4.

12 HYDRAULIC JUMP
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE 112 – HYDRAULICS It is an abrupt rise in water surface which results from retarding water flowing at lower stage. The
change in stage is from a depth less than the critical depth to a one greater than the critical depth,
2nd Semester, S.Y 2023 – 2024
but due to loss of head in the jump, the total energy after the jump is less than the alternate stage
before the jump.
MODULE 4 (PART 3)
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

4.11 NON –UNIFORM FLOW

Non-uniform flow occurs where the stream enters and leaves the channel at obstruction such as
dams, weirs, bridges, or piers.

Discharge at point 1 is equal to discharge at point 2.

𝑞1 = 𝑞2 (per foot width of channel)

𝑞1 = 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝑞1 = 𝑑1 (1)𝑉1
𝑞1 = 𝑑1 𝑉1
𝑞2 = 𝑑2 (1)𝑉2
𝑞2 = 𝑑2 𝑉2

ℎ1
= 𝑆𝑜 (Slope of channel)
𝐿
ℎ2
= 𝑆 (Slope of energy gradient)
𝐿
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
+ 𝑑1 + 𝑆𝑜 𝐿 = 𝑆𝐿 + + 𝑑2
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉2 2 𝑉1 2
𝑆𝑜 𝐿 − 𝑆𝐿 = ( + 𝑑2 ) − ( + 𝑑1 )
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟐 𝑽
( 𝟐𝒈 + 𝒅𝟐 ) − ( 𝟏 + 𝒅𝟏 )
𝟐𝒈
𝑳= (Lenght of reach) From point 1 to point 2, the water losses momentum that is the unbalanced force acting to retard the
𝑺𝒐 − 𝑺 mass is equal to the rate of momentum.

From 1 to 2 we have two values of V and R, take the mean values, 1.e.: 𝑞𝛾𝑤
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 𝑀=
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑔
2 𝐹 = 𝑀(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒒𝜸𝒘
𝑽𝒎 = 𝑹𝒎 𝟑 𝑺𝟐 𝑭= (𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 )
𝒏 𝒈
𝟐
𝒏𝑽𝒎
𝑺=( 𝟐) The unbalanced force F is assumed to be equal to the difference of hydrostatic pressure
𝑹𝒎 𝟑 corresponding to depth at 1 and 2.
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝒎 =
𝟐

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA

 𝛾𝑤 𝑑1 2
𝑃1 =
2
𝛾𝑤 𝑑2 2
𝑃2 =
2
𝑀(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑞𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤 𝑑1 2 𝛾𝑤 𝑑2 2
(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = −
𝑔 2 2

𝑉1 𝑑1 = 𝑞
𝑞
𝑉1 =
𝑑1 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝑀(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑉2 𝑑2 = 𝑞 𝑄𝛾𝑤
𝑞 𝛾𝑊 ℎ1 𝐴1 − 𝛾𝑊 ℎ2 𝐴2 = (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑉2 = 𝑔
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝑞𝛾𝑤 𝑞 𝑞 𝛾𝑤 ℎ1 𝐴1 − ℎ2 𝐴2 = ( − )
( − ) = (𝑑1 2 − 𝑑2 2 ) 𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1
𝑔 𝑑2 𝑑1 2 𝑄2 1 1
𝑞 𝑑1 − 𝑑2 1 ℎ1 𝐴1 − ℎ2 𝐴2 = ( − )
[𝑞( ) ] = (𝑑1 − 𝑑2 )(𝑑1 + 𝑑2 ) 𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1
𝑔 𝑑1 𝑑2 2 𝑸𝟐 𝒉𝟏 𝑨𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 𝑨𝟐
𝑞 2 (𝑑1 − 𝑑2 ) 1 =
= (𝑑1 − 𝑑2 )(𝑑1 + 𝑑2 ) 𝒈 𝟏 𝟏
𝑔(𝑑1 𝑑2 ) 2 ( − )
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏
𝒒𝟐 (𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐 )𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
=
𝒈 𝟐 Q = rate of flow
𝐴2 = cross sectional area of section 2
Energy Head loss due to the jump 𝐴1 = cross sectional area of section 1
ℎ1 = centroid of section 1 below the water surface
(𝒅𝟐 − 𝒅𝟏 )𝟑 ℎ2 = centroid of section 2 below the water surface
𝑯𝑳 =
𝟒𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 g = gravitational constant in 9,81 m/sec²
(for rectangular channel unit)
4.14 CENTROID AND AREAS OF CHANNEL SECTIONS
𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒋𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝒅𝟐 − 𝒅𝟏
A. RECTANGULAR
Purpose of apron – to prevent erosion at the toe of the dam which might result to failure to structure.
As water discharges over an overflow dam most of its potential energy is converted into kinetic 𝑑
ℎ=
energy thus producing high velocities at the toe of the dam which probably causes erosion at the 2
toe of the structure. 𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑

