0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views33 pagesDatabase Management System Notes
The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), explaining the organization of data, types of databases, and the advantages of using a DBMS. It also covers the creation and management of tables, data types, and operations such as inserting, editing, and deleting records. Additionally, it discusses the use of queries for data retrieval and the creation of forms and reports using wizards.
Uploaded by
ANUSKA RITUPARNACopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views33 pagesDatabase Management System Notes
The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), explaining the organization of data, types of databases, and the advantages of using a DBMS. It also covers the creation and management of tables, data types, and operations such as inserting, editing, and deleting records. Additionally, it discusses the use of queries for data retrieval and the creation of forms and reports using wizards.
Uploaded by
ANUSKA RITUPARNACopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 33
SESSION 1: APPRECIATE
THE CONCEPT OF
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
A database is an organized collection of
data. It is considered as a container of
information. In the manual system, you would
maintain several files with different bits
of information while in the computerized
system you would use database
programs such as Microsoft Access,
OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL, to
organize the data as per your business
need.
Database Management System:
A database management system is a
software package with computer
programs that controls the creation,
maintenance, and use of a database. for
example Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL
Server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL,
MySQL, FoxPro, and SQLite. Data can be organized into two
types:
1. Flat File : Data is stored in a single
table. Usually suitable for less
amount of data.
2. Relational : Data is stored in
multiple tables and the tables are
linked using a common field.
Relational is suitable for medium
to large amount of data.
Database Servers :
Database servers are dedicated
computers that hold the actual
databases and run only the DBMS and
related software. Advantages of Database :
1) Reduces Data Redundancy : Database
reduces data redundancy (duplication of
data)
2) Sharing of Data : In a database, the
users of the database can share the data
among themselves. 3) Data Integrity : Data integrity means
that the data is accurate and consistent
in the database. 4) Data Security : Database provides
data security as only authorized users
are allowed to access the database and
their identity are authenticated by using
a username and password.
5) Privacy : The privacy rule ina
database states that only the authorized
users can access a database according
to its privacy constraints.
6) Backup and Recovery : Database
Management System automatically
takes care of backup and recovery. Some key features of a database:
1) A database can have one or many
tables.
2) Each table in a database contains
information about one type of item.
3) Every table has a key field which
ensures that there are 100% unique
values throughout the database.
Important Terms :
1) Primary Key : A primary key is a
unique value that identifies a row ina
table. It helps the database to search for
arecord.
2) Composite Primary Key : When
primary key constraint is applied on one
or more columns then it is known as
Composite Primary Key. Important Terms :
1) Primary Key : A primary key is a
unique value that identifies a row ina
table. It helps the database to search for
arecord.
2) Composite Primary Key : When
primary key constraint is applied on one
or more columns then it is known as
Composite Primary Key.
3) Foreign key : The foreign key
identifies a column or set of columns in
one (referencing) table that refers toa
column or set of columns in another
(referenced) table. SESSION-2 : CREATE AND
EDIT TABLES USING
WIZARD & SQL
COMMANDS
Data in a relational database
management system (RDBMS) is
organized in the form of tables.
DATABASE OBJECTS :
1) Table : A table is a set of data
elements (values) that is organized
using a model of vertical columns and
horizontal rows.
2) Columns or Fields or Attributes: A
column is a set of data values of a
particular simple type, one for each row
of the table. 3) Rows or Records or Tuples : A row
also called a Record or Tuple represents
a single data item in a table. Every row in
the table has the same structure.
Creating Database Using
OpenOffice :
1) Open the OpenOffice Base
Application by Clicking on
Start>Programs>OpenOffice.org
4>OpenOffice.org Base.
2) Create a new database by selecting
the option Create a new database
3) Database wizard appear. Click Finish.
The Save As dialog box appears.
4) Specify a name for the database in
the File name: field and click Save. Create Tables :
Tables are the basic building blocks of a
database. You store the data in the
database in the form of tables.
