ENGLISH-3

RULES OF ARTICLE
AJAN
Articlet A or An is used before a singular noun. The choice hbetween A or An is by first sound
of
pronuneiation (not by the letter of alphabet; A, E, I, 0, U) of the noun. If the first sound is vowel, An
is used:
Look at the following sentences:
Ia) He is an honest man.
D He isa European
c) He is an MLA
d) He is an SDO
e) He is a one eyed man.
I0 He lodged an FIR.
In sentence (n), (cl, (d). (9, honest, MLA and SDO, FIR are noun, that have first letter, h, m, s, f (none
i8a VOWel) but the first sound of proruunciation of these nouns is vowel, so 'An' is used.
hbutertence
the first
(b) &(e) European, and One, are nouns, that have first letter Eand O(both are vowels)
sound of pronunciation, is not vowel, so 'A' is used.
Note: 7haus the choice between A or An is determined by the word which immediately follows A or An.
tispronotinced oith vowel sound, use 'An' otherwise 'A'.
la) tuasan extremely difficult situation.
b) Tneed an eighty feet long iron rod.
Rules 'a' or an' is used; A' and An'
1. Before a singular noun which is countable, when it is mentioned for the first time and
represents no particular person or thing (with a particular noun, the' is uscd):
Ineed an umbrella.
2. Before a singuiar countable noun which represents a class of things:
Avehicle must be insured (= All vehicles/ Any vehicle must be insured.)
3. Before the name ofprofession:
(a) Rita is a nurse. (b) She is a teacher.
4. Witha noun complement:)
(a) It was an earthquake.
5. With certain numbers:
For example: Ahundred, Athousand, Amillion, Adozen, Acouple.
(a) He has a thousand rupees,
(b) She has to walk two and a quarter kilometres daily.
6. Ifa singular noun is placed after; many)/rather/quite/such.
(a) Manya
woman would welcome such a chance
(b) It was quite an impossible task.
7. In expressions of price, speed, ratio etc:
(a) She can run twelve kilometres an hour. (Speed)
(b) Rice sells fifty rupees a kilo., (Price)
8. In exclamations, before singular, countable nouns:
(a) What adog!
(b) Such a long queuel
9. In some phrases as : In afix, in a hurry, in a mutshell, make a noise, malce a foot, keep a
secret, as a rule, at a discount, at astone's throw, ashortwhile age, at a loss, take a fancy
to, take an interest in, to have a drink, go for a walk, have a good knowledge, make a fool, tell
a lie, takea bath, half akilo, a matter of chance, etc.
10. Before a proper noun, as a common noun:
(a) He is a Shakespeare.
(b) You are a Hitler.
 knw to
11 e he n a pe ger non) hen it mrans that the pern is not

n the peaker, Manseslh' sn-some person namet Maneesbj

eel

efee pharsl nen

t beieen peopernoun esoept in esceptional cases (see Rule-I)
efore neontahle in geeral.