4.13 HYDRAULIC JUMP OF NON-RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA

 B. TRIANGULAR b. Compute the specific energy at the upstream side.
c. Determine the depth of water on the downstream side after the rise.
𝑑
ℎ=
3 3. Water flows in a triangular channel (apex down) at a depth of 0.90 m. The apex angle is
𝑏𝑑 90°. A hydraulic jump occurs and the depth just down the stream of the pump is found to
𝐴=
2 be 1.8m.
a. Determine the discharge.
b. Determine the Froude Number after the jump.
c. Determine the energy dissipated due to the jump in kW.

C. TRAPEZOIDAL 4. A hydraulic jump occurs in a trapezoidal channel with side slopes of 1:1 and base of 4 m. If
the stream depth before the jump is 1.0 m. and the downstream depth is 2 m.
𝑑 2𝑏 + 𝐵
ℎ= [ ] a. Determine the discharge.
3 𝑏+𝐵 b. Determine the Froude Number after the jump.
(𝐵 + 𝑏)
𝐴= 𝑑 c. Determine the head loss after the jump.
2
5. A reinforced concrete drainage out fall 2m. in diameter was constructed with a uniform
slope of 2 per thousand and discharges to the sea as shown in the figure. During a recent
heavy down pour, the peak flow in the drainage pipe was 2.05 m³/s. Assuming the flow to
D. CIRCULAR
be constant and n=0.015.
4𝑟 a. Compute the Froude Number at manhole number 2.
ℎ= b. Compute the specific energy at manhole number 1.
3𝜋
𝜋𝑟 2 c. Compute the distance between manholes number 1 and 2.
𝐴=
2
6. In a rectangular channel 12.5 m. wide, having a bed slope of 0.0007, water flows at a
uniform depth of 1m. The value of n=0.02. Assuming that the partial closure of a gate near
the exit end of the tunnel, raises the level at that point by 0.5m.
a. Compute the rate of uniform flow in the channel.
E. PARABOLIC b. How far upstream will it be to where the depth is 1.35 m.
c. Compute the head loss in the channel.
2
ℎ= 𝑑
5
2
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 References:
3 1. Besavilla, V.I. (1996) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, 3rd edition.,VIB Publisher
2. Gillesania, Diego Inocencio T.Fluid mechanics and hydraulics, c2003, Leyte
3. Evett, Jack B. & Liu, Cheng. (1989) Schaum’s 2500 Solved Problems in Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. Daugherty, R.L., Franzini, J.B., Finnemore, E.J. (2002) Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Example Problems: Applications,SI Metric Edition, USA
5. King, H. W., Wisler, C. O., and Woodburn, J. G. Hydraulics, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1. Uniform water flow in a wide brick channel (n=0.015) with a slope of 0.02° moves over a 10
cm. bump as shown. A slight depression in the water surface results. The minimum water
depth over the bump is 50 cm.
a. Compute the depth of flow at the upstream side considering one meter width.
b. Compute the velocity over the bump.
c. Compute the flow rate per meter of width.

2. A channel having a width of 3.5m. had a depth of 0.5 m. Water having a steady flow has
an average speed of 4 m/s. On the downstream side the channel bed is 0.10 m. higher than
that of the upstream side.
a. Determine the type of flow.

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA