Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I
Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING
Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing
INTRODUCTION
People around the world speak with different languages but they come
up with common understanding in drawing. That’s the reason why drawing
becomes a universal language.
This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical
drawing for use as a classroom text and/or reference manual. Performing
freehand sketches, sketching simple object and perform different lettering styles
and techniques are discussed in the module. Equipped with all the concepts,
the student can then competently transmit the ideas through a drawing.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon the completion of this module, the students will be able to:
LO1 Perform sketches
LO2 Sketch simple objects
LO3 Perform different lettering styles and techniques.
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TECHNIQUES
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TECHNICAL TERMS
Accented is a form of heavy and light elements of letters.
Slant line is an inclined line.
Style is the manner of designing or shaping a drawing.
Sketching is a preliminary drafting.
Stroke is the technique of printing letters.
Uppercase Letters are the big letters of the alphabets.
Proportion. This refers to the quality standard of shape, figure, form of object
or drawing.
Freehand Drawing. A form of drawing which is performed without the used of
mechanical drawing instruments. It is purely done by pencil rendering.
Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I
Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING
Date: Feb. 18-22, 2008 LO 1. PERFORM DIFFERENT LETTERING STYLES AND Page #
TECHNIQUES
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Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing
Learning Outcome 1: Perform Different Lettering Styles and
Techniques
Assessment Criteria
1. Drawing pencils are selected based on specific job requirements.
2. Proper care and manipulation of drawing tools, materials and equipment
is observed and practiced.
3. Techniques on line exercises are demonstrated according to standard
procedure.
4. Shading techniques are applied according to appropriate.
5. Pencil rendering techniques are applied according to appropriate drawing
materials
6. Creativity on value scale in shading is properly applied.
References:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan
Company: 1949.
2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th
editon: 1960
3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983
4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:
1977
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TECHNIQUES
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome # 1: Perform Freehand Sketches
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read information sheet no. 1
2. Answer self check no. 1.1 to test • Try to answer the self check.
your knowledge about lettering.
3. Review the information sheet if
some items were not properly
carried out.
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TECHNIQUES
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INFORMATION SHEET #1
Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for the student in drawing. He
must be exposed to the lettering activities to orient him on the quality standard
in printing letters.
Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing, it
adds beauty if it is well-printed. Likewise, it would destroy the appearance of
the drawing once it is not done well.
The Four Group Letters
1. Gothic Letters. It is the most simple and readable among the four group of
letters. It has uniform stem. It should be applied only for poster and
advertisement purposes. ( see sample below)
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg
Two forms of gothic letters
a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with heavy stem. It is used for
advertisement purposes only.
b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for
engineering drawing purposes.
2. Roman Letters. The thickness of this letters is not uniform. It has pointed
stem which is called “serif”. This must be used for books, magazine,
newspapers, and text matters. ( see sample below)
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg
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TECHNIQUES
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The Three Classics of Roman Letters
a. Old Roman Letters. It is printed by means of layout form
using the flexible lettering pen. The thickness of the thin
stem must be ½ from the thickness of the heavy stem.
b. Modern Roman Letters. It is printed in single stroke using
the speedball pen.
c. Modified Roman. Similar to modern roman, it is printed in
single stroke using the speedball pen. However, this style
must be printed in the absence of serif.
3. Spanish Script. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely used for
certificates, diplomas, citations, and greetings and invitation cards. ( see
sample below)
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg
4. Text or Old English. This style is the most artistic among the four groups of
letter. Similar to Spanish script, it is also used for certificates, diplomas,
citations, and greetings and invitation cards.
