TRIGONOMETRY
BY : ROPINA
CONTENTS
PAGE 1 DEFINITION
PAGE 2. HISTORY
- VISUAL TIMELINE OF TRIGONOMETRY HISTORY
PAGE 3. BASIC CONCEPTS
PAGE 4. MAIN TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
PAGE 5 RECIPROCAL RATIOS
PAGE 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
PAGE 7 UNIT CIRCLE
PAGE 8. GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
PAGE 9 APPLICATIONS
PAGE 10. ADVANCED TOPICS
PAGE 11 TRIGONOMETRY IN CALCULUS
DEFINITION
TRIGONOMETRY IS A BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS
THAT STUDIES THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
THE SIDES AND ANGLES OF TRIANGLES. IT IS
ESPECIALLY USEFUL IN RIGHT-ANGLED
TRIANGLES BUT EXTENDS TO CIRCULAR AND
PERIODIC PHENOMENA.
HISTORY
TRIGONOMETRY ORIGINATED WITH ANCIENT
CIVILIZATIONS SUCH AS THE BABYLONIANS AND
EGYPTIANS. THE GREEKS, PARTICULARLY HIPPARCHUS,
FORMALIZED TRIGONOMETRIC CONCEPTS. INDIAN
MATHEMATICIANS INTRODUCED SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS, AND ISLAMIC SCHOLARS PRESERVED AND
EXPANDED ON THIS KNOWLEDGE. DURING THE
RENAISSANCE, EUROPEAN SCHOLARS SYSTEMATIZED
TRIGONOMETRY, INTEGRATING IT WITH ALGEBRA AND
GEOMETRY.
VISUAL TIMELINE OF
TRIGONOMETRY
HISTORY
ANCIENT BABYLONIANS & EGYPTIANS – EARLY ANGLE &
LENGTH CALCULATIONS (2000 BCE)
GREEK ERA (HIPPARCHUS) – FIRST TRIGONOMETRIC TABLE
(~150 BCE)
INDIAN MATHEMATICIANS – INTRODUCED SINE & COSINE
(~500 CE)
ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE – PRESERVED & DEVELOPED
TRIGONOMETRY (~800–1200 CE)
EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE – INTEGRATED WITH ALGEBRA &
GEOMETRY (1500S–1600S)
Basic
Concepts
ANGLES: MEASURED IN DEGREES () OR
RADIANS.
RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE: TRIANGLE WITH
ONE ANGLE EQUAL TO 90.
HYPOTENUSE: THE LONGEST SIDE OPPOSITE
THE RIGHT ANGLE.
OPPOSITE AND ADJACENT: DEFINED
RELATIVE TO A SPECIFIC ANGLE.
Ancient Babylonians and Egyptians (~2000 BCE – 500 BCE)
THEY USED BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDEAS IN ASTRONOMY
AND CONSTRUCTION, THOUGH NOT IN A FORMAL
MATHEMATICAL SENSE.
THE BABYLONIANS, FOR EXAMPLE, HAD TABLES THAT ARE
PRECURSORS TO TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.
Hipparchus of Nicaea (c. 190–120 BCE) — Often called the “Father
of Trigonometry”
A GREEK ASTRONOMER AND MATHEMATICIAN WHO CREATED
THE FIRST KNOWN TRIGONOMETRIC TABLE.
USED TRIGONOMETRY FOR ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATIONS.
DEVELOPED EARLY VERSIONS OF SINE AND COSINE
CONCEPTS.
Ancient Babylonians and Egyptians (~2000 BCE – 500 BCE)
A GREEK ASTRONOMER AND MATHEMATICIAN WHO CREATED
THE FIRST KNOWN TRIGONOMETRIC TABLE.
USED TRIGONOMETRY FOR ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATIONS.
DEVELOPED EARLY VERSIONS OF SINE AND COSINE
CONCEPTS.
Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100–170 CE)
BUILT ON HIPPARCHUS'S WORK IN HIS BOOK ALMAGEST.
USED CHORD FUNCTIONS (PRECURSORS TO MODERN SINE
FUNCTIONS) IN A CIRCLE.
Indian Mathematicians (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, etc., 5th–7th
centuries)
ARYABHATA (476–550 CE) INTRODUCED THE SINE FUNCTION
(CALLED JYA), AND DEVELOPED ACCURATE SINE TABLES.
INDIAN SCHOLARS SHIFTED FROM USING CHORDS TO HALF-
CHORDS (WHAT WE NOW CALL SINE).
Islamic Mathematicians (8th–14th centuries)
AL-BATTANI, AL-TUSI, AND OTHERS EXTENDED TRIGONOMETRY.
INTRODUCED ALL SIX MODERN TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
(SINE, COSINE, TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, COSECANT).
USED TRIGONOMETRY EXTENSIVELY IN ASTRONOMY AND
GEOGRAPHY.
European Renaissance (15th–17th centuries)
EUROPEAN MATHEMATICIANS LIKE REGIOMONTANUS AND
EULER FORMALIZED TRIGONOMETRY AS A MATHEMATICAL
DISCIPLINE SEPARATE FROM ASTRONOMY.
Main
Trigonometric
ratios
THE SIX MAIN TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS ARE
SINE (SIN), COSINE (COS), TANGENT (TAN),
COTANGENT (COT), COSECANT (CSC), AND
SECANT (SEC).
SINE (SIN):
THE RATIO OF THE LENGTH OF THE SIDE OPPOSITE TO A GIVEN
ANGLE IN A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE TO THE LENGTH OF THE
HYPOTENUSE.
