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UNIT 1
Contents

• Introduction to CAD
• Design Steps
• Role of computers in design and drafting
• Computer Hardware
• Types of Display

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DR SUSHANT NEGI
MED, NITS
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Design-Manufacturing Process
Old (before computer era)
SI Sketch
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Sketch with pencils
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Engineering Drawing with pencils

Manufacturing

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/leonardo-da-vinci-inventions.html
Figure: Design and Manufacturing (Before computer era) http://outu.be/Rog5i2n1QVs
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

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Engineering Drawing

French Mathematician Gaspard Monge

invented orthographic projections in 18th
Century

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Manufacturing
SI Year of inception
1764
History Of CAD

Mechanization
Technology
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1946 First Computer
1952 First numerical control (NC) machine tool
1960 First commercial Laser
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1961 First commercial Robot

1963 First interactive graphics system(early version of CAD)

Historical development of CAD and related technologies

This technology gave the freedom to designers to produce virtual models of their
concepts more frequently.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Computers in Industrial Manufacturing Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

• CAD
-Computer Aided Design
• CADD
- Computer Aided Design and Drafting • Use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and
• CAE optimization of a design.
- Computer Aided Engineering
• CAM
- Computer Aided Manufacturing • Simulation
• CAPP
- Computer Aided Process Planning • Typical tools:
• CATD
– Tolerance analysis

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- Computer Aided Tool Design
• CAP – Mass property calculations
- Computer Aided Planning – Finite-element modeling and visualization
• CAQC

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- Computer Aided Quality Control
• CAT • Defines the geometry of the design
- Computer Aided Testing
• CIM

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-Computer Integrated Manufacturing

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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•
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) SI
Use of computer systems to plan, manage, and control manufacturing operations
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
• Use of computer systems to analyze CAD
geometry
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• Direct or indirect computer interface with the plant’s production resources • Allows designer to simulate and study how the
product will behave, allowing for optimization.
• Numerical control of machine tools
• Programming of robots • Finite-element method (FEM)
– Divides model into interconnected elements
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– Solves continuous field problems

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Engineering Analysis and

optimization

Strength Heat/Flow
Analysis analysis

Kinematic Dynamic
Analysis Analysis

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Design for
manufacture

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and
assembly
Figure: Influence of computers in manufacturing environment

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Figure: Analysis stage in design process

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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
CAD/CAM span four major areas:

Geometric modeling
SI Product Life Cycle

The product begins with a need which is identified base on the need of the
customers and market demand
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 Computer Graphics
 Design application
So the product begins with two main processes:
 Manufacturing application
 Design process
 Manufacturing process
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The scope of CAD/CAM is primarily an outcome of the product lifecycle

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Analysis
Design process
• The analysis sub process begins with an attempt to put conceptual design into
Two main sub processes of design process: engineering sciences to evaluate the performance of the expected products which
 Synthesis requires design and simulation.
 Analysis
• The outcome of the analysis is the design documentation in the form of engineering
drawing known as the blue print.
Synthesis

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• The philosophy functionality and uniqueness of the product are all determined
during Synthesis.

• During synthesis a design takes the form of sketch and layout drawings that show

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the relationship between various product parts.

• The drawing are made by CAD/CAM systems or are hand drawn which are used

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for discussion for various design teams.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Manufacturing Process

product.
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Manufacturing process begins with the process planning and ends with the actual Design
Need
Design process

Design definition
specification and
requirements
Synthesis

Collecting relevant
design information
and feasibility study
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The process planning includes: The CAD process
 Production planning
 Design and procurement of new tools Analysis
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 Order material
 NC, CNC, DNC programming Design Design modeling Design
analysis and simulation conceptualization

Design Design Design communication

optimization evaluation and documentation

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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The manufacturing process

Stages in Design Process
The CAM process

Production Reorganization of
planning need

Definition of problem
Design and
procurement of
Synthesis
Process new tools Quality
Production Packaging Shipping
planning Control

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Analysis and
optimization
Order material
Evaluation

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NC,CNC,DNC Marketing
Presentation
programming