ABCDEFG
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TECHNIQUES
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The Rule of Stability of letters
This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the letters
particularly on the following:
1. Upper Case letters. This refers to the letters which are printed in capital
form. It has three guidelines such as cap line, waist line, and base line. (see
sample illustration below)
cap line
ABCDEFG
waist line
base line
2. Lower Case Letters. These are the letters which are printed in a small
letters. It should printed with the used of four guidelines such as cap line,
waist line, base line, and dropped line. (see sample illustration below)
cap line
abcdfgy waist line
base line
dropped line
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TECHNIQUES
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The General Proportion of Letters
1. Compressed or Condense. This particular proportion should be applied
only when the space is limited. The letters are printed with closer
distance and its width is narrower than the normal size. (see sample
illustration below)
COMPRESSED
2. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is more space. The
width of the letter is wider than the height. (see sample illustration
below)
3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The
letter is printed in the normal size. (see sample illustration below)
NORMAL
The Two General Proportion of Thickness
1. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with heavy stem.
(see sample illustration below)
BOLDFACE
2. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with thin stem.
(see sample illustration below)
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TECHNIQUES
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Below are the suggested lettering tools, and instruments and its uses.
1. Speed Ball - used in writing different various styles of
letters
2. Lettering Brush - used for sign painting
3. Felt Point Pen - used for sign painting
4. Letter Template - used as guide for letter transfer
5. Letter Transfer - used to direct letter transfer
6. Pencil - used for lettering and sketching
7. Technical Pen - used for Gothic letters
Order of Strokes in Lettering
The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, H, these letters are
the easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and horizontal. You
should practice making these letters according to the models.
The next group P, R, B, U and J requires closed study because of the
introduction of the curved line aside from the three already given.
The last group of letters are C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the
circle.
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The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters. It is suggested
therefore that its width should be greater than the other letters by 25 percent.
The letter I is thinnest letter.
Making Numerals
All mechanical drawing involve the use of numerals, hence, they should
be studied closely. Notice that in the figures below all are 6 units and all 5 units
wide except 1. All figures are composed of the essential strokes found in the
letters which are straight and curved.
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TECHNIQUES
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SELF CHECK 1.1
LO1. Perform Different Letter Styles and Techniques
I. Multiple Choice. On the space provided before each item, write the letter
of the word or group of words that makes the statement complete and
correct.
________ 1. Which of the styles of letter that is applicable for engineering
drawing?
a. Single stroke gothic letters
b. Commercial gothic letters
c. Modified roman letters
d. Modern roman letters
________ 2. This proportion of letters is only used when the space is
enough.
a. compressed
b. extended
c. normal
d. lightface
________ 3. Among the letters below, identify which of them has widest
width?
a. N and O
b. M and W
c. C and X
d. H and L
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________ 4. Which of the statements below clearly defined the meaning of
rule of stability?
a. This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing
the letters
b. This refers to the styles and methods of printing the letters.
c. This refers to the three forms of proportion of letters.
d. It is a standard guideline to be observed in using the different
lettering tools.
________ 5. Which of the proportion of letters below is applicable for
limited space?
a. compressed proportion
b. extended proportion
c. normal proportion
d. boldface proportion
II. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. Discuss the effect of the lettering on the drawing when it is not properly
printed.
2. How important is lettering in the drawing?
III. Direction : Illustrate the selected letters below in the form of Gothic,
and Roman letters.
A, B, K, M, R, X, and Y
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TECHNIQUES
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Date: Feb. 18-22, 2008 LO 1. PERFORM DIFFERENT LETTERING STYLES AND Page #
TECHNIQUES
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Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I
Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING
Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing
LO2. Sketch Simple Objects
Assessment Criteria
1. Principle of sketching objects is properly discussed
2. Different shapes of objects are correctly identified
3. All principles of proportion in sketching simple objects are correctly
explained
4. Procedure in sketching is correctly followed
References:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan
Company: 1949.
2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th
editon: 1960
3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983
4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:
1977
Date: Feb. 18-22, 2008 LO 2. SKETCH SIMPLE OBJECTS Page #
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome # 2: Sketch Simple Object
Learning Activities Special Instruction
2. Read information sheet no. 2
3. Answer self check no. 2.1 for • Try to answer the self check.
better understanding.
• Try to follow the procedures
correctly.
