3

CHAPTER

1
ELECTROSTATICS

distance between them and its direction is along the line

INTRODUCTION
joining the two charges.
The branch of physics, which deals with the study of charges q1 q2
at rest, the forces between the static charges, fields and
potentials due to these charges is called electrostatics or r
static electricity. q1q2 1 q1q2 kq1q2
F 2 =  2
r 4  0 r 2 r
ELECTRIC CHARGE
where, k is constant and also written as 1/4 0
The addition property of electrons, which gives rise to
electric force between two electrons is called electric charge. where 0 = Permittivity of free space
The SI unit of charge is coulomb (C). = 8.854 × 10–12C2N–1m –2.
Charge on electron (e) = 1.6 × 10–19 C. Coulomb’s Law in Vector Space: In Vector form of
There are two types of electric charge positive and Coulomb’s Law
negative commonly carried by protons and electrons  kq q
F12 = 12 2 rˆ21
respectively. Like charges repel each other and unlike r
charges attract each other. kq1q2 
or, = r
r3
CONSERVATION OF CHARGE where,
It states that for an isolated system, the net charge always F = Force between charges q1 and q2

remains constant. In any physical process, the charge it F12 = Force on q1 because of q2,
may get transferred from one part of the system to another, r = Distance between q1 and q2,
but net charge will always remain same. It means charge
can be neither be created nor destroyed.
r̂21 = Unit vector in the direction from 2 to 1
k = Constant of proportionality
In mechanics, the total linear momentum of an isolated
system always remains constant, the electric charge also = 9 × 109 Nm 2C–2
obeys a similar law. It is called law of conservation of Coulomb’s Law in Some Medium
charge.
1 q1q2
F= 
COULOMB’S LAW FORCES BETWEEN 4  r 2
TWO POINT CHARGES where,  = Permittivity of the medium = 0 r
r = Relative Permittivity of the medium
It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between If the medium is some insulating medium, then r is
two point charges is directly proportional to the product of also written as capital K and, then, it is called “Dielectric
the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the Constant” of the medium. The medium is called ‘dielectric’.
3
 4

Notes:
ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO
(i) This ‘K’ (Dielectric Constant) and the previous ‘k’.
(Constant of proportionality in the Coulomb’s Law)
A POINT CHARGE (q)
are different quantities. The first is capital K and the To find electric field at point P, place a vanishingly small
second is small k. positive test charge q0 at point p. According to Coulomb’s
(ii) Coulomb’s Law is a universal law, but it is applicable law, force on test charge q0 due to charge q0 is given by
only to point charges whether stationary or in motion.
Z
FORCES BETWEEN MULTIPLE CHARGES
The force acting on a charge is directly proportional to the F
magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the q0
square of the distance between them. The force acting on p (x , y , z )
a point charge due to multiple charges is given by the r
+q
vector sum of all individual forces acting on the charges.
O Y
1  q1q2 ˆ q1q2 q1q2 
i.e. Fin =  2 F12  2 rˆ13  ...  2 rˆln  X
4  0  r12 r13 rln 

q2 n
q1  1 q0
= r 2
rˆ1r F = 4   r 2 rˆ
4  0 j  2 1r
0

The magnitude of electric field at point p, is given by

SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE AND 1 q
CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION E=  2
4  0 r
It states that when a number of charges are interacting the
total force an a given charge is the vector sum of the forces kq
E=
acted on it by all other charges. r2
    
F0  F01  F02  F03  ....  F0 n  kq 
Continuous Charge Distribution: The continuous or, E = 3 r
r
charge distribution may be one-dimensional, two
dimensional or three dimentional. The charge distribution Near a Plane Sheet of Charge
called linear, surface and volume distributions respectively. 
E=
20
ELECTRIC FIELD
i.e., it does not depend upon the distance of the
It is the space around a charge in which if a test charge is
point from the sheet of charge.
placed, experiences some force which it would not have
experienced otherwise. So be sure, ‘electric field’ is the Near a Conducting Charged Plate
space around the charge in which any other charge is acted 
E=
upon by an electrostatic force. 0

Electric Field Strength (E) : The electric field strength q
at a point is the electric force per unit charge which a small  = Surface charge density of the sheet =
A
positive test charge will experience if placed there. It applies
Total charge on the sheet
only to a point. =
 Total area of the sheet
 F
E = Lim At a Distance r from a Charged Metal Sphere
q  0 q0
When the point is on or outside the sphere
where, kq
 E=
E = Electric Field Strength r2

F = Force experienced by the test charge When the point is inside the sphere:
q0 = test charge E= 0
The SI Unit of E is NC–1 Due to a Charged Non-metal Sphere
 5

When the point is outside the sphere where,

kq r = distance of the point from the centre of the
E= 2
r dipole
When the point is inside the sphere: p = dipole moment
kqr 2l = length of the dipole
E=
R3 If l << r, then
where, R = radius of the sphere 2kp 1
E= or, E  3
r3 r
On Equatorial Line of a Dipole
kp
E =
(r  l 2 )3 / 2
2

In the direction parallel to the axis of the dipole,

from positive towards negative poles.
If r >> l, then

kp
E=
r3
O R r At a point lying on a line making an angle
 with the dipole axis
On the Axis of a Uniformly Charged Circular Ring
kqr (3cos2   1)
E= = p
( R 2  r 2 )3 / 2 4  0

where, Force on the Surface of a Charged Conductor

R = radius of the ring
In a charged conductor, charge resides on its surface. As
r = distance of the point from the centre of the same nature charges repel each other, so the entire charged
ring surface experiences an outward force (F) all the time.
 E = 0, at the centre
2
R This force/unit surface area =
E is max. when r = ± 2 0
2
On the Axis of a Uniformly Charged Disc ELECTRIC FIELD LINES
  r  It is defined as the path straight or curved such that tangent
E=
20 1  2 2 
 (R  r )  to it any point gives the direction of electric field intensity
at that point. Infact, it is the path along which a unit a
At a Point Due to an Infinitely Long Line of Charge positive charge actually moves in electric field, if free to
 do so.
E=
2  0 r
E
where, Electric P
field line
 = linear charge density i.e., charge per unit length.
r = perpendicular distance of the point
On the Axis of a Dipole ELECTRIC DIPOLE
2kpr
E= A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by
 r 2  l 2 2 a certain distance is called an electric dipole.
 6

Electric Dipole moment is defined as the product of 1 Q

the magnitude of either change and the length of the electric V= 
4  0  r  t1  r  t2 
dipole.  1 2 
  esu and emu units of electrical & magnetic quantities.
p  q  2l

Dipole Placed in an Electric Field ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE


 = torque on the dipole The direction of electric field due to an electric dipole at
  a point on its axial line is same as that of the electric dipole
= pE
moment.
Potential Energy of the dipole Electric field on axial line of the electric dipole: At
 
