COMPUTER SCIENCE

-​ Information Age Protection: The Casing

○​ Computer science offers -​ Laptop and surface computers
extremely valuable tools combine the components into a
that, when used skillfully, flat, rectangular casing that is
can facilitate the acquisition attached to the hinged or foldable
and manipulation of data monitor.
and information by nurses, -​ Smartphones also have a
who then can synthesize protective outer plastic or metal
the data into an evolving case with a display screen.
knowledge and wisdom
base. Motherboard
○​ Computer technology has -​ It is a thin, flat sheet made of a
ushered in what has been firm, nonconducting material on
called the Information Age, which the internal components -
an age when data, printed circuits, chips, and so on of
information, and knowledge the computer are mounted
are both accessible and -​ The motherboard has been called
manipulable by more the "central nervous system" of the
people than ever. computer because it facilitates
Computer Hardware communication among all of the
-​ A computer is a machine that uses computer components, which
electronic components and makes it a key foundationa
instructions to the components to component because all other
perform calculations and repetitive components are connected to it in
and complex procedures, process some way (either directly via local
text, and manipulate data and sockets, attached directly to it, or
signals. connected via cables).
-​ Computer hardware is defined as -​ The specific design of the
all of the physical components of components - especially the CPU
the machine itself. and other microprocessors- is
-​ Typically, computer systems are called the computer's architecture.
composed of many different
component parts that enable the
user to communicate with the
computer, and with other
computers to produce work.
-​ The group of required and optional
hardware items that are linked
together to make up a computer
system is called its configuration.
-​ Many of the key components are
placed inside a rigid plastic
housing or case, which is called
the box.
 -​ 2 types of memory in the
Central Processing Unit computer:
-​ The CPU is the "brains" of the ●​ Read Only Memory
computer. (ROM)
​ It consists of: ○​ It is a form of
■​ Arithmetic and logic permanent
unit storage.
■​ Control unit ○​ This
■​ Memory generally
-​ The arithmetic and logic units contains the
control mathematical functions programs,
such as addition and subtraction called
and functions that test logic firmware,
conditions. used by the
-​ The control unit carries out the control unit
machine language functions called of the CPU
fetch, execute, decode, and store to oversee
cycles. computer
-​ For example, when a command is functions.
given to add two numbers, the ○​ The data
control unit "fetches" the instruction and
and numbers from their storage programs
locations and "decodes" the stored can
instruction so that proper only be read
operations can be performed. Then and cannot
the control unit "executes" the be erased or
command by sending the altered.
instruction to the arithmetic and ●​ Random Access
logic unit. Then the control unit Memory (RAM)
"stores" the result of the instruction ○​ It refers to
in a memory location. working
memory
used for
Memory primary
-​ consists of registers (a small storage.
number of very high-speed ○​ It is volatile
memory locations), random access and used as
memory (RAM), which is the main a temporary
storage area in which the computer storage.
places the programs and data it is ○​ It contains
working on; and cache (a small data and
memory storage area holding instructions
recently accessed data) that are
stored and
processed
by computer
programs
called
 application (TB) of data, information,
programs. documents, and programs saved
○​ It is also the on the computer, even when the
work area computer is off
available to -​ The hard drive is managed by a
the CPU for disk controller, which is a circuit
all board that controls the motor and
processing actuator arm assembly. The hard
applications. drive produces the voltage
waveform that contacts the heads
Basic Input Output System (BIOS) to write and read data and handles
●​ It is the first level of system control communications with the
and is stored on a ROM chip on motherboard.
the motherboard -​ It is usually located within the
●​ It is the first part of the computer computer's hard outer casing.
to function when the system is Some people also attach a second
turned on hard drive externally to increase
●​ It first searches for an operating avallable memory or to back up
system (OS) and loads it into the data
RAM.
●​ BIOS consists of a set of Peripheral Component Interconnection
instructions permanently burned Bus
into a computer chip. -​ This component is important for
connecting additional plug-in
components to the computer. It
uses a series of slots on the
motherboard to allow peripheral
component interconnection (PCI)
card plug-ins.

Small Computer System interface

-​ The Small Computer System
Interface (SCSI) component
provides the means to attach
additional devices, such as
scanners and extra hard drives, to
the computer.