ntg ring tine, distanoe or welght ete. We can use either A/An ar One
S edllr S1000000-a/one millian dollars But note that in,
Te eoe ht ln not replaceable ty 'one'
ier trpest teenta /an' snd toe' are not normally interchangeable, becase one
ly stone only, not more than one and /an" does not mean this
Apen pod. t in the wrong sort ef thing.)
Oe pe ne od. E ned two or three)
fOne
A O' ete/pnoun) s used with:
Anather /Others
Oe wtnt rad, another/others wanted to watch TV.
One dg she wantnd her unch earty, another day she wanted it late.
ROe lo e und befre-day /weelk/month/year/summer/winter ete or before the name
adeg th to denote a particular time when something happened:
0Oe nht thee wa terrible carthquake.
Cor iter the ow fell heavily
Oae day a eage arrived.
COat dy ou also be used to mean at some future time or date:
Due dy you will be sory
Oue dy you will realle your mistakn
Dae je the runoun equivalent of A/ An.,
D yu gta tcket?
Yes i manged to get one.
The yhural of one used in this way is some:
Did you pt ticketa?
Tos I anagnd to get oas
le fr Gerret Eleef Definite Article "The
The deflinite Articke The ls used in
L Wale peakdng of aparticularfollowing cases:
Eample: person or thing or one already referred to,
the precetes
She found a yurse. The
The golden chain is vety purse contained a golden chain.
prelous.
Exoeption: When a modifier
Subeequent article will continue(adjective) appears between the article and the
to be indefinite:
la) "H1ke a big glass
Ihave atready putaof orange juice, please," Jahn said to
big glass of julee on the Sheila.
counter, Sheila repied.
 2. When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole category/class.
Examples:
(a) The nnsses suffered.
b) The banyan isa kind of fig tree.
3.The' is sed before superlatives:
She is the most beautiful girl in our college.
4. The' is used with the names of funous building, gulf, river, ocean, sea etc.
5. The' is placed only before the plural sounding names of islands and the mountain ranges,
chains of mountains, plural sounding names of countries:
The Netherlands, the Philipines, the Bahamas, the Laccadives islands, the Himalayas, the
Alps, and before certain other r ames.
The' is not generally used before the name of countries but if the name of countries
worda Jlike; States, Kingdom, Republic etc, we use the' before then: contains
The USA, the USSR, the UK, the Republic of Ireland, the Dornonian
(a) He went to Mexico. Republic.
b) He is from the United States.
(c) The USA and the UK both agreed on this
point.
6.The' is uscd before names consisting of adjective + noun
east', est' etc.): (provided the adjective is not
The Arabian Gulr, the New Forest, the High
7. The' is also used before names Street.
consisting of noun + of + noun:
The Cape of Good Hope, the Bay of Biscay, the
8 The' is used before certain names Gulf of Mexico.
consisting
The East/West End, the East/West Indies.
of the adjective-eastt/west etc. +
noun:
9.The' is also used before thc name of directions:
South. The sun rises in the east and as: the East, the West, the North, the
sets in the west.
10.-Theis used before the name of persons
The Raynonds, The Ambanis, The Birlas. (Family) in Plural:
11. Before the nanes of
(a) The Koran
important, renowned books:
(b) The Ramayana
(c) The Mahabharata
(a) The Bible
But we say- Honer's liad, Valmiki's
12. Before such common nouns Ramayana, Jaidev's Geet Govind.
that are names of things unique
Exanple: of their kind.
The Sun, The Earth, The Sky,
(a) The sky is dark and the The Moon, The World, The Sea, The Environment.
(b) The sea seems calm moon is shinning.
Note: today.
In following case, we do not
use The' before Sea'
(a) We go to sea as sailors.
(b) He is at sea TLOW a
We carn use the' before days (on a voyage)
He tried to park his 'Space' ifit inplies
car there but the place.
beyond the earth's
atmosphere do not usespace
There are lacs of stars the'
was too
before it:
smallL But if 'space'
implies area
inspace.
13. Before terms
referringNationality or Community.
Examples:
The Indian, The
14. Before a proper French, The American, The English.
Exanples: noun, only when it is qualified by an adjective.
The great Caesar, The
15. Witht
ordinals, immortal Shakespeare, The
(a) He was the the' can be used as follows: brave Napolean.
first man to stand up.
 th The siNih chagpte uf this oak i very inteting
Ht, evsil, thid Rre alled odiale
OHe, Tw, Threeuiia ae called eatinals
16 Hekwe naes ol Mskeal stemets and o hventlo
) e eat pliay the ute/e table/ the hamonom well
Who iventet the telephane?
1Bee an adjoctive, wen the oun repreacile a lasn of p n
Examle
) The young wiil upport the motion.
(t The or can be truted
18, Befe a comon noun, to gve it the meanlg of an abtrct so
() The oralist in Gandhi, revotted againat
the injuatica
(b The Judge in her prevailed upon the wife and she senitenced hr
I9,Thes used before names of Newapaper, Community, Polltieal husbad n prin
Purty, Hietorloal event,
tratn, ship, aeroplane ete,
20. 1When two or more noun refer to one prson, put e hefore te frst n nl, f the ean
1eler two diferent persons or thinga, the' in ueed before both of the
The producer and finaneler was present there.
(Procduecer and financler in the same peraon)
21. Te' is used as an adverb with a comparatives Hite
The more ahe geta the more she demandn,
22. The' is vsed before comparative degree being uned tor setection or coiparisots
(a) He ls the stronger of the two.
(b) This is the better of the two novels.
23. When a person is being relerred by his denignation, he' ls used
The Chairman, The Director, The Preaident.
All financial deciaiona will be talken by the Chalran. 7
24. Wben the thing referred is understood:
(a) Kindly return the book. (That I rave you)
(b) Can you turn off the light? (T'he light in the room).
25. The' is used in following phrasen also:
(a) What is the matter?
(b) Come to the point?
(c) She came to the rescue.
(d) Keep to the left.
(e) The market is hot with the rumour.
(0 He is in the wrong.
(g) Speak to the point. What is the problem?
26. In phrases; Go to the cinema, Go to the theatre 'the' is used:
(a) IHe went to the cinema yesterday.
(b) She is going to the theatre.
27. Before names of; Committee, Club, Foundatíon and 11.B
Trust: The Lions Club, The Rat
Club, The United Nation, The WHO, The Ford Foundation,
28. Letters written to two or more unmarricd sisters The Rajiv Gandhi Trast 12. In
The Misscs + surname, e.g.: jointly may be addressed: Te
The Misses Smith.
Article is omitted (Rules of Zero Article) 18. B
Students should learn the following points carefully
Article is omitted; to avoid the wrong, use of articles 14. B
1. before a Proper Noun:
(a) Akbar was a grcat king.