= pE the point at a distance r from the centre of the dipole,
 1 2 pr
Note: The electric dipole moment p is directed from E= 
negative charge to the positive charge. 4  0 (r 2  a2 )2
For dipole of small length (2a << r),
Work Done in Rotating a Dipole in a Uniform
Electric Field 1 2p
 E= 
If the dipole is rotated through an angle  from its 4  0 r 3
equilibrium position in the field (which will be when the Electric field on equitorial line of the electric dipole:
axis of the dipole, i.e. the direction from its negative charge At the point at a distance r from the centre of the elecric
to its positive charge is the direction of the electric field), dipole,
then the total work done, W will be
 1 p
 E =  2
4  0 (r  a2 )3 / 2
W=  pE sin   d  For dipole of small lengh (2a << r)
0

= pE (1 – cos ) 1 p
 E=  .
where, p = dipole moment 2  0 r 3
E = Electric field strength
If the dipole is rotated through 90° i.e., it becomes TORQUE ON A DIPOLE IN A
perpendicular to the direction of field, then
UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD
W 90° = p.E
If it is rotated through 180°, then Consider a dipole with charges +q and –q forming a dipole
W 180° = 2p.E since they are a distance d away from each other. Let it be
placed in a uniform electric field of strength E such that the
Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole Placed axis of the dipole forms and angle  with the electric field.
in a Uniform Electric Field (U) 
For an electric dipole of dipole moment p placed in
It is defined as the work done in bringing the dipole from 
electric field E ,
infinity to inside the filed in the given orientation.
  
If dipole is parallel to the field, then,  = pE
U = –p.E  
If  be the angle between the directions of p and E,
If it is at angle 
the,  = pE sin .
U0 = –p.E cos 
If  = 90°, ELECTRIC FLUX
U90° = 0
The electric flux through a small surface is defined as the
Electric field intensity and potential at a point (t1 + t2)
electric lines force passing through that area, when normally
distance away from a charge Q such that up to t1 distance
to the lines of force.
medium has a relative permittivity r1 and then in t 2  
distance r2 .  E  ds = E ds cos  is called the electric flux through
1 Q (or passing through or linked with or cutting across) the
E=  surface ‘ds’,  being the angle between ‘the normal to the
4  0    t    t  2
 r1 1 r2 2 surface ‘ds’, and ‘direction of electric field’.
 7

The sign of these lines which are coming out of the

UNIFORMLY CHARGED INFINITE PLANE
closed surface is taken as (+) and of those going in as (–).
SHEET AND UNIFORMLY CHARGED
As far as counting, the number of lines is concerned,
q
THIN SPHERICAL SHELL
electric lines of the force are supposed to be emanating Electric Field due to an Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge:
0
from a charge q when placed in free space. Consider an infinite sheet thin plane sheet of positive
charge having a uniform surface charge density () on both
If there is no net charge placed within the closed sides of the sheet. By symmetry, it follows that the electric
surface, the total electric flux linked with the surface will
field is perpendicular to the plane sheet of charge and
be zero.
direction outward direction.

GAUSS’S LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS Then, electric field, E =
2 0
It states that the surface integral of the electric field along
The magnitude of the electric field at a point due to
any closed surface is proportional to the charge contained
an infinite plane sheet of charge is independent of its
by the closed surface, i.e.,
distance from the sheet of charge.
  q
 E  ds  0 Electric Field due to two Infinite Plane Parallel Sheets
of Charge: In case of two infinite plane sheets of charge
Hence, Gauss’s theorem may be stated as below: having equal and opposite surface charge densities, the
If a closed surface encloses a charges, then surface field is non-zero only in the space between the two sheets
integral of the electric field (due to enclosed charge) over and it is constant i.e., uniforms Further, the field is in
1 dependent of the distance between the infinite plane sheets
the closed surface is equal to  times the charged enclosed. of charge.
0
The electric field is given by
Applications of Gauss’s Law 
 E=
(i) The electric field E is resulting from all charge, 0
both inside and those outside the Gaussian surface. Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged Spherical
  Shell:
(ii) The electric in   E.d A is complete electric field. It
may be partly due to charge with in the surface and (i) When point P lies outside the spherical shell: Draw
the gaussian surface through point P. It will be a
partly due to charge outside the surface. However, if 
these is no charge enclosed in the Gaussian surface, spherical shell of radius r and centre O. Let E be the
then electric field at point P due to charge of on the
  spherical shell.
 E.d A = 0 E
(iii) If a closed body is placed in an electric field (either +q
P
uniform or non-uniform) total flux linked with it ds
will be zero. Rr
Charged
Electric Field due to Infinitely Long Uniformly O Spherical
Shell
Straight Wire
Let us consider an uniformly charged wire of infinite length
Gaussian
having a constant linear charge density (). A cylinder of Surface
length (l), radius (r) closed at each end by plane caps
normal to the axis is chosen as Gaussian surface. Consider  Total electric flux through the gaussian surface,
a very small area ds on the Gaussian surface. By symmetry,  = E . 4r2
the magnitude of the electric field will be the same at all Since the charge enclosed by the gaussian surface q,
points on the surface
 of the cylinder and directed radially
 then from Gauss’ law.
outward E and ds are along the same direction.
1 q
By Gauss’s law, the field due to infinitely long straight E= (for r > R) [ q = 4R2]
wire is, 4  0 r 2
  R2
E= =   2 (for r > R)
2  0 r 0 r
 8

(ii) When point P lies on the surface of spherical shell: (ii) On the axis of a dipole
According to Gauss’s theorem kp
V= 2
1 q r
E=  2 (for r = R) (iii) A point on the equatorial axis of the dipole
4  0 R
V = zero
Since q = 4R2
(iv) At a point on a line inclined at an angle  with the
Then, electrical field, axis of a dipole and passing through the mid-point
 of dipole.
E =  (for r = R) kp cos 
0 V=
(r  l 2 cos )
2

(iii) When point P lies inside the spherical Shell: The where, 1 = half the length of dipole.
gaussian surface through point P will not enclose
If r >> l, then
any charge and hence according to Gauss’s theorem kp cos 
0 V=
E × 4r2 = 2 r2
r (v) On the axis of a charged ring
 E = 0. (for r < R) kq
V=
Thus, at a point inside the charged spherical shell, (R  r 2 )1/ 2
2

electric field is zero. where,

R = radius of charged ring
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ITS r = distance of the point from the centre of
CALCULATION FOR A POINT CHARGE charged ring
The electric potential at a point is an elecric field is defined q = total charge on ring
as the amount of work done per unit positive test charge k = Proportionally constant of Coulomb’s Law.
in moving the test charge from infinity to that point against (vi) Due to uniformly charged conducting sphere
the electrostatic force due to the field. (a) This sphere behaves like a point charge placed
1 q at its centre for all points lying on it’s surface
i.e., V= and outside
4  0 r
kq
It is a scalar quantity. It’s unit is volt (V) and dimensions V=
r
are [ML2T–3A–1].
(b) For all points within the sphere, potential is
Potential Gradient: Potential gradient between two same and is
points is the rate of change of potential as we go from one
kq
point to another V=
R
 dV
E = –   Electric Field at its centre = zero.
dr where, R is the radius of the sphere.
Electric Field Strength at a point is equal to negative (vii) Due to uniformly charged non-conducting sphere
of the potential gradient at that point.
(a) This sphere too behaves like a point charged
(–) sign indicates that the direction of E is opposite to placed at its centre for all points lying on its
the direction in which potential is increasing, i.e., the surface and outside
direction of field is towards the point having smaller kq
potential. V=
r
Potential at a Point Due to Different Charges (b) For points within the sphere
(i) Due to a point charge (q) at a point at distance r kq(3R 2  r 2 )
V=
kq 2R 3
V=  Potential at its centre.
r
where, 3kq
V=
K = Proportionality constant in the equation of 2R
Coulomb’s law. where, R is the radius of the sphere.
 9