Floppy Disks, CD-ROMs & USB Flash

Hard Disk Drives
-​ This component is so named -​ The floppy disk, commonly called a
because of the rigid hard disks that diskette, the CD-ROMs/CD-RW,
reside in it, which are mounted to a USBs are forms of auxiliary
spindle that is spun by a motor memory.
when in use. -​ They serve as both input and
-​ The hard disk acts as a permanent output media.
data storage area that holds -​ Floppy disks are rarely seen
gigabytes (GB) or even terabytes nowadays.
 -​ Diskettes can store up to 2.0 MB of line transfer called bits per second
data. (bps) rate.
-​ Disk formatting is the process of -​ In 1990s, 57K is a common
preparing a data storage device modem speed.
such as a hard disk drive,
solid-state drive, floppy disk or Connection Ports
USB flash drive for initial use. -​ All computers have connection
-​ The CD-ROM can store around ports made to fa dafferent types of
640 M8 of data. plug a devices.
-​ A USB flash drive is a data ​ Specific ports include the
storage device that includes flash following:
memory with an Integrated 1.​ Parallel port:
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connects to a
interface. USB flash drives are printer.
typically removable and rewritable, 2.​ Serial port:
and physically much smaller than Connects to an
an optical disc. external modem
-​ Most weigh less than 30 grams. As 3.​ USB: Connects to a
of January 2013, drives of up to myriad of plug-in
512 gigabytes (GB) are available. devices, such as
A one-terabyte (TB) drive was portable flash
unveiled at the 2013 Consumer drives, digital
Electronics Show. cameras, MPEG-1
Audio Layer-3
Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) (MP3) players,
-​ The original name was digital video graphics tablets,
disk but it is now more correctly and light pens,
referred to as digital versqa using a
-​ The technology was developed to plug-and-play
support high resolution and dense connection (L.e., the
applications such as placement of ability to add
motion pictures on CDs. devices
automatically). The
Modems development of the
-​ It is a communication device used USB Type-C to
to connect a terminal with a High-Definition
mainframe or another computer. Multimedia Interface
-​ A modem (modulating and (HDMI) adapter
demodulating device) translates (Sexton, 2016) has
digital data into waves (analog) for expanded
transmission over the connectivity and
communication lines to the transfer. HDMI is
computer system and converts the replacing analog
waves back to their original digital video standards as
form for input into the computer. an audio/video
-​ Modems are described by the rate interface, which can
of communication transmission or transfer
 compressed and
uncompressed
video and digital
audio data from any
device that is HDMI
compliant to
compatible
monitors,
televisions, video
projectors, and
audio devices.
4.​ FireWire (IEEE
1394): Often used
to connect digital Computer Power
video devices to a -​ The term bits or bytes refer to how
computer. the machine stores information at
5.​ Ethernet: Connects the lowest level.
a networking -​ Computer do not process
apparatus, such as information as words or numbers.
the internet and They handle information in bytes.
modem cables. -​ A byte is made up of 8 bits.
-​ A "bit" (binary digit) is a unit of data
Graphic Cards in the binary numbering system.
-​ Most computers come equipped -​ Binary means two, so a bit can
with a graphics accelerator card assume on of two positions.
slotted in the microprocessor to -​ The "on" position or switch is equal
process image data and output to 1 and the "off" position or switch
those data to the monitor. is equal to 0.
-​ These in situ graphic cards provide -​ Bits are grouped into a collection
satisfactory graphics quality for of 8, which then function as a unit.
two-dimensional art and general -​ That unit describes a single
text and numerical data. character, like a number 3 or letter
-​ However, if a user intends to A, in the computer and is called as
create or view three-dimensional byte.
images or is an active game user,
one or more graphics
enhancement cards are often
installed.