Note: When 'Article' is used before a

proper rnon, it becomes a corrmor our.
(a) Mumbai is the Manchester of India. Examples
 b Ths man is a second Sachin.
2. Before n common noun, used in its widest sensc.
) Mat is moral.
(b What kind of bird it is?
3 Before Pural nouns referring a class ina general sense:
a) Elankers are generally honest.
4 Defbee Abstrnct nouns that express; qualities, state, feeling, actions:
Honesty is the best poliey.

Noe: When abstrat nouns, tnstead of referring qualities, epress person or things possessing such
uoties or epress qualities ofdefinite objects, they are preceded by Article. Examples.
ja) she passesses the curningness of a fax.
Here curruingness refers the quatity of a definite object that is fox)
event,
D) He is a stioe of peace(ustice' standsfor judge).
S. Before naterial nouns:
houns
) Iron is a bard metal.
(b) Siver is a semi precious metal.

Note When material nour express things instead of matter of which they are made, they are
representing 'comumon notun, so they can be preceded by the Article:
fa) He threur a stone on the cou.
b) She threw a stick at the pig.
6. Before names of diseases like Fever, Cholera, Consumption ete.
(But if the names of diseases are plural in their form, the article is generally used, as: the
measles, the mumps.)
7. Before ames of regular meals:
Breakcfast, Lunch, Dinner
(a) He was invited to dinner.
But if the meal becomes particular, article is used:
(b) The dinner hosted by the queen was superb. Pariiament, Paradise (But The
8, Before name of things single in kind; Hell, Heaven, God,
Pope', The Devil are exceptions):
a) He was condemned to hell
(b) The Popedelivered a religious speech.
Colours'.
9. Before names of Languages' or
I do not Jcnow Hindi' but know English'.
relationship:
10. Before certain titles + names indicating mutual
Babadur.
Emperor Ashoka, President Bush, Dewan
son.
(a) Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's
(b) He is Duke of York.
(But the Queen of England' the Pope' are exceptions.)
of:
11. Before a noun following the expression kind
Rotus
What kind of girl is she?
12. In certain phrases. (given below): to catch fire, at home, in hand, at
To take breath, to set sail, to leave school, to lay siege,
by car, on demand, in debt, in jest
school, by water, at sunset, on earth, by land, by train,
etc.
singular in form:
13. Before nouns, which are plural in their meanings, though
Cattle; gentry, furniture, scenery, advice, information. University, Prison, Hospital, Court,
14. Before the names of public institutions (Church, School,otherwise.
etc) if they are used, for the purpose they exist and not
He went to church (It means he went to church for saying his prayer.
there he took a bus. Means that he went to the
But note: He went to the church and from
place where building of the church is situated.)
 LÜkewise; fein
Tle goes to college at 8am, dally.
study) (Here, the purne
the purpose of going is
wil catch the bus for Jaipur. Choose
lere I established.)
colege, wherefrom college is 1) Mar
1am going to the purpose for which the
the adjecti
and these
ing eolege is not stuy, ke.,adjectives qualify the same noun 2) She
ooe ore descriptive adjective only:
18. Whe before the first 3) He
connected by ant; the article is used 4) She
Dictionar
This is Tindi nd English first nó 5)
Bere, tictionary is one) is used before the
sane person or thing, the article used with cach noun 6)
16. wo Douns refer to the things, the article nust be
persons or ) Weg
but if they refer to diferent
than statesman.
le is a better soldier 8)
soldier than a statesman 9) I a
b He ws a grenter possessive case:
17.Article is omitted after the's 10) He g
house.
His brothers car, Peter's 11) she
professions:
18. Article is omitted with names of 12) We
Engineering is a useful career. 13)I do
19. Article is otaitted with years: 14) This
ia 1947 was a wonderful year. 15) My
(b De you remember 2000?
games sports:
20. No article is used before the name of
) Ian playing cricket. modifed by eithera possessive adjective
or
used before a noun when it is
21. No articleis 1. Ae
demonstrative adjective: 2. Ple
Adjective my)
Do you lhce my shirt? (Possessive it is preceded by a distributive adjective:
3. Mr.
22. No article is used before a noun when 4. Mr
adjective- every)
Every student got a prize. (Distributive
23. No article is used before number + noun' 6 Ra
7. Ar
The train arrives at platform 7.
the':
24. Work ( place of work) is used without definite article 8. It
(a) He is on his way to work. 9.
10. Ko
(b) She is at work
11. Mr
25. Offoe (mplace of work) needs the': He is at/ in the office. 12. Mr
To be in office (without the) means to hold an official (usually political) position
13. Mi
To be out of office to be no longer in power.
14 Ib
26. Definite article the'isomitted when subject's or speaker's own towm is referred: 15. Lo
We go to town sometimes to meet our nother. 16. M
27. Nature, when means environment, do not use article before it: 17. H
Ifyou interfere with nature you will suffer for it. 18. It
28. No article is used before name of Season 19. H
(a) In spring, we like to clean the house. 20
b) She is planning to visit her parents in winter. 21
29. Definite article the' is not used with Time of Day' 22
We travelled mostly by night. 23
30. Names without the':
25
Ithenames of places 'especially, names of important buildings and institutions consi
two words, first word is the name of a person or a place, we do not use the' before s
names usually: 27
For example: Delhi Airport, Victoria Terminus, London zo0, Jaisingh Palace,
Gandhi Airport, Edinburgh Castle, Jaipur Palace etc.
31. Usually, no article is used with the name of
British Airway, Sony, IBM, KODAK, IndianAirlines, Carnpanies: 31.
Airlines ete. 32
33
 PART - I
Choose the correct article to complete
the sentences.
1) Many woman would welcome such a chance.
2) She can run twelve kilometres
hour.
3) He is Shakespeare.
4) She found Apurse,A
purse containeda golden chain.
5) sixth chapter of this book is very interesting.
6)bSen seerms calm today.
7) We go to sea as sailors.
8) X Iron isn hard metal.
9) Iam going to College, wherefrom I will catchbus for Jaipur.
10) He goes to college at 8 a.m. daily.
11) she is planning to visit her parents in winter.
12) We gO toh town sonetimes to meet our mother.
13)T do not know Hindi' but know English'.
14) This is better of two novels.
15) My ather comes to rescue.