The work done in bringing the two charges to their

ELECTRIC DIPOLE AND
respective positions in stored as the potential energy of the
SYSTEM OF CHARGES configuration of two charges i.e.,
A dipole is a pair of opposite charges with equal magnitudes 1 . q1q2
separated by a distance ‘d’. The electric potential due to a U = 4  r
0 12
point charge q at a distance of r from that charge is given by
P CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Conductors: The elements, in which the valence shell is
r filled less than half, are found to be good conductors. For
example, in metals such as copper, aluminium, silver etc.
N
the valence shell contains three or less electrons.
–q  +q There is net flow of electrons through the metal. It is
A B found that as the strength of the applied electric field is
increased, more and more free electrons cross through a
M section of the metal. As such, the metals are termed as
a a
conductor for electricity.
1 p cos 
V=  Insulators: The materials which do not have free
4  0 (r 2  a 2 cos2 )
electrons in them are unable to conduct electricity and are
The electric potential due to the dipole in the following termed as insulators. An insulator may behave in the
two cases: following two ways.
(i) When point P lies on the axial line of the dipole: 1. It may not conduct electricity through it and as such
In this case, it is called insulator.
 = 0° and cos  = cos 0° = 1 2. It may not conduct electricity through it but on
1 p applying electric field, induced charges are produced
 Vaxial =  2 (for a << r)
4  0 (r  a 2 ) on its faces. Such an insulator is called dielectric.
1 p The dielectrics do not conduct electricity. On applying
=  2 electric field, induced charges of opposite kinds develop
4  0 r
on their opposite faces.
(ii) When point p lies on the equatorial line of the
dipole: In such case, DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRIC POLARIZATION
 = 90° and cos = cos 90° = 0
Dielectrics: Dielectrics are insulating (non-conducting)
 Vequi = 0.
materials which transmits electric effect without conducting.
These are two types
EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES
1. Polar dielectrics: A polar molecule has permanent
It is any surface on which potential is same everywhere. 
Work done in moving a charge (any charge) from any point electric dipole moment ( P) is the absence of electric
to any point on the equipotential surface is zero. field. But polar dielectric has net dipole moment
Two equipotential surfaces never intersect each other. zero in the absence of electric field. In the presence
of the electric field polar molecules tends to line up
Electric lines of force, whether emanating from or
in the direction of electric field and the substance
entering into an equipotential surface, are always normal to
has finite dipole moment. CO2, NH3, HCl etc. are
the equipotential surface.
made of polar molecules.
Closer the two equipotential surfaces having the same
potential difference, more is the electric field between them. 2. Non-polar dielectric: In non-polar molecules, each
molecule has zero dipole moment in its normal state.
ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A Benzene, methane etc. are made of non-polar
molecules.
SYSTEM OF TWO POINT CHARGES IN
Electric Polarisation: Electric polarisation occurs,
AN ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
when a non-polar substance placed between two parallel
The electrical potential energy of a system of point charges plates with an applied electric field. The electric field tends
is defined as the work required to be done to bring the to attract the negatively charged electron particles on clouds
charges constituting the system to their respective locations towards the positive plate and positive charge nucleus
from infinity. towards a negative plate.
2731 (Physics)—2
 10

CAPACITOR (CAPACITANCES) q q
But C= 
A capacitor is a combination of two conductors (with any V 1 q

geometry) isolated from each other so that they can be 4 0 R
given equal but opposite charge. The conductors of a = 40 R
capacitor are called plates. (Whether they are spherical,
cylindrical or even rolled sheets, the conductors are still Capacitance of Spherical Capacitor
called plates.) If the charge q is given to the inner spherical conductor it
A simple capacitor consists of a pair of parallel plates spreads over the outer surface of it and a charge –q appears
of area is separated by a small distance d. A capacitor is on the inner surface of the shell. The electric field is
represented by the symbol + – . produced only between the two. Here
The charge stored in a capacitor is given by q  1 1
Q = CV V=   
4 0  a b 
Where, V is the potential difference between two
plates. The constant C is called the capacitance of the q  ab 
or C=  4 0 
capacitor. The capacitance depends on the particular V  b  a 
geomerty of the two conductors consitituting the capacitor.
–q
Capacitance does not depend on the charge nor on the
potential difference V. +q
The unit of capacitance is the farad (F).
C a
1F = 1
V
Coulomb
Farad = b
Volt
In SI system, unit of capacitor is farad and its
dimensions is [A2T4M –1L–2]. COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS IN
SERIES AND PARALLEL
Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor
Series Combination of Capacitors: Let three capacitors
When a charge q is given to a conductor, it spreads over
are connected in series as shown in figure. Let their
the outer surface of the conductor. The whole conductor
capacitances be C1, C2 and C 3. The total potential difference
comes to the same potential.
across V between the point A and B is the potential
According to Coulomb’s law,
difference across each capacitor.
Potential  charge
+Q –Q +Q –Q +Q –Q
1 A C1 C2 C3 B
or V  q or V =
q
C
V1 V2 V3
Where C is a constant called capacitance of the
conductors. V
q The charge on each plate has same magnitude Q. A
q = CV or C =
V single equivalent capacitor that can be placed between
points A and B to maintain same potential difference would
Capacitance of a Spherical Conductor
have capacitance Ceq where,
When a charge q is given to a spherical conductor of radius
Q = Ceq. V
R, the potential on its is
+ +
+ V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 ...(i)
+
+
+

Q = C1V 1 = C2V 2 = C3V 3 = C4V 4.