There are different ways to create a
table:
a) Use Wizard To Create Table: The
following are the steps to create a table:
1) Click on Tables > Use Wizard to Create
Table
2) Click the Select Fields > Choose
Category > Select the table > Click on
Next Button.
3) Select the fields as per the
requirements. Click on Next button
4) Set the data types and properties of
the selected fields. Click on Next Button, 5) Set the Primary Key and Click on Next
Button
6) Window to rename the table will
open. A user can either go ahead with
the same table name or can change it.
7) Click on Finish to insert the data in the
table.
1) Click on Create Table in Design View.
2) Specify the field name and data type
of the field.
3) Save the table by clicking on File >
Save
4) Specify the table name. The default
name is Table’. Click OK.
5) An alert appears, if there is no
primarv key in the table. 6) Click yes and set the primary key and
finally save the table.
Data Types:
Datatypes are used to identify which
type of data (value) we are going to
store in the database. Data types in
OpenOffice base are broadly classified
into five categories listed below.
. Numeric Types
. Alphanumeric Types
. Binary Types
. Date time
. Other Variable types
aRwWN =
Numeric Types :
Numeric data types in a database can be
used for storing information such as
mobile number, roll number, door
number etc. The different types of
numeric data types available are listed
here. ae Alphanumeric Types :
This data type is used to store
information which has alphabets as well
as numbers for example address, book
summary field etc. The different types
of Alphanumeric Types available are
listed here.
Name Data type Description
‘Stores up to the max length or number indicated
Lee by user. It accepts any UTF 8 Character.
‘Stores exacty the length spectied by user Pads
CHAR Text (fix) with trailing spaces for shorter strings. Accepts
VARCHAR,
Tet
any UTF 8 Character
‘Stores up to the specified length. No padding
(Game as long var char)
\VARCHAR_IGNORE
CASE
Text
‘Stores up the specified length. Comparisons are
not case sensitive but stores capitals as you type
them. Binary Types:
Binary data types are used for storing
data in binary formats. Binary data
types in a database can be using for
storing photos, music files, etc.
DATE TIME :
Date time data types in a database can
be used for storing information such as
date of birth, date of admission, date of
product sale, etc. SESSION 3: PERFORM
OPERATIONS ON TABLE
In OpenOffice Base, data is stored in
tables which can be inserted, modified
and removed using appropriate options.
Inserting Data In The Table : To
insert the data in the table, follow
the steps:
1) Select the table > Double click on it.
2) The table will open in Datasheet View.
3) Insert the required number of records
in Datasheet View.
Editing Records In The Table : To
edit the data in the table, follow the
steps:
1) Select the table > Double click on it.
2) The table will open in Datasheet View. Editing Records In The Table : To
edit the data in the table, follow the
steps:
1) Select the table > Double click on it.
2) The table will open in Datasheet View.
3) Edit the required record in Datasheet
View.
Deleting Records From The Table :
To remove the data from the table,
follow the steps:
1) Select the table > Double click on it.
2) The table will open in Datasheet View.
3) Select the data > right click on
selected data > select the Delete option Field Properties :
To set the field properties: Select the
table > Right click > Select the option
Edit > the table will open in Design View.
In design view there are different
properties of fields according to the
data type set for each field.
The properties of numeric type
data is given below :
1) AutoValue — if set to yes then field will
get the auto numeric values.
2) AutoValue -— if set to yes then field will
get the auto numeric values.
3) Length — By default length of the field
is 10 but the size of the field can be set
to maximum length. 4) Default Value - A default value can be
set for a field if user don’t provide any
value while entering the values in the
table.
5) Format — This property helps to set
the format of the data entered in the
field such as 91-222-333.
The properties of character type
data is shown below :
1) Entry Required — if set to yes then it
will be must to insert the value in the
field.
2) Length — By default length of the field
is 10 but the size of the field can be set
to maximum length.
3) Default Value — A default value can be
set for a field if user don’t provide any
value while entering the values in the
table. 4) Format — This property helps to set
the format of the data entered in the
field such as 91-222-333.
