Long question, explain any flood with reference to any
building (case study) Info graphics are important
Different definitions proposed by authorities
(All definitions presented in last studio will be included)
Introduction question, where write about disaster types,
awareness and precautions according to this info
What is a Flood?
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually
dry. It can result from heavy rainfall, river overflow, storm surges,
dam failures, or rapid snowmelt. Floods can cause severe damage to
infrastructure, buildings, and human lives.
Case Study: 2011 Thailand Flood & Impact on the Rojana Industrial
Park
1. Overview of the 2011 Thailand Flood
Cause: Extreme monsoon rains + tropical storms (Nock-ten &
Nalgae).
Duration: July–December 2011 (worst flooding in 50 years).
Affected Area: 65 out of 77 provinces, including Bangkok.
Economic Loss: $46 billion+ (world’s 4th costliest disaster at the
time).
2. Impact on Rojana Industrial Park (Ayutthaya)
Location: Ayutthaya Province (north of Bangkok).
Key Fact: Major hub for electronics & automotive industries
(e.g., Western Digital, Honda).
Flood Effects on Buildings & Infrastructure:
o Water Ingress: Floodwaters breached 2-meter barriers,
submerging factories under 1.5–2m of water.
o Structural Damage: Machinery, electrical systems, and
inventory were destroyed.
o Production Halt: Western Digital’s HDD factory
(supplied 25% of global HDDs) shut down for 6+ weeks,
causing a worldwide shortage.
o Supply Chain Disruption: Honda’s plant closure affected
global car production.
3. Lessons Learned & Flood Mitigation Measures
✅ Improved Barriers: Higher walls (3m+) + permanent floodgates.
✅ Early Warning Systems: Real-time water level monitoring.
✅ Elevated Critical Equipment: Electrical panels moved to upper
floors.
✅ Business Continuity Plans: Diversified manufacturing sites outside
flood zones.
Why This Case Study Matters
Shows how floods can cripple global supply chains.
Highlights the need for disaster-resilient building design.
Proves that preventive measures (barriers, early warnings) save
costs long-term.
What is a Disaster?
A disaster is a sudden, catastrophic event that causes significant
damage, destruction, and disruption to human life, property, and the
environment. Disasters can be natural (e.g., earthquakes, floods) or
man-made (e.g., industrial accidents, wars). They often overwhelm
local response capacity, requiring national or international assistance.
Types of Disasters
1. Natural Disasters
Caused by natural forces:
A. Geological Disasters
Earthquakes (e.g., 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami)
Volcanic Eruptions (e.g., Mount Pinatubo, 1991)
Landslides & Avalanches (e.g., 2014 Nepal Snowstorm Disaster)
B. Hydrological Disasters
Floods (e.g., 2011 Thailand Floods)
Tsunamis (e.g., Japan 2011)
Droughts (e.g., Sahel Drought, Africa)
C. Meteorological Disasters
Cyclones/Hurricanes (e.g., Hurricane Katrina, 2005)
Tornadoes (e.g., U.S. Tornado Alley)
Blizzards & Extreme Cold (e.g., Texas Winter Storm, 2021)
D. Biological Disasters
Pandemics (e.g., COVID-19)
Epidemics (e.g., Ebola Outbreak, 2014)
Locust Swarms (e.g., East Africa, 2020)
2. Man-Made Disasters
Caused by human activities:
A. Industrial & Technological
Chemical Spills (e.g., Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984)
Nuclear Accidents (e.g., Chernobyl, 1986)
Oil Spills (e.g., Deepwater Horizon, 2010)
B. Environmental Degradation
Deforestation-Induced Landslides
Air/Water Pollution Disasters
C. Conflict & Accidents
Terrorist Attacks (e.g., 9/11)
Transport Disasters (e.g., plane crashes, train derailments)
Disaster Awareness & Preparedness
1. Importance of Awareness
Helps communities anticipate risks (e.g., flood-prone areas).
Reduces panic during emergencies.
Encourages early evacuation & safety measures.
2. Key Precautions for Disaster Management
Before a Disaster (Preparedness)
✅ Emergency Kits (food, water, first aid, flashlight).
✅ Evacuation Plans (safe routes & meeting points).
✅ Strengthen Infrastructure (earthquake-resistant buildings, flood
barriers).
✅ Public Drills (earthquake/fire mock exercises).
During a Disaster (Response)
🚨 Follow Authorities’ Instructions (evacuate if ordered).
🚨 Avoid Hazard Zones (flooded streets, collapsing buildings).
🚨 Use Emergency Communication (battery-powered radio).
After a Disaster (Recovery)
🛠 Check for Injuries & Damage.
🛠 Avoid Contaminated Water/Structures.
🛠 Seek Government/NGO Aid for Rehabilitation.
How to Spread Disaster Awareness?
Community Training Programs (e.g., Red Cross workshops).
School Safety Drills (earthquake/fire practices).
Infographics & Social Media Alerts (visual warnings).
Government Warning Systems (sirens, SMS alerts).