+

+ + + +
+ + + +

So we substitute for V1, V2, V3 and V 4 and V into

equation (i), we get
R
+

Q Q Q Q Q
+

=   
+

+ + + C eq . C1 C 2 C3 C 4
+ +
1 q
V= 
4 0 R
 11

1 1 1 1 1 +q –q
=   
C eq . C1 C 2 C 3 C 4 + –
+ –
The equivalent capacitance Ceq. is smaller than the + –
smallest contributing capacitance. + Air –
Parallel Combination of Capacitors: Consider a + –
collection of three capacitors in parallel as shown in the
figure.
Q Q Q d
C1 = 1 , C 2  2 , C 3  3 B A
V V V
+Q 1 –Q 1
q 0 A
C1 C= 
V d
If instead of air some other insulator of dielectric
+Q 2 –Q 2
A C2 B constant K is inserted between the plates then the
capacitance becomes K times that of air.
+Q 3 –Q 3 i.e., Cmedium = KCair
C3
Charges are not stored by a parallel plate capacitor but
V
only the electric energy is stored in the form of potential
The magnitude of charge on each plate of the
energy. The total charge in a capacitor is zero.
equivalent capacitor must be
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 ENERGY STORED IN CAPACITOR
Ceq.V = C1V + C2V + C3V + C4V
Work has to be done in charging a conductor against the
Ceq. = C1 + C2 + C3+ C4 force of repulsion by already existing charge on it. The
The equivalent capacitance is the sum of the individual work is stored as potential energy in the electric field of the
capacitances. conductor. Let a conductor of capacity C is charged to a
potential V and let q be the charge on the conductor at this
CAPACITANCE OF PARALLEL instant.
PLATE CAPACITOR Hence, stored potential energy,
Let, A = Area of each plate, d = separation between plates, 1 1 q2 1
U = CV 2   qV
then its capacitance, 2 2 C 2

EXERCISE
1. n small drops of the same size are charged to V volt A. 80 units B. 100 units
each. If they coalesce to form a single large drop, C. 120 units D. 150 units
then its potential will be 4. An electric cell does 5 joule of work in carrying 10
V coulomb charge around the closed circuit. The
A. B. Vn electromotive force of the cell is
n
C. Vn 1/3 D. Vn 2/3 1
A. 2 volt B. volt
2. Two conducting spheres of radii r1 and r2 are equally 2
charged. The ratio of their potentials is C. 4 volt D. 1 volt
5. A tin nucleus has charge + 50 e. If the proton is at
r12 r22 10–12 m from the nucleus, then the potential at this
A. B.
r22 r12 position is (charge on proton is 1.6 × 10–19 C)
r1 r2 A. 14.4 × 104 V B. 7.2 × 104 V
C. r D. r C. 7.2 × 10 V8 D. 14.4 × 108 V
2 1
6. The electric potential at the surface of an atomic
3. If the electric field is given by 6iˆ  3 ˆj  4 kˆ, determine nucleus (Z = 50) of radius 9.0 × 10–15 m is
the electric flux through a surface of area 20 units A. 80 volt B. 8 × 106 volt
lying in yz plane. C. 9 volt D. 9 × 105 volt
 12

7. A proton has a mass of 1.67 × 10–27 kg and charge 16. The radius of a charged metal sphere R is 10 cm and
1.6 × 10–19 C. If the proton be accelerated through a its potential is 300 V. Find the charge density on the
potential difference of one million volts, then the KE surface of the sphere.
is: A. 2 × 10–3 cgs esu B. 4 × 10–3 cgs esu
A. 1.6 × 10–15 J B. 1.6 × 10–13 J –3
C. 6 × 10 cgs esu D. 8 × 10–3 cgs esu
C. 1.6 × 10 J–25 D. 3.2 × 10–13 J 17. If a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it acquires a positive
8. Electrons are caused to fall through a potential charge because
difference of 1500 volt. If they were initially at rest, A. protons are added to it
their final speed is: B. protons are removed from it
A. 4.6 × 107 ms–1 B. 2.3 × 107 ms–1 C. electrons are added to it
2
C. 0.23 × 10 ms –1 D. 5.1 × 1.9 ms–1 D. electrons are removed from it
9. If the force exerted by a small spherical charged object 18. What is the area of the plates of a 2F parallel capacitor,
on another charged object at 8.00 cm is 2.0 N. What given that the separation between the plates is 0.5
will be the force exerted when the second object is cm?
moved to 4.0 cm? A. 0.53 × 108 m 2 B. 1.01 × 108 m 2
C. 2.13 × 10 m8 2 D. 1.13 × 109 m 2
A. 4 N B. 8 N
C. 16 N D. 2 N 19. The following figure shows contours of potential
10. In bringing an electron towards another electron, the distribution. At which point out of P, Q and R is the
electrostatic potential energy of system: electric field strength is minimum?
A. Increases B. Decreases
C. Becomes zero D. Remains unchanged
11. A spherical droplet having a potential of 2.5 V is
obtained as a result of merging of 125 identical P Q R
droplets. Find the potential of constituent droplet.
A. 0.4 V B. 0.5 V
C. 0.2 V D. 0.1 V 10 V 20 V 30 V 40 V
A. P B. Q
12. A hollow metallic sphere of radius 12 cm has been
C. R D. cannot be determined
given a charge 8 × 10 –7 coulomb. The electric
potential at a point 9 cm from the centre of the sphere 20. Two metal balls of radii 5 cm and 4 cm are charged
is to the same potential, the surface densities of charge
 8  10 7   8  10 7  on the two spheres are in the ratio
A. 9  10 9  V B. 9  10 9  V A. 4 : 5 B. 5 : 4
 0.09   (0.09) 2 
C. 16 : 25 D. 25 : 16
 8  10 7  21. If an electron has an initial velocity in a direction
C. 9  10 9  V D. zero
 0.12  different from that of an electric field, the path of the
13. The insulation property of air breaks down at intensity electron is
of electric field 3 × 106 V/m. The maximum charge A. a straight line B. a circle
that can be given to a sphere of diameter 5 m is C. an ellipse D. a parabola
A. 2 × 10–2 C B. 2 × 10–3 C 22. To move a unit positive charge from one point to
C. 2 × 10 C–4 D. 2 × 10–5 C another on an equipotential surface
14. 1 g of solid, there are 5 × 1021 atoms. If one electron A. work is done by the charge
is removed from every one atom of the solid, the B. work is done on the charge
charge gained by the solid in 1 mg is C. no work is done
A. 0.08 C B. 0.8 C D. work done is a constant
C. –0.08 C D. –0.8 C 23. As one penetrates a uniformly charged conducting
15. The potential difference between two points if 2J of sphere, the electric field strength E
work must be done to move a 4 mC charge from one A. increases
point to another is B. decreases
A. 50 V B. 500 V C. remains the same as at the surface
C. 5 V D. 5000 V D. is zero at all points
 13

