1) x ∈ ( 2,3) 2) x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪  0,  ∪ (1, ∞ ) 3) x ∈ [ −2, 0 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
 2

4) x ∈ ( −3,1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) 5) x ∈ ( −3, −2] ∪ [3, 7 ] ∪ {−11, 2}

 1
6) x ∈ ( −∞, −8 ) ∪ ( −8, −2 ) ∪ ( −1, 0 ) ∪  0,  ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
 2

 1  −2 −1 
7) x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ [ −1, 0 ) ∪  0,  ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) 8) x ∈ ( −2, −1) ∪  , 
 2  3 2 

9) x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, 2] 10) x ∈ ( −∞, −2] ∪ {1} 11) 1 12) 2

13) ( i ) → B, ( ii ) → E , ( iii ) → C , ( iv ) → A 14) B 15) C

16) 2 17) x ∈ [ 0, ∞ ) 18) x ∈ [ −1, 2] 19) x ∈ ( 5,8]

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