PART - II
FIl in the gaps with appropriate articles
L. A cow is useful animal. [a].
2. Please do it in hour. [an)
3. Mr. Rao is -F.R.C.S. [an)
4. Mr. Ghosh reads Statesmnan. [the]
5. The bus arrived -hour back. [anj
6. Ratan can play flute. [the
7. Arup is M.D. [an]
8. It is One-cyed deer. al
9. Gita is a holy book. (the]
Ganges. (thel r i v e

10. Kolkata is on
11. Mr. Roy is -M.A. [an
12. Mr. Brown is European. [a]
13. Mr. Tarafdar is M.B.B.S. [an]
14. India is Union of States. a
15. Lopa gave the poor man one-rupee note. [al
16. My grandmother reads - Mahabharata. (the]
17. He is M.L.A. [an]
18. It is --- one-act play. [a]
19. Hc is one-legged man. a]
20 cow lives on grass. [The)
21. Caught in a storm, the ship sent -SOs. [an]
22. Iron is -- useful metal. a]
23. You gave me one-rupee note. a
24. This is --- delightful spot. (a)
25. We should read Mahabharata. (the]
26. He is ---M.Sc. [an
27. There is university in Tripura. [a]
28. We made appointment. [an]
29. -Dainik Sambad is a local aily. (The]
30. He is -- M.P. [an
31. Our Headmaster is ---M.A. an]
32. This is oasis. an
33. Please stand in queue. (a)
34 Lord Cunwallis was IBuropean. (al
one eyed man on the road (aj
36 Epglish are an industrious race. [The]
37. This is
& unique opportunity. [al
ImadeS,TD. call to Kolkata. an)
3S Give me one-rupee note. al
40. There was
university at Nalanda. lal
41. The Bishop's Candlesticks is one-act play. [a)
42.
rich are
43 Bankim Chandra not always happy. (Thej
was Scott of Bengal. [thej
44. Kollcata is
45, He is
London of India. (the]
46 Harish is European. [a)
47. Mr, Bose is honest man. fan)
48. You are honourable man. (an]
fool to say so. [a
49. But certain Samaritan came there. a
50. The advertisement was published in
S1. We went to see Statesnan. (the]
52. Get rid of
Tajmahal. (thel
systern that produces poverty. (the]
53. Progress' is one-act play. a
54. Even rich are not always happy. [the]
55. None but N.R.I. can apply for this. (the)
56. It is sweet noise. (al
57. We felt violent shake. fa
58. Her hair was thick with nany
curl. (a]
59. I sing song to therm. (a)
60 very old woman lives in that house. [A]
61. It is just punishnent for me. (al
62. The poor body is temple of the Living God. [the]
63. Go and inform police. (the]
64. I knew it- moment I saw him. |thel
65. Sone of the writings are -loveliest in the worid. [thel
66 sight of the money makes me nervous. (The)
67. Are you ---manager? [the)
68. He turned key in the lock. (the)
69. He grew long beard. (a]
70. 1 have heard good deal about you. la]
71. What's matter? [the)
72. I had it in my pocket minute ago. (a]
73. Kolkata's Metro is now talk of the city. (the]
74. We are now living in -- -Space Age. (thej
75. Man is -most powerful of all animals. [thej