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What is Political
Ideology?
Political Ideology
According to Heywood (2007)
refers to a system of beliefs about
how society should function,
behave, and operate. He further
explains that from a social-
scientific viewpoint.
Function of Political Ideology
• According to Heywood (2007)
1. It offers an account of the existing
order by examining what works and
what does not work
2. It provides a model of a desired
social order, a vision of the Good
Society.
3. It outlines how political change or the
desired social order can be achieved.
Liberalism
Liberalism pertains to set
of political beliefs
emphasizing individual
rights and liberties.
Liberalism
-the word “liberal” is
derived from the same Latin
word as liberty – liber,
meaning “free.”
Liberalism
John Locke was an english
philosopher; commonly
known as the "father of
liberalism"
Key Ideas of Liberalism
1.Individualism
-It is the core principle of liberal
ideology.
-The liberal goal is to construct a
society within which individuals can
flourish and develop
2.Freedom
-Individual freedom or liberty is the
core value of liberalism.
-Desire to ensure that each person
is able to act as he or she pleases or
chooses
Key Ideas of Liberalism
3. Reason
-This can be uncovered through the
exercise of human reason and by
critical enquiry.
-Individuals as the best judges of
their own interests
4.Equality
-This refers to the belief that
individuals are ‘born equal’, at least
in terms of moral worth.
-Legal equality (‘equality before the
law’)
Key Ideas of Liberalism
5.Toleration
-It means willingness to allow
others to think, speak and act in
ways which they disapprove. This
promotes debate and intellectual
progress.
6.Consent
-It will advocate that authority and
social relationships should always
be based on consent or willing
agreement.
Conservatism
It refers to set of political
beliefs based on preservation
of customs and traditions that
define the character of a
society.
Key Ideas of Conservatism
1.Tradition
-It is the central theme of
conservative thought or ‘the desire
to conserve’.
-It respects established customs
and institutions that have endured
through time
2. Pragmatism
-It is the belief that action should
be shaped by practical
circumstances and practical goals,
that is, by ‘what works’.
Key Ideas of Conservatism
3.Human imperfection
-In this view, human beings are
limited, dependent, and security-
seeking creatures, drawn to the
familiar and the tried and tested.
4.Property
-Conservatives see property
ownership as being vital because it
gives people security and a measure
of independence from government
Key Ideas of Conservatism
5.Authority
-Conservatives hold that, to
some degree, authority is
always exercised ‘from above’,
providing leadership
Socialism
Socialism is defined
as set of political
beliefs emphasizing
community and social
equality.
Key Ideas of Socialism
1. Community
-The core of socialism is the vision of
human beings as social creatures
linked by the existence of a common
humanity.
2. Fraternity
-It is sharing a common humanity.
Humans are bound together by a
sense of comradeship or fraternity
(literally meaning ‘brotherhood’, but
broadened in this context to
embrace all humans).
Key Ideas of Socialism
3. Social equality is the central value
of socialism
-It emphasizes equality of outcome
as opposed to equality of
opportunity.
4. Need is of primary importance in
Socialism
-It is the belief that material benefits
should be distributed on the basis of
need, rather than simply on the basis
of merit or work.
Key Ideas of Socialism
5. Social class
-Socialism has traditionally been
associated with the interests of an
oppressed and exploited working
class.
6. Common ownership
-The socialist case for common
ownership is that it is a means of
harnessing material resources to the
common good.
Mock Election