Sorting Data:
Sorting means to arrange the data in
either ascending order of descending
order.
Referential Integrity :
Referential integrity is used to maintain
accuracy and consistency of dataina
relationship. In Base, data can be linked
between two or more tables with the
help of primary key and foreign key
Referential integrity helps to avoid:
1) Adding records to a related table if
there is no associated record available in
the primary key table. 2) Changing values in a primary if any
dependent records are present in
associated table(s).
3) Deleting records from a primary key
table if there are any matching related
records available in associated table(s).
Creating and Editing
Relationships between
Tables :
Arelationship refers to an association or
connection between two or more tables.
Relationships between tables helps to:
1. Save time as there is no need to
enter the same data in separate
tables.
2. Reduce data-entry errors.
3. Summarize data from related
tables. Creating _and Editing
Relationships between
Tables :
Arelationship refers to an association or
connection between two or more tables.
Relationships between tables helps to:
1. Save time as there is no need to
enter the same data in separate
tables.
2. Reduce data-entry errors.
3. Summarize data from related
tables.
You can create a relationship between
any two tables by selecting
Relationships option from the Tools
menu.
There are three types of relationships
which can be created in tables: There are three types of relationships
which can be created in tables:
1) ONE to ONE Relationship : In this
relationship, both the tables must have
primary key columns.
2) One to Many Relationship : In this
relationship, one of the table must have
primary key column.
3) Many to Many Relationship : In this
relationship, no table has the primary
key column.
Remove the Relationships
The relationships applied on the tables
can be removed also with the help of
Delete option. Right Click on the
relationship thread and select Delete
option. SESSION 4: RETRIEVE DATA
USING QUERY
A query is to collect specific information
from the pool of data. A query helps us
join information from different tables
and filter that information
OR
Queries are commands that are used to
define the data structure and also to
manipulate the data in the database.
There are two types of languages:-
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation
Language) Common DDL Statements are:-
1.
Create :- Used to create database
or tables.
Alter :- Used to modify structure
of table.
Drop :- Used to delete database
objects.
Common DML Statements are:-
1.
SELECT :- Used to retrieves
information from the database.
INSERT :- Used to insert new
record into the database.
DELETE :- Used for deletion of
information in the database.
UPDATE :- Used for modification
of information in the database Select Statement :
A SELECT statement retrieves zero or
more rows from one or more tables.
SELECT is the most commonly used
Data Manipulation Language(DML)
command. To retrieve all the columns in
a table the syntax is: SELECT * FROM
;
For example, if you want to display all
the data from table emp (short form of
employee), the command is
Select * from emp;
The SELECT statement has many
optional clauses: The SELECT statement has many
optional clauses:
1. WHERE specifies which rows to
retrieve.
2. ORDER BY specifies an order in
which to return the rows.
for example : Select * from emp where
name = “Ravi”;
The above query will show result of a
particular employee named “Ravi".
Select * from emp order by Salary;
The above query will show all the
records of table emp according to
ascending order of column Salary. Performing calculations :
In Base, simple calculations can be done
on the data using arithmetic operators.
Example:
1) To display the salary of all the
employees after incrementing by 1000
then the following SQL command will be
executed in Base. (Fields of table
Employee are EmployeelD, FirstName,
Salary)
Select “EmployeelD", “FirstName”,
“Salary” +1000 from “Employee”;
2) To display the salary of all the
employees after decreasing by 10000
then the SQL command will be:
Select “EmployeelD", “FirstName”,
“Salary” — 10000 from “Employee”; 2) To display the salary of all the
employees after decreasing by 10000
then the SQL command will be:
Select “EmployeelD", “FirstName”,
“Salary” — 10000 from “Employee”;
3) To display the salary of all the
employees after incrementing it as twice
the amount of present salary, then the
SQL command will be .
Select “EmployeelD", “FirstName”,
“Salary" * 2 from “Employee”
Update Statement:
Update statement is used for modifying
records in a database. The general
syntax of the update statement is as
follows:
UPDATE SET