COSINE (COS):
THE RATIO OF THE LENGTH OF THE SIDE ADJACENT TO A GIVEN
ANGLE IN A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE TO THE LENGTH OF THE
HYPOTENUSE.
TANGENT (TAN):
THE RATIO OF THE LENGTH OF THE SIDE OPPOSITE TO A GIVEN
ANGLE IN A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE TO THE LENGTH OF THE SIDE
ADJACENT TO THE SAME ANGLE.
COTANGENT (COT):
THE RECIPROCAL OF THE TANGENT, OR THE RATIO OF THE SIDE
ADJACENT TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE.
COSECANT (CSC):
THE RECIPROCAL OF THE SINE, OR THE RATIO OF THE HYPOTENUSE
TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE.
SECANT (SEC):
THE RECIPROCAL OF THE COSINE, OR THE RATIO OF THE
HYPOTENUSE TO THE ADJACENT SIDE.
Reciprocal Ratios
IN MATHEMATICS, RECIPROCAL RATIOS, ALSO
KNOWN AS RECIPROCAL TRIGONOMETRIC
RATIOS, ARE THE INVERSE VALUES OF THE
STANDARD TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS (SINE,
COSINE, TANGENT). THEY ARE DEFINED AS THE
RECIPROCAL OF THE STANDARD RATIOS:
COSECANT (RECIPROCAL OF SINE), SECANT
(RECIPROCAL OF COSINE), AND COTANGENT
(RECIPROCAL OF TANGENT).
Trigonometric
Identities
IN TRIGONOMETRY, TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES ARE EQUALITIES THAT INVOLVE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND ARE TRUE
FOR EVERY VALUE OF THE OCCURRING
VARIABLES FOR WHICH BOTH SIDES OF THE
EQUALITY ARE DEFINED. GEOMETRICALLY,
THESE ARE IDENTITIES INVOLVING CERTAIN
FUNCTIONS OF ONE OR MORE ANGLES. THEY
ARE DISTINCT FROM TRIANGLE IDENTITIES,
WHICH ARE IDENTITIES POTENTIALLY
INVOLVING ANGLES BUT ALSO INVOLVING
SIDE LENGTHS OR OTHER LENGTHS OF A
TRIANGLE.
Unit Circle
THE UNIT CIRCLE IS A CIRCLE WITH A RADIUS
OF 1 UNIT, CENTERED AT THE ORIGIN OF A
COORDINATE PLANE. IT'S A FUNDAMENTAL TOOL
IN TRIGONOMETRY FOR UNDERSTANDING AND
VISUALIZING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND
THEIR VALUES FOR VARIOUS ANGLES. THE UNIT
u
CIRCLE IS USED TO DETERMINE SINE, COSINE,
AND TANGENT VALUES, AND IT ALSO HELPS IN
VISUALIZING THE BEHAVIOR OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS BEYOND ACUTE
ANGLES
Graphs of
Trigonometric
Functions
TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS REPRESENT THE
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANGLES AND SIDE
u
LENGTHS OF TRIANGLES USING FUNCTIONS LIKE
SINE, COSINE, AND TANGENT. THESE FUNCTIONS,
WHICH ARE PERIODIC, HAVE SPECIFIC SHAPES
AND PROPERTIES, INCLUDING AMPLITUDE,
PERIOD, AND PHASE SHIFT, WHICH DETERMINE
THEIR APPEARANCE ON A GRAPH.
Applications
TRIGONOMETRY HAS NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS
IN DIVERSE FIELDS, INCLUDING ASTRONOMY,
NAVIGATION, ENGINEERING, AND EVEN MUSIC.
IT'S USED FOR MEASURING HEIGHTS, DISTANCES,
u
AND ANGLES IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS, AND
ALSO PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MODELING
PERIODIC PHENOMENA LIKE WAVES AND
OSCILLATIONS.
Advanced
Topics
ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY EXPANDS ON BASIC
CONCEPTS BY INTRODUCING IDENTITIES SUCH
AS THE PYTHAGOREAN, SUM AND DIFFERENCE,
u
AND DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS TO SIMPLIFY
AND SOLVE EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONS. IT
INCLUDES INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS,
WHICH HELP DETERMINE ANGLES FROM KNOWN
RATIOS, AND REQUIRES SOLVING EQUATIONS
THAT ACCOUNT FOR THE PERIODIC NATURE OF
TRIG FUNCTIONS. THE LAW OF SINES AND THE
LAW OF COSINES ARE USED TO SOLVE NON-
RIGHT TRIANGLES, WHILE POLAR COORDINATES
AND COMPLEX NUMBERS LINK TRIGONOMETRY
TO OTHER BRANCHES OF MATHEMATICS
THROUGH EULER’S FORMULA AND DE MOIVRE’S
THEOREM. GRAPHS OF TRIG FUNCTIONS
ILLUSTRATE WAVE BEHAVIOR WITH PROPERTIES
LIKE AMPLITUDE AND PERIOD, AND THESE
CONCEPTS HAVE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS IN
PHYSICS, ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, AND
SIGNAL ANALYSIS.
Trigonometry in
Calculus
TRIGONOMETRY IS A FOUNDATIONAL ELEMENT
IN CALCULUS, ESPECIALLY WHEN DEALING WITH
FUNCTIONS, DERIVATIVES, AND INTEGRALS
INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS. IT
u
PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING
AND WORKING WITH ANGLES, TRIANGLES, AND
CIRCULAR MOTION, WHICH ARE CRUCIAL IN
VARIOUS CALCULUS APPLICATIONS.
