Before we report.
we would like you
to see these
pictures.
PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION
the giving of meaning to a stimulus
received by the sense organs
The interpretation of sensation
here must be sensation before
perception occurs
There may be perception without real
stimulus
STIMULUS
is any object or event that
elicits a sensory or behavioral
response in an organism
something that causes a
reaction, especially interest,
excitement or energy
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE STIMULUS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
1. Figure-ground relationship
Itrefers to the relationship
between the main stimulus and
all other stimuli surrounding it.
FIGURE-
main stimulus
GROUND – surrounding stimuli
2. INTENSITY
the more intense the
stimulus, the more likely
it is to be attended to
and perceived
PSYCHOLOGY is the
scientific study of
the MIND and
BEHAVIOR.
the principle that the higher
the intensity of external
stimulus is not always valid.
Too much intensity may be
distracting.
3. CONTRAST
an intensified difference from
the immediate surroundings.
Reverse
camouflage activities –
one wears what should
blend with the
environment.
4. CONTINUITY
stimuli that maintain a flow of
regularity are better perceived than
discontinuous irregular stimuli.
Stimuli which form a continuous
pattern are perceived as a whole
Line are seen as following the
smoothest path
5. GROUPING
those that appear together in
time and space are more
easily understood and
organized than those that
appear without such
arrangement.
a. Grouping by proximity
refersto the tendency
to perceive stimuli
which are near one
another as belonging
together.
b. Grouping by closure
when fragmentary stimuli
form enough of familiar
figure, we tent to perceive
the whole figure, ignoring
the missing part or parts.
c. Grouping by similarity
stimuli which are
similar tent to be
perceived as forming
a group.
6. CLOSURE
it is possible for an
individual to finish a
stimulus presented on
him. Previous experience
facilitates closure.
7. Movement
moving stimuli are more likely
to attract attention than
stationary ones.
Slow movement may get more
attention than stimulus with the
usual speed of movement.
8. ILLUSIONS
these are erroneous
perceptions of the
environment.
9. Perceptual Constancies
size, shape and color
remain constant to the
perceiver regadless of
position or distance of
the perceiver.
10. Change in stimulus
change in the
characteristics of the
stimulus as a result of lighting
and movement may aid in
the easier perception of an
object.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE PERCEIVER
(INTERNAL CUES)
1. Motivation
perception is highly selective . we
tent to perceive more those object or
stimuli that are consistent with our
motives.
Unsatisfied needs or motives stimulate
individuals and may exert a strong
influence on their perceptions.
2. Past experiences
experiences that are
rewarding and
promising tend to
color our perceptions.
3. Physical characteristics
of the individual
one who is good-
looking may perceive
others as ugly or vice
versa.
4. Set
setis defined as the temporary
tendency or expectancy to respond
in a certain way or fashion.
This tendency may change as the
subject is confronted with different
instructions or rewards.
5. Interests and attitudes
people attend to
those aspects of the
environment that they
are interested to.
6. Culture
7. Attention
at any single time, human
beings can only be aware
of a very limited number of
stimuli.
8. History
since behavior is
dependent on perception,
then it follows that history
affects it, too.
9. Hallucination
an inaccurate perception
It occurs when there is no apparent external
stimulus.
Hallucinations
are dream-like images which
depend largely on internal stimuli.
Hallucinationare confined only to the mentally ill
people or those who are under the influence of
drugs.
Hallucination and illusion are different.
PERCEPTION OF
DEPTH
PERCEPTION OF DEPTH
Alsoknown as three-
dimensional (3D) perception.
Ability to recognize distance.
Principles of depth
perception
BY EDWARD (1986)
1. Near things often appear in
front of a person and cover up
part of more distant object. This
is the depth factor of relative
position or superposition.
2. Object appears smaller when
farther away than when near.
Linear perspective is one familiar
sign of distance. It accounts for the
convergence of the image of
parallel lines as they become more
distant.
3. The lights and shadows
upon the parts of an
object also give depth
cues. They help define the
contour of three-
dimensional objects.
4. Lack of clarity or the
presence of haze – also
conveys information on depth.
Distant objects appear hazy,
while near object are clear and
different.
5. An additional stimulus produces cue
to depth is the relative movement near
and far objects when the observer is
moving with respect to the objects.
Common observation of rapid, almost
blurred movement of near object
when traveling in a vehicle is one
example of the relative motion cues of
depth
EXTRA SENSORY
PERCEPTION (ESP)
EXTRA SENSORY PERCEPTION (ESP)
The sensitiveness to the external
world without the use of the
senses.
PARAPSYCHOLOGY is the branch
of psychology that is concerned
with the study of ESP.
Four common
forms of ESP
1. Telepathy or mind
reading
theterm was originated by Frederic W. H.
Myers. It involves the transmission of
thoughts from one person to another
trough the mind.
directtransference of thought from one
person (sender or agent) to another
(receiver or percipient) without using the
usual sensory channels of communication
2. psychokinesis / telekinesis
the ability of a person to
move objects through
thoughts or through the
power of mind.
3. Precognition
the ability to see the future.
4. Clairvoyance
the knowledge of
happening at another
time or place.
Psychologists remain skeptical for
the following reasons:
Failure to replicate instances
of ESP
Possibility of fraud
Lack of empirical study or the
use of more reliable
methodology
MEDITATION
MEDITATION
the process of achieving peace of
mind by installing harmony/ unity
between the mind, body and soul.
A form of relaxation for through it,
mental troubles, worries, insecurities,
fatigue, and others are cast out and
towards the end, inner peace is
achieved.
People practicing ESP usually
conduct regular meditation exercise
or meditate first before achieving the
highest peak of their Extra Sensory
Capabilities.
A form of psychological healing
especially for people affected with
psychosomatic sickness.
Psychosomatic sickness – are
illness felt by people without
biological basis.
Itis also the first step towards self-
hypnosis which is one of the
methods of self-cure according to
“Freudian Catharsis Concept”( a
belief, that problems which are
sometimes the cause of physical
sicknesses could be cured by
“pouring out” the problems.
STEPS IN
MEDITATION
1. Sit quietly in a
comfortable position
and close your eyes.
2. Deeply relax all your muscles,
beginning at your feet up to your
face or vice versa.
Keep them deeply relax.
3. Breath though your
nose.
Become aware of your
breathing.
3. Do not worry about whether you
are successful in achieving a deep
level of relaxation.
Maintain a passive attitude and
permit relaxation to occur at its
own pace.
When distracting thoughts occur,
ignore them.
5. Practice the technique once or
twice daily, but not within 2 hours.
Never do it after any meal, since
the digestive processes seem to
interfere with the subjective
changes.
When meditation, you will
surely have peace of mind,
feeling of being at ease and
you would have a sense of
wellbeing. That is, if you
follow carefully the steps in
meditation.
THANK YOU!