24. The surface density on a solid steel sphere of radius 32. Four charges are arranged P Q
at the corners of squares –q +iq
r is . What is the electric field strength on its surface?
  PQRS, as shown in fig. The
A. k B. force on the positive
0 r 0
charge kept at centre O is
 2 A. along the diagonal QS
C. D. –iq +q
0 r 0 B. along the diagonal PR S R
25. Two free protons are kept at a distance of 1Å. and C. perpendicular to side
released, then the K.E. of each proton when at infinite PQ
separation is D. Zero
A. 5.6 × 10–12 joule B. 11.5 × 10–19 joule 33. On moving a charge 20 C by 2 cm, 2J of work is
C. 23 × 10 –19 joule D. 46 × 10–19 joule done, then the potential difference between the points
is
26. A system has two charges q A = 2.5 × 10 –7C and
A. 0.3 V B. 0.1 V
qB = –2.5 × 10–7 C are located at a points A (0, 0,
C. 0.8 V D. 0.4 V
–15 cm) and B (0, 0, + 15 cm) respectively. The
electric dipole moment of the system is 34. If the force between the electron in the first Bohr orbit
A. 7.5 × 10–8 cm B. 3.5 × 10–7 cm and the nucleus (proton) in hydrogen atom is F, then
–8 the force between them, when the electron is in the
C. 1.5 × 10 cm D. 0.15 × 10–8 cm
second orbit is
27. An oil drop of 12 excess electrons is held stationary
under a constant electric field of 2.55 × 104 NC–1 in F F
A. B.
millikan’s oil drop experiment. The density of oil is 12 16
1.26 gcm –3. Find the radius of the drop F F
(Given g = 9.8 m/sec2, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C) C. D.
2 4
A. 3.57 × 10–7 m B. 9.81 × 10–7 m
–7 35. Two charges q and –3q are placed fixed on X-axis
C. 1.81 × 10 m D. 0.81 × 10–7 m
separated by distance ‘d’. Where should a third change
28. The potential difference applied on X-ray tube is 5kV zq be placed such that, it will not experience any
and connect through it is 3.2 mA. Then, the number force
of electrons striking the target per second is d
A. 1 × 1016 B. 4 × 1017 A. 1  3  to the left of q
16
2
C. 2 × 10 D. 3 × 1015
B. d 1  3  to the right of q
29. Two equal point charges are fixed at x = –a and
d
x = ±a on the x-axis. Another point charge Q is placed C. 1  3  to the right of q
at the origin. The change in electrical potential energy 4
d
of Q. When it is displaced by a small distance x-along D. 1  3  to the left of q
the x-axis is near proportional to 3
A. x –2 B. x 2 36. Two copper balls each weighing 10 g are kept in air
C. x D. x 1/2 10 cm apart. If one electron from every 10 6 atoms is
30. The ratio of the coulomb forces between two small transferred from one ball to the other ball, the coulomb
sphere carrying constant charge when placed at a force between them is (atomic wt. of copper is 63.5)
given distance (a) in air (b) in a medium of dielectric A. 2 × 106 N B. 2 × 108 N
C. 2 × 10 N7 D. 2 × 109 N
constant k
A. l : k2 B. k : 1 37. Three charges each of magnitude q are placed at the
C. 1 : k D. k2 : 1 corners of an equilateral triangle, the electrostatic
31. Under the influence of the coulomb field of charge force on the charge placed at the centroid is (each
+Q, a charge –q is moving around in it an elliptical side of triangle is L)
orbit. Find out the correct statement (s) 1 q2 1 2q 2
A. The linear momentum of charge –q is constant A. B.
4 0 L2 4  0 L2
B. The angular momentum of charge –q is constant
C. The linear speed of the charge –q is constant 1 2q 2
D. The angular velocity of the charge –q is constant C. D. Zero
6  0 2 L2
 14

38. A particle ‘A’ having a charge of 2 × 10–8 C and a 46. The ratio of electrostatic and gravitational force acting
mass of 100 g is fixed at a bottom of smooth inclined between electron and proton separated by a distance
plane of inclination 30°. Where should another 5 × 10–11 m, will be charge one = 1.6 × 10–19 C, mass
particle , having same charge and mass be placed on of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg, mass of p+ = 1.6 ×
the inclined so that it remains in equilibrium? 10–27 kg and G = 6.7 × 10–11 Nm 2/kg2
A. 27 cm B. 22 cm A. 1.37 × 1037 B. 1.76 × 1019
C. 26 cm D. 31 cm C. 2.98 × 10 22 D. 3.54 × 1016
39. Two identical conductors of Cu and Al are placed in 47. Four point charges –Q, –q, 2q and 2Q are placed, one
an identical electric field. The magnitude of induced of the each corner of square. The relation between Q
charge in the Al will be and q for which the potential at the centre of the
A. equal to Cu B. zero square is zero is
C. less than Cu D. greater than Cu
1 1
40. Two identical particles each of mass 10 g and carrying A. B. 
a charge 2.0 × 10–4 C each are kept at a seperation of q q
10 cm and then released. What would be the speed C. q D. –q
of the particles, when separation becomes large? 48. A ball with charge –50 e is placed at the centre of
A. 500 m/s B. 300 m/s hollow spherical shell which carries a net charge of
C. 600 m/s D. 400 m/s –50 e. The charge on the shell in outer surface is
41. Two identical charges repel each other with a force A. –100 e B. –50 e
equal to 10 mg wt, when they are 0.6 m apart in air, C. +100 e D. 0
g = 10 m/sec2. The value of each charge is
49. A ring of radius r carries a charge Q uniformly
A. 3 µC B. 5 µC
distributed over its length. A charge q is placed at its
C. 2 µC D. 6 µC
centre will experience a force equal to
42. If a body gives out 109 electrons every second, how qQ
much time is required to get the total charge of 1 C A. 0 B.
4 0 r 2
from it?
A. 132.32 years B. 198.18 years 2 qQ qQ
C. D.
C. 215.05 years D. 98.34 years 3 0 r 2
6 0 r 2
43. Two point charges placed at a certain distance r in air 50. An infinite number of charge, each of charge 1µC are
exert a force F on each other. Then the distance r at placed on X-axis with co-ordinates x = 1, 2, ..... If
which these charges will exert the same force in a a charge of 1C is kept at the origin, then the net force
medium of dielectric constant k is given by acting on 1C charge is
r
A. r k B. A. 1 × 104 N B. 3.5 × 104 N
k 4
C. 1.2 × 10 N D. 4.0 × 104 N
r 51. A polythene piece rubbed with wool is formed to
C. r D.
k have a negative charge of –3 × 10–7 C. The number
44. Two particles of equal mass m and charge q are palced of electrons transferred from the wool to polythene is
at a distance of 16 cm. They do not experience any A. 1.8 × 1012 B. 1.9 × 1015
q C. 1.5 × 1013 D. 1.8 × 1010
force. The value of is
m 52. A copper ball 1 cm in diameter is immersed in oil
A. 4  0 G B. 2  0 G with a density 800 kgm –3. What is the charge of ball,
if the ball moves downwards with constant speed
C. 3 0 G D. 5 0 G with homogeneous electric field it is applied in oil?
45. Equal charges q are placed at each of A, B, C, and D The electric field is directed vertically upward and its
of a square of side length ‘a’. The magnitude of force intensity E = 36000 V/m and density of Cu = 8600
on the charge at B will be kgm –3.
A. 3.6 × 10–6C B. 3.2 × 10–7C
1 2 2  q2  1  q2 C. 2.1 × 10 C–9 D. 1.1 × 10–8C
A.   B.  1  
 2  4  a2  2  4  0 a2
0 53. Two point charges repel each other with a force 100 N.
q 2
q 2 One of the charges increased by 10% and other is
C. 1  2  2
D.  2  2  reduced by 10%. The new force of repulsion at the
4  0 a 4  0 a2 same distance would be
 15

