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Chemistry Class Notes

The document outlines the foundational concepts of chemistry, including the study of matter, atomic structure, and the periodic table. It covers chemical bonding, reactions, states of matter, acids and bases, and stoichiometry, emphasizing their importance in various scientific fields. Overall, it highlights how these principles contribute to understanding everyday phenomena and advancements in science and technology.

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5 views2 pages

Chemistry Class Notes

The document outlines the foundational concepts of chemistry, including the study of matter, atomic structure, and the periodic table. It covers chemical bonding, reactions, states of matter, acids and bases, and stoichiometry, emphasizing their importance in various scientific fields. Overall, it highlights how these principles contribute to understanding everyday phenomena and advancements in science and technology.

Uploaded by

azizfarian9
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class: Foundations of Chemistry

Lecture 1: Introduction to Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, composition, and the changes it undergoes. It

connects physics with biology and plays a crucial role in medicine, engineering, and environmental

science.

Lecture 2: Atomic Structure

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons,

while electrons orbit in shells. Atomic number equals the number of protons; mass number is the

sum of protons and neutrons.

Lecture 3: Periodic Table

The periodic table organizes elements by increasing atomic number. Elements in the same group

share chemical properties. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids occupy different regions. Periodic

trends include atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity.

Lecture 4: Chemical Bonding

Atoms bond to achieve stability. Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals by electron

transfer. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Polar covalent bonds have unequal

sharing due to electronegativity differences.

Lecture 5: Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances. Types include

synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and combustion. Balancing


chemical equations ensures the law of conservation of mass is upheld.

Lecture 6: States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces

Matter exists as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma. Intermolecular forces (e.g., hydrogen bonding, van

der Waals forces) determine boiling and melting points. Phase changes involve energy but not

chemical composition.

Lecture 7: Acids, Bases, and pH

Acids donate protons (H+), while bases accept them. The pH scale measures acidity and ranges

from 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong base), with 7 as neutral. Indicators and titrations are used to

measure and neutralize acids and bases.

Lecture 8: Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry uses balanced chemical equations to calculate amounts of reactants and products.

Concepts include molar mass, mole ratios, limiting reagents, and percent yield.

Summary:

Chemistry explains how matter behaves and interacts. Understanding atoms, bonding, and

reactions provides insight into everyday phenomena and the basis for innovations in science and

technology.

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