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INFORMATION SHEET 2
Sketching is a basic skill to be learned by the student before he will be
exposed to higher level of drawing activities.
Sketching is a preliminary layout or draft before making it into final
drawing. This can be done in a light line forms with the use of sketching tools
and materials.
Principles of Sketching Objects
Before doing sketching activities, it is important to know the basic
principles in sketching. The following are:
• Analyze the proportions of the subject.
• Mentally picture the basic shape of subject.
• Determine the small details on the subject.
• Establish height and width of the subject to be sketched.
• Use the appropriate sketching materials.
The Two Basic Proportions of Object
• Height. It is the distance elevation from bottom to top. Height must be
proportion to the width of the subject.
• Width. It is the distance from front to rear. Likewise, it should be
proportion to the height of the subject.
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Basic Shapes of Objects
1. Rectangle - has its opposite sides equal and all its angles are
right angle.
2. Square - has four equal sides and angles
3. Hexagon – a hexagon is a polygon having six equal sides
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4. Rhombus- is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and angles which
may not be right angles but are also equal.
5. Deltoid- is a quadrilateral with pairs of sided equal.
6. Scalene Triangle- is a triangle whose two sides and two angles are
equal.
7. Equilateral Triangle- is triangle with all sides and angles are equal.
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8. Circle. A figure which has an angle of 360 degrees.
9. Oblong. An elliptical figure which shape originates from the circle.
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SELF CHECK 2.1
LO2. Sketch Simple Object
Direction : Identify the terms referred to in the following:
____________________1. The most important role in freehand sketching?
____________________2. Are the three Basic Shapes of Object.
____________________3.
____________________4.
____________________5. A polygon with six equal sides.
____________________6. A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four equal right
angles.
____________________7. A quadrilateral which opposite sides are equal and
whose angles are also right angles.
____________________8. A quadrilateral with two opposite side parallel.
____________________9. A triangle where all sides and angles are equal.
____________________10. A quadrilateral with pairs of sides equal.
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Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I
Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING
Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing
Learning outcome 3: Perform Freehand Sketches
Assessment Criteria
1. Importance of lettering is properly explained
2. Each style of letter is correctly illustrated
3. Care and maintenance of lettering instruments is properly observed and
practiced
4. Appropriate lettering instruments are correctly used
5. Decorative letter styles are creatively done for a particular purpose
References:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan
Company: 1949.
2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th
editon: 1960
3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983
4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:
1977
Date: Feb. 18-22, 2008 LO 3. PERFORM DIFFERENT LETTER STYLES AND TECHNIQUES Page #
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome # 3: Perform Different Letter Styles and Techniques
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read information sheet no. 3
2. Answer self check no. 3.1 to test • Try to answer the self check.
your understanding.
3. If not able to answer all items
correctly, review again the
information no. 3
4. Read operation sheet no. 3.1
• Observe carefully the
teacher’s demonstration
5. perform self check no. 3.2 • Refer to your teacher on the
item which is difficult for you to
perform.
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INFORMATION SHEET 3
LO3. Perform Freehand Drawing
Drawing Principles Freehand and Sketching
Freehand sketches are of great assistance to the designers in organizing
their thought and recording their ideas. They are effective and economical
means of formulating various solutions to a given problem so that a choice can
be made between them at the outset. Often, much time can be made between
them at the outset. Much time can be lost if the designer starts his scaled
layout before adequate preliminary study with the aid of sketches. Information
concerning changes design, covering replacement of broken parts or lost
drawing, is usually conveyed through sketches.
Drawing Tools, Equipment, and Materials
1. Drawing Paper- is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream, light
green and buff. It comes in different sizes of various sheet thickness.
2. Ruler- is used for marking for marking out distances as well as for
measuring purposes.
3. Pencil- is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from 7E
which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of pencil is a mixture graphite, clay and
wax. The clay makes the lead hard. The harder the pencil is, the lighter is the
line produces.
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4. Drawing Table– may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or in
the home with convenient height that will make you comfortable while working.
