Numbers
Vimukthi Pathirana
MEng. (AIT), BSc Eng. (AIT)
Numbers
• Natural numbers: 1,2,3,4, …
• Numbers used for counting – also known as counting numbers
• Whole numbers: 0,1,2,3,4, …
• Integers: … -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3, …
• Negative Integers: … -3,-2,-1
• Positive Intigers: 1,2,3, … (natural numbers)
• Zero is neither positive nor negative / it is neutral
Numbers
• Odd numbers: … -5,-3,-1,1,3,5, …
• Intigers not divisable by 2
• Even numbers: … -6,-4,-2,2,4,6, …
• Integers divisible by 2
Numbers
! " !
• Rational numbers: , 5 = , 0.5, = 0.333 …
" # $
• Fractions
• Ratio of two integers
• All integers are rational numbers
• Irrational numbers: 3 , 𝜋
• All real numbers which are not rational
• Cannot be written as a Fraction
Common Math Symbols
• = is equal to
• ≠ is not equal to
• > is greater than
• < is less than
• ≥ is greater than or equal to
• ≤ is less than or equal to
Common Math Symbols
• ≯ is not greater than
• ≮ in not less than
• ≱ is not greater than or equal to
• ≰ is not less than or equal to
• ≈ is approximately equal to
Multiplying or Dividing by Zero
• Zero times any number equals zero: 0 x 2 x 5 x 8 = 0
%
• Zero devided by any nonzero number is zero: 0 ÷ 3 = = 0
!
% &
• Zero devided by zero: % and % are undefined
• No logical answer
Ways to show Multiplication
• Multiplication sign: 4 x 3 = 12
• Multiplication dot: 4 . 3 = 12
• Two sets of parentheses: (4)(3) = 12
• One set of parentheses: 4(3) = 12 or 3(4) = 12
• A number next to a variable (letter): 3a means 3 times a
• Two variables (letters) next to each other: ab means a times b
Ways to show Division
• Division sign: 10 ÷ 2 = 5
#%
• Faction bar: '
= 5 or 10/2 = 5
Order of Operations
• × & ÷ or + & - Whichever comes first left to right
Axioms
• Commutative law
𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎
𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎
𝑎−𝑏 ≠𝑏−𝑎
Axioms
• Associative law
𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑏+𝑎 +𝑐
𝑎× 𝑏×𝑐 = 𝑎×𝑏 ×𝑐
𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐
Axioms
• Distributive law
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
𝑎 + 𝑏 × 𝑐 ≠ 𝑎 + 𝑏 × (𝑎 + 𝑐)
Order of Operations
• Exercise
1. 16 + 4 x 3
2. 10 − 3×6 + 10! + (6 + 1)×4
Fractions
• A numerical quantity that is not a whole number
(
• , a is Numerator and b is Denominator
)
$
• 𝑎 < 𝑏 , is a Proper fraction – ex:
#*
"
• 𝑎 > 𝑏 , is an Improper fraction – ex:
'
Fractions
• Improper fraction
• Changing an improper fraction to a mixed number
• Changing mixed numbers to improper fractions
" #
• ex: = 2 - Mixed number
' '
# #
• ex: 2 = 2 + - Whole number + Fraction
' '
Fractions
• Factors
• Whole numbers that when multiplied together yeild the number
• ex: 10 = 2×5 and 10 = 1×10
• ex: What are the factors of 24?
• Multiples
• Numbers that is found by multiplying that number by 1,2,3,4,5,ect
• Ex: first seven multiples of 8: 8,16,24,32,40,48,56
Fractions
• Adding and Subtracting Fractions
• Adding and Subtracting Mixed numbers
• Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers
• Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers
• Simplify Fractions and Mixed numbers
Fractions
• Exercise
& ! *
1. Simplify '% − + × "
# # " $
2. Simplify * − 2 " × + + #%
# ' ! " '
3. Simplift 2 − ( + ) ÷ ( × )
' " * + !
Integers
• Integers: … -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3, …
• All the whole numbers with their oppostives
• Not fractions or decimals
• Addition of two integers of same sign
• Addition of two integers of different sign
• Substracting positive and/or negative integers
• Multiply and Divide integers
Integers
• Absolute value
• Numerical value when direction or sign is not considered
• Ex: |-8|= 8
• Ex: |3 – 9|
Integers
• Exercise !"
1. +11 + (–33) 8. #$
2. (–45) + (–15) 9. (–1 – 11)(13 – 5)
3. (+12) – (–8) 10. (+3) × (–2) × (–1) × (+4) × (–1)
4. (–15) – (–23) 11. |–3 – 4| + |–5 + 7|
5. 12 – (+24 – 8 + 7 – 9) 12. Which of the following has the greatest
6. –3 – (–2 + 4 – 6) absolute value? – 8 , – 4 , +2
7. (–4) × (–3)
Power and Exponents
• Positive exponent - Power to which the quantity is to be raised
• Ex: 2% = 2×2×2×2 = 16
• 2 is the base
• 4 is the index/power
• Negative exponent – Power to which the quantity is to be lowered
& &
• Ex: 4#! = %! = &'
Power and Exponents
• Laws of Exponents
• Multiply two numbers with exponent: 2(×2)
""
• Divide two numbers with exponent: "#
• Exponent is taken to another power: (4!)(
Power and Exponents
• Exercise
1. Simplify 5 0
2. Simplify 3 –3
3. 24×23
4. 7 12 ÷ 7 3
5. (3 2) 8
6. 83÷42
7. 63÷42
Square Roots and Cube Roots
• Square root: number that when multiplied by itself gives the original
number
• Ex: 25 = 5×5 = 5
• Cub root: number that when multiplied by itself twice gives the
original number
• Ex: 8 = 2×2×2 = 2 2
Square Roots and Cube Roots
• Simplify square roots
• Ex: 32 = 16×2 = 16× 2 = 4 2
• Exercise
1. Simplify 2016
2. Simplify 75
3. Simplify 15
Factorial Notation
• Factorial means that we multiply all the integers less than or equal to
chosen number
• If n is a positive integer, the notation 𝑛!
• 𝑛! = n(n-1)(n-2)…(3)(2)(1)
• 0! = 1