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Figure: General design Process
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Stages in Design Process
SI The steps involved in product development are shown in Figure.
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Reorganization of Dimensioning
need errors and
accuracy are
Definition of problem checked
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Synthesis Geometric modeling

Analysis and
Engg. Analysis (CAE)
optimization
Design review and
Evaluation evaluation

Presentation CADD

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

Figure: Influence of computer in design Process

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Scope of CAD Activities of the CAD process include:

 Mass properties
The CAD process is a subset of the design process.  Finite element analysis
 Dimensioning
 Assembly modeling
 Generating shaded images
 Documentation and drafting

Geometric Computer

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modeling graphics
CAD

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Design

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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The CAM process is a subset of manufacturing process SI Activities of the CAM process include:

 CAPP
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 NC programming
 CMM verifications
 Inspection
Automation  Assembly via robots
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CAD
 Packaging
CAM

Manufacturing

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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4) Storage and access of drawings

Capabilities of CAD It is quick and convenient to organize CAD drawings. You can have thousands
of drawings on a computer’s hard disk and you can open any one of them
within seconds.
Some of the important capabilities of using CAD are:

5) Sharing CAD drawings

1) Presentations
You can create fine drawings, CAD models with presentation symbols and text The drawings can be shared by a number of users, allowing them to
styles. You can use CAD program to make on screen presentations. coordinate projects and work as a team. This is accomplished by
connecting different computers via a network. You can also publish your
drawings on the Internet and collaborate CAD projects using a web site.
2) Flexibility in editing
CAD provides the flexibility to make quick alterations to drawings
6) Project reporting
Some of the editing capabilities are such as; move or copy drawing elements,

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enlarge or reduce size of a drawing, make multiple copies of a drawing, change The computer can be used to prepare project reports
units of measure and etc.
7) Engineering analysis

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3) Units and accuracy level There is a separate category of programs called CAE that can use CAD
CAD program allows you to work with great accuracy. You can also work with drawings for engineering analysis.
different units of measure, such as engineering units, scientific units and surveyor
units.

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8) Computer aided manufacturing (CAM)
CAM is a common method of manufacturing used by large corporations.
These systems import CAD drawings into CAM programs to automate the
manufacturing process.

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Components of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems SI History of Computer Systems

Mainframe Computer and Graphics Terminals

“In these early years, it was common practice to wait in line to use a dedicated CAD
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terminal that sat in a cold, dark climate-controlled room.”

1980s and early 1990s open hardware architecture and standard operating system;
general-purpose hardware suppliers.
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Workstations & High-End Personal Computers

 Solve the memory, speed and storage problems
 Supporting network
 Graphics capability
 Low costs

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Basic Architecture of a CAD System Mainframe-/Minicomputer-based systems

• Powerful
• Inconvenient
• High cost
• Specialized devices and software
• Unpredictable response time

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Workstation-/Microcomputer-based Systems SI Hardware Components
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• Input devices:
– Mouse, Joystick, Track Ball
– Light Pen
– Data tablet with a puck or stylus
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– Keyboard
– Scanner
– Touch screen

• Output Devices:
– Graphics display
– Plotters
Low costs; Present and Trend – Printers
Ease of use Easy maintenance
No response delay Standardized hard/Software

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Software Components Display Devices

• CAD software allows the designer to create and manipulate a shape interactively • Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) display
and store it.
• Plasma panel display
• Liquid Crystal display (LCD)
• CAM software plans, manages and controls the operations of a manufacturing site.

• CAE software analyzes design geometry, allowing designer to study product • Out of these three methods, it is the CRT displays that are most advanced and
behavior extensive in use, in spite of their bulkier size.

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Types of image drawing techniques

Vector Graphics/Display (before the early 1980s)

SI Vector vs. Raster Display

There
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Image created by a sequence of straight line segments, which are
defined by the coordinates x and y of their end points.