-​ There are 255 different

combinations of 0 and 1 in an
8-character (or 1-byte) unit.
 -​ Three other keys - Shift, Ctri, and
Alt expand the function keys by
being used in combination with
them to carry out their commands.
-​ The numeric keypad is a second
set of numeric keys that are placed
differently on the keyboard than
the alphabetic keys.
-​ It is a separate rectangle-shaped
calculator type section that enables
the user to enter numeric data
more efficiently.
Acquisition of Data and Information:
-​ Just by turning on the Num Lock
Input Components
key, this section can be converted
-​ These devices are the media used
to represent other keys, including
to input text or visual, audio, or
moving the cursor in four
multimedia data into the computer
directions.
system for viewing, listening,
-​ The four cursor keys are used to
manipulating, creating, or editing.
direct the position of the pointer on
-​ The primary input devices on a
the display monitor.
computer are the keyboard,
-​ They control the movement: up,
mouse, touch pad, and touch
down, right, and left over the
screen.
display screen.
Keyboard
-​ The toggle keys are those that
-​ It is the most common input
have a dual purpose.
device.
-​ When a toggle key is pressed
​ Sections/Keys:
once, the function is on, and when
1.​ Typewriter keys
pressed a second time, it is off.
2.​ Function keys
-​ The major toggle keys are Num
3.​ Numeric keypad
Lock, Caps Lock, Scroll Lock, and
4.​ Cursor keys
Insert/Typeover.
5.​ Toggle keys
-​ The special operation keys
6.​ Special operation
examples are:
keys
-​ Home and End keys which bring
the cursor to the beginning or end
-​ The typewriter key section is the
of a line.
largest and contains keys that
-​ Print Screen prints the screen
follow the standard QWERTY
display or saves it to the clipboard
arrangement of keys of a standard
as a snapshot.
typewriter (the term represents the
-​ Esc (escape) interrupts or cancels
first 6 letters in the first alphabetic
a function
rows).
-​ Tab moves the cursor to the
-​ The function keys (F1-F12) are
predetermined set tabs
software-specific; that is, they are
-​ Del deletes text
programmable, since their function
-​ Space bar inserts blank spaces in
is dependent on the software
a line
program being processed.
-​ Enter performs a variety of
function depending on the context
 of the program. It sends in -​ The user simply drags the finger
information to the computer, such around the touch pad to move the
as during sign-on procedures, in cursor in the screen.
word processing it creates a new
paragraph, and it can be used to Touch screen
create blank section in a -​ Touch screens involve the use of a
document. special filter on a monitor screen
that allows the screen to sense the
Mouse pressure of the user's finger on a
-​ It is a hand-controlled mechanical particular position on the screen.
device that electronically instructs
the cursor to move across the Processing of Data and Information:
video display screen. ●​ Throughput/Processing
-​ It is a pointing device that functions Components
by detecting two-dimensional -​ One key hardware
motion relative to its supporting component, the computer
surface. Physically, a mouse monitor, is a unique
consists of an object held under example of a visible
one of the user's hands, with one throughput component; it is
or more buttons. the part of the computer
-​ The mouse has at least two that users focus on the
buttons and sometimes a roller at most when they are
the top. working on a computer.
1.​ Left button functions
include: Monitor
2.​ Select the icon -​ It is a display screen component of
3.​ Activate a process a terminal that allows the user to
4.​ Implement a function to be see images, programs, commands
performed the user sends to the computer,
-​ The right button is a special and results of the computer's work
function button, and its function is (output).
dependent on the program. -​ The resolution or clarity of the
-​ The dots per inch (DPI) switch is monitor screen is related to the
an actual switch on a computer number of dots, pixels, on the
mouse that allows you to adjust the screen.
mouse's sensitivity to movement, -​ Monitors vary in their refresh rate
as in faster or slower mouse (usually measured in megahertz)
pointer speeds. and dot pitch. Both of these
-​ The mouse is associated with characteristics are important for
carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist user comfort. The faster the
fatigue. refresh rate, the cleaner and
clearer the image on the screen
Touch Pad because the monitor refreshes the
-​ It is a flat, rectangular depression screen contents more frequently.
on the keyboard that senses -​ Smartphone displays can be a
pressure and movement of the form of active-matrix organic
user's fingers light-emitting diode (AMOLED) or
 in-plane switching liquid-crystal parts that work together
display (IPS LCD). with optical processes to
-​ In the AMOLED type of display, produce a high quality and
the individual pixels are lit fast output while the inkjet
separately (active matrix); the printers (use piezoelectric
next-generation super AMOLED crystals that ionize the ink)
type of display includes touch and bubble-jet printers (use
sensors. special heating elements to
-​ All of the pixels are backlit in the prepare the ink) fire small
IPS LCD type of display, which bursts of ink on the paper.
uses polarized light passing
through a color filter. Speakers
-​ All computers have some sort of
Dissemination: Output Components speaker setup, usually small
-​ Output devices literally put data speakers embedded in the monitor
and information at the user's or in the case or, if it is a laptop,
fingertips, which can then be used close to the keyboard.
to develop knowledge and even -​ Often, external speakers are
wisdom. added to a computer system using
-​ The most commonly used output speaker connectors; these devices
devices include printers, speakers, provide enhanced sound and a
and portable disk drives. more enjoyable listening
experience.
Printers
-​ It is the most important output
device
-​ It converts information produced by
the computer system into printed
form, rendering data in the binary
code into readable English
a.​ Types of printed output
include:
-​ Printed hard copy
(paper)
-​ Microfilm
(microfiche)
-​ Photographs
-​ Graphic Copy

-​ Hard copy is output produced on

paper.
-​ Most printers sold today are
either laser printers or jet
printers.
-​ The main difference
between these two is that
laser printers utilizes
electronic and chemical