A. 101 N B. 100 N K 2
C. 99 N D. 110 N A. zero B.
 0 g
54. The two charges identical metal spheres A and B
2  2 (K  1)
repel each other with a force 3 × 10 –5N. Another C. K g D.
identical uncharged sphere C is touched with A and 0 K 0 g
then placed at the mid point A and B, Net force on 59. A capacitor of capacitance 1F withstands a maximum
C is voltage of 6 kV, w hile another capacitor of
A. 3 × 10–5 N B. 1 × 10–5 N capacitance 2 F, the maximum voltage 4 kV. If they
C. 2 × 10 N–5 D. 11.5 × 10–5 N are connected in series, the combination can with
55. Two point charges +3 µC and +8 µC repel each other stand a maximum of
with a force of 40 N. If a charge of –5 µC is added to A. 6 kV B. 4 kV
each of them, then the force between them will become C. 10 kV D. 9 kV
A. 20 N B. 15 N
60. The capacity of a parallel plate air capacitor is 10 F
C. 18 N D. 10 N
and is given a charge of 40 C. The electrical energy
56. A parallel plate capacitor is connected to a battery. stored in the capacitor (in erg) is
The plates are pulled apart with uniform speed. If x A. 500 B. 800
is the separation between the plates then rate of C. 900 D. 200
change of electrostatic energy of the capacitor is
61. An air capacitor is given a charge of 2 C raising its
proportional to
potential to 200 V. If on inserting a dieletric medium,
A. x 2 B. x
its potential falls to 50 V, what is the dielectric
1 1 constant of the medium?
C. D.
x x2 A. 1 B. 2
57. The charge on C1 capacitor and potential difference C. 3 D. 4
across points A and B is 62. An electric dipole is formed by + 6 C and –6 C
+ – 10 V charges at 5 mm distance. The dipole moment is
A. 2 × 10–7C m B. 3 × 10–8C m
–6
C. 2.5 × 10 C m D. 4 × 10–7C m
C2 = 4F
C1
63. An electric dipole of dipole moment 4 × 10–5C m is
A B
placed in a uniform electric field of 10–3 NC–1 making
5 F
an angle of 30° from the direction of electric field.
C3 = 6F Then, the torque exerted by the electric field on the
50 33 10 100 dipole is
A. C, V B. C, V A. 1.5 × 10–7 Nm B. 0.5 × 10–8 Nm
6 9 3 3
C. 2 × 10–8 Nm D. 2.8 × 10–7 Nm
C. 50C, 5V D. 0, 0
64. The electric potential at 0.1 m from a point charge is
58. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and
50 V. What is the magnitude of the charge?
separation between the plates d, is submerged into a
non-conducting liquid of dielectric constant K, and 5 9 1 8
A.  10 C B.  10 C
density . If the capacitor plates get charges of charge 9 3
density , then for the idealized situation shown in 3 7 5 8
C.  10 C D.  10 C
figure, the height h of the level of liquid that rises in 7 9
the capacitor is: 65. A box encloses an electrical dipole consisting of
charge 5 C and –5 C and of length 10 cm. What
is the total electric flux through the box?
+ A. 0 B. 
C. 10 D. 100
d
66. The electric flux through each face of a hollow cube
h of side 10 cm, if a charge of 8.854 C is placed at its
centre is
–
A. 2.13 × 105 Nm 2C–1 B. 1.67 × 105 Nm 2C–1
C. 0.13 × 106 Nm 2C–1 D. 3.05 × 104 Nm 2C–1
 16

67. A capacitor charged from a 50 V dc supply is found

to have a charge of 10 C. What is energy stored in
a capacitor? E E
A. 1.2 × 10–4 J B. 2.0 × 10–3 J C. D.
–4
C. 2.5 × 10 J D. 4.0 × 10–3 J
68. The potential at a point 0.1 m from an isolated point R r Rr
charge is +100 V. What is the nature and magnitude
70. A uniformly charged this spherical shell of radius R
of the point charge?
carries uniform surface charge density of  per unit
A. 1.11 × 10–9C (Positive)
area. It is made of two hemispherical shells, held
B. 2.11 × 10–9C (Negative)
C. 0.14 × 10–8C (Negative) together by pressing them with force (in fig.), F is
D. 2.51 × 10–9C (Positive) proportional to

69. In a uniformly charged sphere of total charge Q and

radius R, the electric field E is plotted as a function
of distance from the centre. The graph which would F F
correspond will be

E 1 1 2 2
E
A.  R B.   R
A. B. 0 0

1  1 2
C.  R 2 D.  2
R R r 0 0 R

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D C B B B B B B A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D C B B B D D D B A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D C D B B A B C B B
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
B A B B A B D A A C
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
C B B A A B D A A C
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A D C A D D A D D B
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
D B C A A B C A C B

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS
4 4 q
1. As, n r 3 = R 3 , R = n1/ 3 r 2. As, V1 =
3 3 4  0 r1
q
 V= ; q
4  0 r and V2 =
nq nq 4 0 r2
V =  V1
40 R 40 n1/ 3r r
 = 2
V2 r1
 V = n2/3 V
 17

 11. We have, V.n2/3 = 2.5

3. Given, E = 6iˆ  3 ˆj  4 k̂
or, V.(125)2/3 = 2.5
The area vector denoted the surface of area 20 units
or, 25V = 2.5, or V = 0.1 V
is yz plane.
 12. We have, Vinside = Von
S = 20 iˆ
  1 q 8  10 7
 Electric flux,  = E . S = = 9 × 109 × V
4  0 r 0.12
 
