1
Formwork
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
2 Formwork
Introduction
Form work for RCC walls
Formwork for floors
Formwork for columns
Formwork for stairs
Centering
Slip formwork
Failure of formwork
Design features for formwork
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
3 Introduction
“Formwork is a temporary structure which is removed after
the concrete gains sufficient strength should be such that
able to withstand the normal loads of construction without
impairing the properties of concrete.”
As the fresh or wet concrete is in the plastic state, it required
temporary supports for casting it into different sizes and
shapes till it gains sufficient strength.
These temporary supports, such as timber and steel forms
and moulds are known as form work or shuttering.
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
4 Use of Formwork in different structure
Wall
Column
Beam
Slab
Stairs
Chimney
Water tank
Cooling tower
Etc...
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5 Requirements of Form work
Be able to sustain loads during construction (Structural
Design) concrete weight and pressure, live load of
equipment's (e.g. vibrators), personal etc.
Free from leaks (leaks in form works is major reason of
honey combs.)
Should be true in shape (least in adversely affect the
flatness, etc. of the concrete surface).
Should be clean (least it discolour the concrete surface).
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
6 Qualities of Formwork
It should be water tight.
It should be strong.
It can be reusable.
Its contact surface should be uniform.
It should be according to the size of member.
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
7 Requirement of good formwork
Easy removal
Economic
Strength
Rigidity
Less leakage
Smooth surface
Light weight
Quality
Supports
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
8 Materials for formwork
The selection of materials suitable for formwork should be based on the
price, safety during construction, and the quality required in the finished
product. Approval of formwork materials by the engineer/architect, if
required by the contract documents, should be based on how the
quality of materials affects the quality of finished work. Where the
concrete surface appearance is critical, the engineer/architect should
give special notice and make provision for preconstruction mockups.
Timber formwork
Steel formwork
Plywood formwork
Aluminum sheet formwork
Fiberglass sheet formwork
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
9 Timber formwork
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10 Steel formwork
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11 Plywood Formwork
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12 Aluminum sheet formwork
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13 Fiberglass Sheet Formwork
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14 Formwork for R.C.C walls
Material/instrument required:
Boarding –sheet
Studs
Braces
Wedges
M.S tie bars
Sole plate
Stakes
Etc..
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15 Boarding –sheet
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16 Studs
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17 Braces
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18 Wedges
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19 Stakes
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20 Tie bars
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
• The sheet are supported by vertical
Formwork for RCC Wall
21 studs and horizontal wales.
• The tie are provided to maintain the
distance between the sheet and to
resist the bursting action of concrete.
• The small pieces of timber known as
spacer may be used and they are to be
removed as the concrete reaches that
level.
• The wire ties and bolts may be also
provided.
• Bolts are provided with grease so as to
make their removal easy after 2 or 3 days
of pouring concrete.
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
The bracing may be provided at the
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horizontal distance of about 2 m and
they are supported at ground level by
stakes.
If the wall is high the formwork is to be
supported on either side by guy wires
instead of bracing.
The reinforcement should be properly
placed in position before laying of
concrete.
The formwork should be cleaned and
washed with water before laying
concrete in it.
If the height of wall is 3 m or more, the
wall is prepared in vertical lifts of about 1
m height.
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
Important facts: The formwork for floor should be designed for the
weight of concrete plus some additional load to the
23 extent of about 30% to provided for labor, material,
equipment etc..
The post should be provided with diagonal braces.
It is possible to use steel forms for slab, the other
components being of wood.
The vertical supports should be firmly supported at the
bottom.
The formwork for floor should be given necessary
slope as required and the whole surface should be
thoroughly cleaned.
The box for beam formwork is generally prepared at
ground level and hoisted and placed in position.
When secondary beams are to rest on the main
beams, suitable opening at the correct position are
provided in main beam to receive the formwork of
secondary beams.
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24 Formwork for RCC column
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
Column box consist of two ends and two
25 Formwork for column side.
Ends side is fixed with wedges and sides
are with yokes.
The height of each panel is equal to the
story height minus the slab thickness and
floor sheeting.
Yokes are equally spaced on both the
sides and ends. It can project at both the
ends by about 25cm.
A hole is usually provided at the bottom
of formwork to remove debris.
Formwork components for any column
are required to be designed properly
resist high pressure resulting from quick
filling of the concrete.
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26 Formwork for stair
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27 Formwork of stair
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Timber plank or steel plat for the waist slab
are placed on cross joist, which are
28 Formwork for stair supported on stringer joist.
The cross joist of 5 cm x 10 cm placed below
planking .
Stringer joist of size 7.5 cm x 10 cm provide
bottom ends of the stair as per slope of the
stair.