• Raster Graphics/Display (dominant)

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Screen is divided into a matrix of discrete cells called pixels, each

of which can be made bright. Lines can be approximated by a
series of pixels close to the path of the line.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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? Vector
Comparison of Vector and Raster Devices (pros)

• Good resolution
• Straight lines
• Smooth curves
• Require limited memory and few instructions
• Slow for complex images -- flicker on CRT
• Two-level color intensity thus shading difficult and slow

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Raster
• Fixed frame buffer size and scanning independent of picture complexity
• Can do halftones shading

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• Limited resolution (Staircase (or called ‘zigzags’))
• Requiring large memory for array storage

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Vector
Comparison of Vector and Raster Devices (cons) SI CRT Display
The first commercially practical CRT perfected on January 29, 1901 by Allen B DuMont.
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• Slow for complex images -- flicker on CRT
• Two-level color intensity thus shading difficult and slow

Raster
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• Limited resolution (Staircase (or called ‘zigzags’)

• Requiring large memory for array storage

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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CRT Monitor Two Raster Display Devices (CRT and LCD)

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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LCD SI
A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) supplies voltage to liquid crystalfilled cells sandwiched between two
sheets of glass. A trio of red, green, and blue cells make up one pixel. When hit with an electrical charge,
the crystals "untwist" to an exact degree to filter light generated by fluorescent or LED array backlight
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behind the screen (for flat-panel LCDs)

LCD has an expected life between 50,000 and 75,000 hours, as long as the backlight (often replaceable)
(first appeared in calculators in 1970s reflected light from back mirror)
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Photo: A trick of the polarized light: rotate one pair of polarizing sunglasses past
another and you can block out virtually all the light that normally passes through.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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SI • CRT
From CRT to LCD
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– Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube technology. This image cannot currently be displayed.

– Using technology that was developed in the 19th century.

• LCD
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– First LCD laptop monitors were very small due to

manufacturing costs but now are available in a variety of
sizes.
– Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have sharp picture.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Gas-Plasma/Electro- Luminescent Display (ELD)

• Light emission from gas-discharge elements arranged in a matrix.

• Works much like a fluorescent or neon light in which light at certain wavelengths is
emitted by ionizing gases entrapped between cathodes and anodes with the
passage of a current at high voltage.

• These rare gases actually have a life and fade over time. The life of these phosphors
is around 25,000 to 30,000 hours (not replaceable).

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Gas-filled tubes often contain plasma. This one shows neon. The color of
the tube gives a hint to the gas inside

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A plasma lamp, showing
some of the more complex
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
things a plasma can do

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SI •
Monitor Specifications

Monitor Specifications can be judged through,

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– Size
– Resolution
– Refresh rate
– Dot pitch
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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

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Monitor’s Size Resolution

• A monitor’s size affect how well we can see images.

• The images you see on your monitor are made of tiny dots called pixels.
• With a larger monitor, we can make the objects on the screen appear bigger.
• The term resolution refers to the sharpness and clarity of an image.
• Monitors are measured diagonally, in inches, across the front of the screen.
• A monitor resolution is determined by the number of pixels on the screen. It is
expressed as a Matrix.

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• A 17 inch monitor measures 17 inches from the lower left to the upper right
corner.
The number of distinguishable lines per inch that a device can create.
• CRT monitors viewing area is smaller than the monitor’s overall size.

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• The more pixels a monitor displays, higher will be its resolution. Clearer will be images
appear.
– For example 640 X 480 resolution means that there are 640 pixels horizontally

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across the screen and 480 pixels vertically down the screen.

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Resolution
Actual resolution is determined by the video controller.

– Most monitors can operate at several different resolutions. They are

SI Resolution Settings
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– 640 X 480
– 800 X 600
– 1024 X 768
– 1152 X 864
– 1280 X 1024
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• The more pixels a monitor displays, higher will

be its resolution

• As the resolution increases, image on the screen gets smaller.

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Refresh Rate Refresh Rate

• Monitor refresh rate is the number of times per second that the electron guns
scan every pixel on the screen.

• Refresh rate is important because phosphor dots fade quickly after the electron
gun charges them with electrons.

• If the screen is not refreshed, it will appear to flicker.

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• Refresh rate is measured in Hz or Cycles per second.

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– If the monitor refresh rate is 100 Hz, it means that it refreshes its pixels 100
times every second.

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•
Dot Pitch

It is the distance between the same color dots

SI Dot Pitch
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• Ranges between .15 mm and .40 mm
• Smaller creates a finer picture
• Should be less than .22
N

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