= 6iˆ  3 ˆj  4 kˆ .20 iˆ
13. As, E=
Q
= 120 units. 4  0 R 2
4. We have, W = QV Q 9  10 9  Q
3 × 106 = = 2
1 4  0 R 2  5
 5 = 10 × V  V = volt  
2 2
25  3  10 6
1  Q  Q= = 2 × 10–3 C
5. Potential =   4  9  10 9
4  0  r 
14. As, Q = ne = 5 × 1021 × 1.6 × 10–19 × 10–3C = 0.8 C
9  10 9  50  1.6  10 19 15. As, dW = qdV
= V
10 12 2 = 4 × 10–3dV
= 7.2 × 104 V 2
 dV =  10 3  500 V
4
Q
6. As, V= 16. We have, 300 V = 1 stat volt
4  0 r
Q Q
Ze = =1 { K = 1 in CGS esu}
= R 10
4  0 r Q = 10 stat coulomb
Q 10
As, = 
9  10 9  50  1.6  10 19 4 R 2
4 (10)2
= V
9  10 15 1
 = 8 × 10–3 c.g.s. esu.
= 8 × 106 V 40
1 2 17. When electrons are removed from metal plate, it
7. As, KE = mv = eV becomes deficit of electrons and hence positively
2
charged Q must be negative.
= 1.6 × 10–19 × 106
= 1.6 × 10–13 J. 18. Given, C = 2F, d = 0.5 cm = 0.5 × 10–2 m
0 A
1 2 As, C=
8. Use eV = mv d
2
Cd 2  0.5  10 2
or A= =
2eV 0 8.854  10 12
 v=
m = 1.13 × 109 m 2
19. The electric field lines are perpendicular to
2  1.6  10 19  1500 equipotential surfaces. Hence, one of them will be
= m/s
9  10 31 somewhat as shown by dotted line. Further,
= 2.3 × 107 ms–1.
9. Distance changes from 8 cm to 4 cm, i.e., distance is
halved force becomes 4 times, hence new force is A B C D
8 N. P R
Q
10. Work has to be done agaist the force as repulsion in
bringing an electron towards another electron. This
increases the electrostatic potential energy of system. 10 V 20 V 30 V 40 V
2731 (Physics)—3
 18

 dV Electric dipole moment

E= P = Charge × AB
dr
10 = 2.5 × 10–7 × (30 × 10–2) = 7.5 × 10–8 m.
 EP = 
AB 27. Given, n = 12, E = 2.55 × 1014 V/m
10  = 1.26 gcm –3 = 1.26 × 103 kg/m 3
EQ = 
BC As the drop is stationary
10  Weight of droplet = force due to electric field
ER = 
CD 4
As BC > AB as well as CD, = Ene
3r 3g
 EQ is minimum.
3 E ne 3  2.55  10 4  12  1.6  10 19
q1 q q1 5 r3 = =
20. As, = 2  = 4g 4  3.14  1.26  10 3  9.8
5 4 q2 4
 r = 9.8 × 10–7 m.
1 q1 q2
= q ne i  t 3.2  10 3
2 4 (5)2 4 (4)2 28. As, i =  n=  = 2 × 1016.
t t e 1.6  10 19
q1 42 5 42 4 16
=  2   2 = Q
q2 5 4 5 5 25 29. q q initial position
x = –a x = +a
21. Uniform motion in one direction and uniformly
Q
accelerated motion at right angles to it gives a q q
parabola. x = –a x x = +a

22. dW = qdV Final position x = –a

V = constant, dV = 0 2Qq
PE at Q, Ui = ...(i)
dW = 0 4 0 a
23. Electric intensity at a point distant d from a dipole is Final PE of Q is
inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. Qq  1 1 
Uf = 
kQ 1   4 r 2
 4  0  a  x a  x 
24. As, E = =  =
r2 4 0 r2 0 Qq  a  x  a  x 
=
25. P.E. of protons at 1Å = K.E. of 2 protons at . 4  0  a 2  x 2 
(e)(e) 2Qqa
= (K.E. of each proton) × 2 Uf = ...(ii)
4  0 r 4 0 (a2  x 2 )
9  10 9  (1.6  10 19 ) 2 2Qq  a 1
K.E. of each proton = Now, U = Uf – Ui = 
2  1  10 10 4  0  a 2  x 2 a 
= 11.5 × 10–19 joule.
2Qq  a 2  a 2  x 2 
26. Two charges q A and q B are located at point =  
4  0  a( a 2  x 2 ) 
A(0, 0, –15) and (0, 0, 15) on z-axis shown in Fig.
z 2Qq x2
= ,
4  0 a(a  x 2 )
2
B (0, 0, 15)
2Qqx 2
–qB U =
4 0 a3
x
 U  x 2
+qA q1 q2
y 30. Given, Fa = ...(i)
A (0, 0, –15) 4  0 r 2
q1q2
q = qA + qB Fb = ...(ii)
= 2.5 × 10–7 – 2.5 × 10–7 cm = 0 k 4  0 r 2
= AB = 15 + 15 = 30 cm = 30 × 10–2 m From (i) & (ii), we get Fa : Fb = k : 1
2731 (Physics)—3-II
 19

31. A torque about Q of charge –q is zero, then angular Q = 9.48 × 1016 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 0.015C
momentum of charge –q is constant but distance  Force of attraction between the two balls
between charges is changing, so force is changing.
(0.015) 2
Therefore, the velocity and speed are also changing. F = 9 × 109 ×  2  108 N.
(0.1) 2
32. There is positive charge at O. The resultant force due
  
to the charges placed at P and Q is zero and resultant 37. From the figure, we see F  FB  FC and are
force due charge at Q and S is towards S along the
equally inclined with each other. Thus, the resultant
diagonal QS.
force will be zero.
33. The potential difference between two points in an
Aq
W
electric field is VA – VB =
q0
Where, W is work done by moving charge q0 from the
FB FC
point A to B.
Given, W = 2J, q0 = 20 C q
 B C
 VA – VB = = 0.1 V FA
20
38. The forces acting on charge B are shown in fig.
1 q1q2 1 q1q2 Resolving perpendicular and parallel to the inclined
34. As, F= and F1 =
4  0 r12 4  0 r22 plane,
Where, r2 is the radius of 2nd orbit N
Fe B q
rn2 n 2
r2 = 4r1
mg sin 30°
1 q1q2 F
F1 = 
4  0 (4r1 )2 16
mg cos 30° 30° q
A
35. On the charge 2q placed at p.
N = mg cos 30° ...(i)
Force due to q is to the left and that due to –3q is to Fe = mg sin 30° ...(ii)
the right From (i) and (ii)
2q 2 6q 2 kq 2 mg
2
= 2 =
4  0 x 4  0 ( d  x ) x 2 2
(d + x) = 3x 2
2
Using the given value and solving, we get
2q p q d
–3 q 2kq 2
d x= = 27 cm.
mg
 2x2 – 2dx – d2 = 0 39. Since Cu and Al are both metals, equal amount of
d 3d d charge will be induced on them.
x=  = (1  3) to left of q.
2 2 2 40. When the separation of particles becomes large, the
entire PE is converted into KE.
10
36. No. of atoms in given mass =  6.02  10 23 q1q2
63.5 1 
 2   mv 2  =
= 6.48 × 1022 2  4  0 r
e
–
9  10 9  (2  10 4 ) 2
10–2v2 = = 3600
10 1
+A B– 3600
v2 = = 36 × 104
10 10 2
 v = 600 m/sec.
Transfer of electrons between balls
9.48  10 22 1 q1q2
= = 9.48 × 1016 41. As, F=
10 6 4  0 r 2
 Magnitude of charge gained by each ball.  q1 = q2 = q
 20