Vertical side planks or steel plates are
provided on both the side of the bottom
plank with slop.
The steel reinforcement is then fixed in the
position as per structure design.
The horizontal riser planks 4 to 5 cm thick
and width equal to height of riser and
length equal to width of stair are fixed with
side plank with help of nails.
The stiffener joist is placed along the middle
of the riser plank for extra support.
Concreting is done in the formwork starting
from bottom to top.
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
29 Removal of formwork
The operation of removing the formwork is known as the stripping
The forms which can be conveniently reused are known as panel forms
The form which cannot be reused because of their non standard shape are
known as stationary forms.
Sequence for removing formwork:
1. Shutter forming vertical faces of wall beam and column side.
2. Shuttering forming soffit to slab should be removed next.
3. Shuttering forming soffit of beam girder or other heavily loaded shuttering
should be removed in the end.
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Structural member Period of time
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Sides of Walls, Columns and Vertical faces of 1 to 2 days
beam
Slabs (props left under) 3 days
Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
Removal of Props of Slabs:
i) Slabs spanning up to 4.5m 7 days
ii) Slabs spanning over 4.5m 14 days
Removal of props for beams and arches
i) Span up to 6m 14 days
ii) Span over 6m 21 days
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
31 Centering
Centering is the temporary structure required to support brick, stone or
concrete work of arch, dome etc.. During its construction till it has gained
sufficient strength.
Timber centering is most common in arch construction as it is easy in
installation and removal and also economic.
The centering choice depends upon several factor:
Shape of arch
Span of opening
Thickness of soffit
Material used in arch construction
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
32 centering
The usual centering for arch construction consists of a thick wooden plank
with horizontal bottom and the upper surface is made to match with the
shape of intrados of the arch which is known as turning piece.
Its width is normally 10 cm. and is supported on vertical timber posts called
props, with wooden wedges to tighten or loosen centering.
If the width of soffit is wider than 10 cm two ribs suitably spaced and shaped
at the top may be used. These ribs are connected by 4*2 cm wooden
sections called laggings. The ribs are supported by wedges and posts at both
the ends as shown.
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34 Centering for Big Arches
• For construction of big arches centering will be invariably required.
Features:
The design of centering should be such that the combined cost of labor
and material works out to be the minimum.
The centering should be so prepared that maximum quantity of material
of centering may be recovered.it means that the centering should be
have a greater salvage value.
The centering should be of sufficient strength and rigidity.it will then be
possible to keep such centering in line, level and shape during
construction.
The centering should be so arranged so that it can be removed easily
after work is completed without causing any damage to arch.
Advance construction and Equipments 01-04-2020
35 Types of centering
Timber truss centering
Trestle centering
Steel truss centering
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36 Timber truss centering
This type of centering timber truss of suitable shape and design are used;
condition under which it is useful:
When arch is provided in deep valley or gorge.
When the support for centering are to rest in deep water.
When the passage for traffic is required during the construction of arch.
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
Trestle centering
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• The term trestle centering is used to mean that the arch is supported by
vertical posts resting on ground
Single tier Two tier
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38 Trestle centering
Inclined of post Combined trestle centering
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39 Steel truss centering
When it is impossible or uneconomical to use trestle type centering.
When depth of water is more
When arches are to be constructed in river subjected to frequent heavy
floods.
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40
Slip form work
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41 Slip formwork
The slip formwork proves to be economical for vertical structures, which are
in the form of concrete shafts.
Hence they are widely used for piers, chimneys, towers missile launching
bases, water reservoirs, silos, revolving restaurants, etc.
The essential parts of slip forms are :
1. Sheathing
2. Wales or ribs
3. Yokes
4. Working platform
5. Suspended scaffolding
6. Lifting devices
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
42 Falsework
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43 False work
False work consists of a temporary structures used in construction to support
spanning or arched structures in order to hold the component in place until
its construction is sufficiently advanced to support itself.
False work also includes temporary support structures for formwork used to
mould concrete form a desired shape and scaffolding to give workers
access to the structure being constructed.
These are stabilized for lateral loads using series of timber or cable braces.
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
44 False work
Construction of false work in bridges consists of :
Timber or concrete foundation pads
Timber corbles
Sand jacks and wedges
Steel sill beams
Timber or round hollow steel posts
Steel cap beams
Timber or steel stringer beams and timber joists
Advance construction Technology 01-04-2020
45 Failure of formwork
Striping operation is carried out carefully.
Shoring is not properly supported.
Forms are continuously supported and, supports are uniformly beard.
Work should be carried under strict supervision.
Wedging of post to counter-balance load must be carried out with
extreme care.
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46
Failure of formwork
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47
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