Well Performance
Inflow Performance
Relationships (IPR)
Fetkovich IPR
Contents
Fetkovich Method
Flow-After-Flow Test
Isochronal Test
Modified Isochronal Test
Fetkovich Method (Vogel’s Form)
Fetkovich Method
Proposed using Gas-Well Analysis approach
Isochronal and Flow-after-Flow tests
Oil well back-pressure curves were found to
follow the same general form of IPR for gas
qo C P P
wells n
2 2
R wf
Where: C= flow coefficient,
N= exponent depends on well characteristics
that varies between 0.568 and 1.0 for the 40 field tests
analyzed by Fetkovich
J also can be calculated from the following
equation:
Fetkovich Method
qo C P P
2 2 n
R wf
Since this was originally generated for gas, lets
try to study the applicability of this equation to
oil wells
Darcy equation can be written in an integral form as:
PR
k ro
f p
0.00708 kh
q f p dp
ln 0.472re / rw S ' Pwf o B o
Fetkovich Method
For undersaturated oil reservoirs, the integral
is evaluated over two regions:
Pb PR
0.00708 kh
qo C f1 ( p)dp C f C '
' '
( p)dp
2 ln 0.472re / rw S '
Pwf Pb
Assuming that for P>Pb , kro = 1 and μo and Bo
could be considered constant at p ( P R Pb ) / 2
Assuming for P<Pb, the pressure function can
be expressed as linear: f 1 p ap b
Substituting and integrating: q o C 1 P
b
2
Pwf2 C 2 PR Pb
C P P
Fetkovich stated that the composite effect 2 2 n
results in an equation of the form: qo R wf
Two tests are needed to calculate C & n to construct the IPR.
For gas wells, 4 tests are recommended to reduce error.
Fetkovich Method
qo C P P
2 2 n
R wf
Taking log of both sides
log q o log C PR2 Pwf2
n
log q o log C n log PR2 Pwf2
log P P log q o log C
2 1 2 1
R wf
n n
A log-log plot of PR2 Pwf2 Versus q gives a
straight line with slope of (1/n) and intercept of qo=C at
P
R
2
Pwf2 1
qo
Value of C can be determined as: C
P
n
R
2
P 2
wf
Fetkovich – Well Testing Methods
Types of tests depends on the stabilization time
which is a function of k of the reservoir:
380 C A
The stabilization time for a well ts o t
In the center of a circular or ko
Square drainage area:
Where Porosity A = Drainage area, ft
2
o Viscosity (cp) Ct = fluid compressibility, psi 1
ts =stab. time in hrs K = permeability to oil, md
For gas wells, high k reservoir, ts is fairly small. The use
of Conventional Flow-after-flow test is recommended
Tight Reservoirs, Isochronal Tests is recommended
Very long ts, Modified Isochronal test is recommended
Flow-after-flow test
• Well is shut-in - qoDrainage area pressure = the average reservoir pressure
• The well is placed on production at a constant rate until Pwf becomes constant
• Once the Pwf is stabilized, the rate is changed and the procedure is repeated
2
• The test is analyzed by plotting P R Pwf2 verse qo on log-log scale and drawing
the best straight line through the points. n is the reciprocal of the slope of line
Isochronal test
Equal time test
• Well is shut-in - Drainage area pressure = the average reservoir pressure
• The well is placed on production at a constant rate (production time < stabilization ts)
• Shut the well in qand
o
allow the pressure to build up to PR
• Open the well on another rate and measure Pwf at the same time intervals
• Shut the well in again and allow the pressure to build up to PR. Repeat for several rates
2
• The test is analyzed by plotting P R Pwf2 verse qo on log-log scale, n=1/slope.
One of the rate tests must be stabilized to calculate the C coefficient
Modified Isochronal test
• Very tight reservoirs where Pwf buildup time to PR between flow periods is excessive
• Shut-in time between each flow period equals to the production time
• The static Pwfs may not reach PR
2
• The test is analyzed by plotting P R Pwfs
2
verse qo on log-log scale. N=1/slope
One of the rate tests must be stabilized to calculate the C coefficient
Example – Fetkovich IPR
A flow-after-flow test was conducted on an oil
well producing from a reservoir in which average
pressure is 3600 psia The test results were:
Qo Pwf
2630 3170
3830 2897
4970 2440
6400 2150
Construct a complete IPR for this well and
determine qomax
Example – Solution
Qo
STB/day
Pwf psia P P
R
2 2
wf
psia2
2630 3170 2.99 x 106
3830 2897 4.567 x 106
4970 2440 7.006 x 106
6400 2150 8.338 x 106
Log-Log Plot
10000
1000
9400
1050 7500
Solution
n is the reciprocal of the slope obtained form the log-log plot:
log qo log 7500 log 1050
n 0.854
log p 2
log 10 log 10
7 6
C is calculated from the plot and or using the equation:
qo 7500 STB
C 0.0079
2 2
P R pwf
n
10 7 0.854 Day psia1.71
Therefore, the Inflow Equation becomes:
To generate the IPR,
0.854 assume Pwf values
qo 0.0079 * 3600 P 2 2
wf and calculate the
corresponding qo
Maximum flow rate at Pwf = 0:
qo (max) 0.0079 * 3600 0 2
0.854
9370
STB
D
Generated IPR
4000
3500
3000
2500
Pwf
2000
1500
1000
500
qo 0.0079 * 3600 P 2 2
wf 0.854
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
q
Fetkovich Eqn. in Vogel’s Form
qo C P P
2 2 n
R wf
AOFP C P 2 n Dividing the two equations to
qo max R eliminate the C coefficient
n
qo P 2
P 2
R wf
P
n
q L max 2
R
n
qo P 2
1 wf
q L max PR
Fetkovich Eqn. in Vogel’s Form
Take the limit as the draw down approaches zero (Pwf ~ PR):
J PR
q L max Then:
2
Application of this
qL
J PR P
1 wf
2 n
equation or
requires:
qo C PR Pwf
2 2 n
2 PR • two stabilized production tests for flow-after flow
• two transient tests and one stabilized rate test
• If only ONE stabilized test is available, assume
n=1 and either C or J can be calculated directly
Taking the log of both sides of the above equation would results in:
J Pb P 2
log q L log n log 1
wf
2 Pb
Pwf
2
A plot of 1 verse qL on a log-log scale would result in a straight
Pb
2q L
J
line having a slope equal to n. A value 2
n
Pwf
of J can then be calculated using any point P R 1
P
on the linear plot from:
b
Example
A well test was conducted on a well located in a reservoir with average
Reservoir pressure 2085 psig. The test data are: rate= 2820 STBD at
A Pwf of 1765 psig.
Calculate the Productivity Index (J) using Fetkovich method.
Solution:
Since we have only one test, we can assume that n = 1, then
2 * 2820 STB
J 9.5
1780 2
1
D psi
21001
2100
Maximum rate (AOF) can be calculated when Pwf = 0:
2 n
Pwf
J * P R 1
Pb 9.5 * 2100 STB
qL (max) 9980
2 2 D