46. Electrostatic force

9  10 9  q 2
 (10 × 10–3) × 10 = 1 e2
(0.6)2 9  10 9  (1.6  10 19 )2
Fe = 2 =
 q2 = 4 × 10–12 4  0 r (5  10 11 )2
 q = 2 × 10–6 C = 2 µC. = 9.22 × 10–8 N
and gravitational force.
42. Given, n = 109 electrons/sec Gme m p
q = ne = 109 × 1.6 × 10–19C FG =
r2
= 1.6 × 10–10C
6.7  10 11  9.1  10 31  1.6  10 27
Since total charge = 1C FG =
(5  10 11 )2
Q 1 = 5.24 × 10–27 N
 Time required =  s
q 1.6  10 10 Fe 9.22  10 8
 = = 1.76 × 1019
= 6.25 × 109s FG 5.24  10 27
47. Consider the side of square b ‘a’, then potential at
6.25  10 9
= year centre O is
3600  24  365
–Q –q
= 198.18 years.
43. F = F
Q1 Q 2 Q1Q 2 O
=
4  0 r 2
4  0 r  2 k
2Q 2q
r
 r = k (  Q) k (  q) k (2q) k (2Q)
k V=    =0
 a   a  a a
     
44. Here, when Fa  Fe 2 2 2 2
G  m2 1 q2 –Q – q + 2q + 2Q = 0  Q + q = 0  Q = –q.
 =
(16  10 2 ) 2 4  0 (16  10 2 ) 2 48. From Fig, total charge on outer surface
= –50e – 50e = –100e
q
 = 4  0 G ++++++
m ++
++

++
++++++

+++

45. FC
++++++

FD –50e
+++

+q +q F AC
–50e
++

++

A FA ++
B ++++++

Induced charge on inner surface of shell = +50e

Induced charge on outer surface of shell = –50e
D C 49. The electric field at the centre of the circular charged
+q +q
ring of radius R is zero.
kq 2 kq 2  Force = qE = 0
 FA = FC = and FD =
a  a 2 2 50. The distribution of charges on X-axis shown in fig.
1µc 1µc 1µc 1µc 1µc
2 kq 2 kq2
 Fnet =  x=1 x=2 x=4 x=8
a2 2a2
 Total force acting on 1C charge is given as
kq 2  1 1
= 2  2  F=
a  2 4 0
q2
 2 2  1  1  10 6 1  1  10 6 1  10 6 1  1  10 6 
= 1  
2 =  2
 2
 2
 2
 .... 
4  0 a  2   (1) (2) (4) (8) 
 21

10 6  1 1 54. There is same charge q on the sphere A and B


=  1    ... 1 q2
4  0  4 16  F= = 3 × 10–5 N
4  0 r 2
 1 
= 9 × 109 × 10–6  1
Now, on touching the sphere A and C
 1   q
4 Final charges on these spheres qA = qC =
c
4 FB FA
= 9 × 109 × 10–6 ×
3 A B
C
4   
= 9  10 3 = 1.2 × 104 N.  Net force on C, F = FA  FB
3
 q  q  q
51. Total charge q = –3 × 10–7 C 1  2   2  1   q
 2
Charge on the electron = –1.6 × 10–19C F= 2 2
4  0  r  4 0  r
As, q = ne    
2 2
q 3  10 7
or, n=   1 q
e 1.6  10 19 =  2   3  10 5 N
 4  0 r 
= 1.8 × 1012.
4 3 55. Given F = 40
52. Here, mass of Cu ball, m = r 
3 k (3)(8) 24 k
F= 2
 ...(i)
F B = qE F B = m  g / r r2
k (3  5)(8  5)
6 k
F =  2 ...(ii)
r2 r
From equation (i) & (ii), we get
F 6 k r 2 1
= 2
 
F r 24 k 4
F 40
mg  F =   = –10 N (attractive)
4 4
The ball is immersed in oil and a uniform electric
field exists in the upwards direction. 1 1  0 AV 2
56. As, U= qV 
Here, three forces acts on the ball. 2 2 x
For the equilibrium of Cu ball dU 1 1  dx
2
mg = FE + FB = qE + mg =  0 AV   2 
dt 2  x  dt
mg  
 q= 1  1  1
E   =  0 AV 2 v   2 
2  x 
 r 3g    dU 1
= 1
3 E    
dt
 2
x
4 (0.5  10 2 )3 (8600  9.8)  800  57. The effective capacitance of the parallel combination
=  1   of C2 and C3 is 10F and that of the entire combination
3×36000  100 8600 
= 1.1 × 10–8C.  50 
C 1, C 2 , C 3 is   F. Thus the charge on the
1 q1 q2  15 
53. As, F = equivalent capacitor is
4  0 r 2
 110   90  50 100
For the new force q1  q2  q1   q2   Q = CV   10  C
100   100  15 3
99
Thus, new force F is times of F The same charge appears on C1 capacitor,
100
99 Q 100 10 6 10
 × 100 = 99 N. Now, VAB =    V
100 C AB 3 10  10 6 3
 22

58. Surface charge on liquid surface 65. Since, net charge enclosed by the box is zero, electric
 1 flux through the box is also zero.
= A  1  
 K 66. Total electric flux through each face of the cube
The upward force of attraction q 8.854  10 6
 1 = = = 10 Nm 2C–1
= E  A  1   0 8.854  10 12
 K  Electric flux through each face of the cube.

with E= 1 1
K 0 =    10 6
6 6
This is balanced by mg = Ahg = 1.67 × 105 Nm 2C–1
2 1 2 q 10
59. Here, C=  F 67. As, C=   0.2F
2 1 3 V 50
As, Q = CV 1
 Energy stored, U = CV 2
2 2
 Q= E
3 1
Q 2
=  0.2  10 6  (50) 2
V1 =  E  6 kV 2
C1 3 = 2.5 × 10–4 J
3 1 q
or E< 6 68. As, V= .
2 4  0 r
i.e., E < 9kV
0.1  100
Q 2 (40  10 6 )2 or q = 40rV =
60. As, Energy =  9  10 9
2C 2  10  10 6 = 1.11 × 10–9 (Positive)
40  40  10 12 69. For uniform charge sphere
= J
2  10  10 6 kqr
= 80 × 10–6 × 107 erg E= (r  R)
R3
= 800 erg
kq kq
61. The potential between the plates of the capacitor = 3 (r  R) = 3 (r  R)
R r
decreases by a factor equal to dielectric constant
V 200
 k=   4.
V 50
62. Given, q = + 6C = ± 6 × 10–6 C R
2a = 5 mm = 5 × 10–3 m Hence graph is, E
1
r2
 Electric dipole moment x r
P = q(2a) = 6 × 10–6 × 5 × 10–3
= 3 × 10–8C m. R r
63. As  = P E sin 70. Since equilibrium of hemispherical shell,
= 4 × 10–8 × 10–3 sin 30°
2
= 2 × 10–8 Nm. we have, F=  R 2
2 0
1 q
64. As V=  2 2
4  0 r  F = 2  R
0
 q = 40 Vr
2 R2
1 5  F 
= 9
 50  0.1 =  10 9 C. 0
9  10 9

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