It main purpose is to provide you a place where you can fasten your paper.
5. Drawing Board- is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The common
size of drawing board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm.
6. T-square- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It is also
supports the triangle for vertical or sloping line drawing.
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7. Triangle- is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45-degree
triangle and the 30-60 degree triangle.
8. Drawing Tape-is used before any drawing activity is to be started. The
drawing paper has to be fastened on the drawing board. The acceptable method
of fastening is with the use of tape.
9. Eraser – has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum. Of the two
kinds of eraser the yellow art gum is better to use for it correct errors easily
and remove unwanted lines.
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10. Protractor- is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent plastic and a
half circle shape. It has two scales: the outside scale which is from zero to 180
degrees going to the left and, the inside scale which is the opposite.
11. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The common kinds
of compass are the pencil compass and the drawing compass. The pencil
compass has an opening for the pencil while the drawing compass has a piece
of lead fitted intone of its leg.
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12. French curve – is an instrument for drawing irregular curves other than
arcs
and
circle
s.
13. Ruling Pen – is an instrument for inking drawings. It is adjustable in order
to produce thickness and thickness of lines.
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14. Divider- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.
15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.
Proper Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools and Instruments
1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean.
2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger.
Keep your drawing tools and instruments in a proper place before and after
using
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SELF CHECK 3.1
LO3. Perform freehand drawing
Direction: Identification: Write the correct answer in each blank.
____________________1. an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It is
also support the triangle for vertical and sloping line drawing.
____________________2. It is an ordinary table found in a school shop or in the
home with a convenient height that will make you comfortable while drawing.
____________________3. Are the four colors of drawing paper. (3-6)
____________________4.
____________________5.
____________________6.
____________________7. An instrument used for marking out distances as well as
measuring purposes.
____________________8. An instrument used for drawing irregular curves other
than arc s and circles.
____________________9. An instrument used for dividing lines or distances into
equal parts.
____________________10. A tool used to draw both vertical and oblique lines
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OPERATION SHEET 3.1
LO3. Perform Freehand Drawing
Freehand drawing is executed without the use of mechanical
drawing instruments. It is purely done by means of sketching.
Procedure in making freehand drawing:
1. Prepare the model/object.
2. Imagine the basic shape from which the model originates and sketch
on the appropriate drawing paper.
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3. Analyze the proportion and sketch the temporary line ( width).
WIDTH
4. Complete the freehand drawing activity.
5. Darken the final edges and erase the sketching lines.
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SELF CHECK 3.2
DIRECTION: Illustrate the given model below.
Date: ANSWER KEY Page #
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ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Performance Criteria
▪ Accuracy
50 pts - the output is accurately done.
45 pts - two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - six to ten errors are observed on the output.
▪ Speed
10 pts - the output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - the output is done on time.
6 pts. - the output is done after the allotted time.
▪ Neatness
25 pts. - no errors made on the output.
20 pts - two to three erasures made on the output.
15 pts - four or more erasures made on the output.
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▪ Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - all information are completely indicated and legibly printed.
12 pts. - information are legibly printed but some are missing.
10 pts. - information are legibly printed but some are misspelled.
8 pts. - information are not legibly printed and some words are
misspelled.
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ANSWER KEY 1.1
TEST I.
1. a
2. c.
3. b
4. a
5. a
TEST II. ( Teacher’s check)
TEST III. ( Teacher’s check)
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ANSWER KEY 2.1
1. Proportion
2. Rectangle
3. Hexagon
4. Square
5. Hexagon
6. Rectangle
7. Square
8. Trapezoid
9. Equilateral triangle
10. Rhombus
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ANSWER KEY # 3.1
1. T-square
2. Drawing table
3. White
4. Cream
5. Light green
6. Buff
7. Scale
8. French curve
9. Divider
10. Triangle
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ANSWER KEY # 3.2
(Teacher’s Check)
Date: ANSWER KEY Page #
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Date: ANSWER KEY Page #
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