NCERT SOLUTION

CLASS XIIth
SUBJECT- COMPUTER SCIENCE
CHAPTER‐ 3 STACK
Question 1:

What is a Stack? Explain with an example.

Answer: A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle,
meaning the last element added to the stack will be the first one to be removed. A stack has
two primary operations:

• Push: Adds an element to the top of the stack.

• Pop: Removes the top element from the stack.

Example: Imagine a stack of plates. When you add a new plate, it’s placed on top of the
stack (push). When you need a plate, you take the top one off first (pop). If you add plates in
the order A, B, C, D, then the order of removal will be D, C, B, A.

Question 2:

Explain the stack operations with algorithms for Push and Pop.

Answer:

• Push Operation:
o Algorithm:
1. Check if the stack is full.
2. If the stack is full, output "Stack Overflow" and exit.
3. If the stack is not full, increment the top by 1.
4. Add the new element at the position pointed by the top.
o Pseudo Code:

python
Copy code
Push(Stack, Top, Element):
if Top >= MaxSize - 1:
print("Stack Overflow")
else:
Top = Top + 1
Stack[Top] = Element

• Pop Operation:
 o Algorithm:
1. Check if the stack is empty.
2. If the stack is empty, output "Stack Underflow" and exit.
3. If the stack is not empty, remove the element from the position
pointed by the top.
4. Decrement the top by 1.
o Pseudo Code:

python
Copy code
Pop(Stack, Top):
if Top == -1:
print("Stack Underflow")
else:
Element = Stack[Top]
Top = Top - 1
return Element

Question 3:

Write a Python program to implement a stack using a list. Include functions

for push, pop, and display operations.

Answer:
python
Copy code
class Stack:
def __init__(self):
self.stack = []

def push(self, element):

self.stack.append(element)
print(f"{element} pushed to stack")

def pop(self):
if not self.stack:
print("Stack Underflow")
else:
element = self.stack.pop()
print(f"{element} popped from stack")
return element

def display(self):
if not self.stack:
print("Stack is empty")
else:
print("Stack elements are:")
for element in reversed(self.stack):
print(element)

# Example usage:
s = Stack()
s.push(10)
s.push(20)
s.display()
s.pop()
s.display()

Output:

arduino
Copy code
10 pushed to stack
20 pushed to stack
Stack elements are:
20
10
20 popped from stack
Stack elements are:
10

Question 4:

Explain the concept of stack overflow and stack underflow with examples.

Answer:

• Stack Overflow: Stack overflow occurs when you try to push an element onto a stack
that is already full. For example, if a stack has a maximum size of 5, and you attempt
to push a 6th element, a stack overflow will occur.
• Stack Underflow: Stack underflow happens when you try to pop an element from an
empty stack. For example, if you create a stack and immediately try to pop an
element without pushing any, a stack underflow will occur.

Example:

python
Copy code
s = Stack()
s.pop() # This will cause a Stack Underflow since the stack is empty.

Question 5:

Convert the following infix expression to postfix expression using stack: A + B

* (C - D) / E.

Answer: To convert an infix expression to postfix expression using a stack, follow these
steps:
 • Infix Expression: A + B * (C - D) / E
• Postfix Expression: A B C D - * E / +

Steps:

1. Start scanning the infix expression from left to right.

2. If an operand is encountered, add it to the postfix expression.
3. If an operator is encountered, pop from the stack until the precedence of the
operator on the stack is less than the current operator, then push the current
operator onto the stack.
4. If a left parenthesis is encountered, push it onto the stack.
5. If a right parenthesis is encountered, pop and output from the stack until a left
parenthesis is encountered. Discard the pair of parentheses.
6. Repeat until the end of the expression, then pop all the operators left in the stack.
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