一、直译和意译

1、直译：Literal translation
直译不是指逐字翻译。表面上看，就是“不改原词、原句”;严格来说，就是力求“保持原著
的情调和风格”。它以句子为基本单位，在翻译过程中同时兼顾整个文本。此外，它力求再
现原作的思想内容和风格，并尽可能地保留修辞手法。
例 1，死可以这样表达 例 2，汉语习语：
breathe one´s last（断气） crocodile tears(鳄鱼的眼泪）
go to one´s eternal rest（安息) be armed to the teeth（武装到牙齿)
the long sleep（长眠)， chain reaction（连锁反应)
pass away（去世） gentlemen´s agreement（君子协定）
see God(见上帝） 例 3，经典名词
see Marx（见马克思） (the three religions and the nine schools of thought)
see one´s ancestors（见祖先） “三教九流”
go west（归西） (the Four Books and the Five Classics)“四书五经”
go to heaven（进天国） (paper tiger) “纸老虎”
kick the bucket （蹬腿儿了） (one country, two systems)“一国两制”

2、意译：Free translation
意译是一种替代方法，通常用于传达原文的意思和精神，而不试图复制原文的句式或修
辞。当译者确实不可能逐字翻译原文的意思时，最常采用这种方法。
例如：
Adam´s apple 喉结 rest room 公用厕所，洗手间
stopwatch 秒表，跑表 white wine 白葡萄酒
It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱
Do you see any green in may eve? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？
Don´t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。（不必自寻烦恼）

单元练习中例子：
●There´s no pot so ugly it can´t find a lid.
Literal translation：再丑的罐儿也不愁配个盖儿。Or：罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不犯愁。
Free translation：再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家。Or：丑女不愁嫁。
●Little fish does not eat big fish.
Literal translation： 小鱼吃不了大鱼。
Free translation：胳膊拧不过大腿。
●What the tongue says, the neck pays for.
Literal translation：舌头说话，脖子还账。
Free translation：舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。
●What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!
Literal translation：孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡！
Free translation：生就是个女人就别想冒充男人！
●A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.
Literal translation：礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。
Free translation：大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。
单元练习
一、 把下列句子翻译成汉语，直译或意译
1、Every life has its roses and thorns.

2、I´ll have Lisa where I want her.

3、He carried his age astonishingly well.

4、She´d never again believe anything in trousers.

5、He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.

6、Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft.

7、Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.

8、After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground.

9、In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say "unity we stand,

divided we tall".

10、He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his

crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.

11、It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not

being conscious of health until we are ill.

12、Mr. Lowenhaupt recalls an acquaintance from China teaching him a Chinese saying,

"rice paddy to rice paddy in three generations".

13、It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the

age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the

season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the

winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; We were all

going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.

14、A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, end an ear, pat a back, light up a face,

tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride,

welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, case

a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.

参考答案
1、 Every life has its roses and thorns.
人生道路既铺满鲜花，又布满荆棘。/生活总是有苦有乐。
2、I´ll have Lisa where I want her.我要丽莎去哪儿她就得去哪儿。/我要让丽莎乖乖听我调遣。
3、He carried his age astonishingly well. 他一点儿不显老，面容年轻得令人惊讶。
4、She´d never again believe anything in trousers. 她再也不愿相信任何鬼男人了。
5、He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.
他是一个神枪手，可这一次却遭到惨败。/他遭遇了滑铁卢。
6、Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft.
把贵重物品放在显眼处，等于是给小偷发请贴。(直）/应妥善保管贵重物品，以防被盗（意）
7、Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.
而中国是一片令人惊讶、日新月异的士地。
8、After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground.
他上一部小说写砸了，声望开始一路下滑。
9、In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say "unity we stand,
divided we tall".
对付这种规模的挑战，我们这样说一点也不夸张：〝联合我们就能站立/挺住；分开我们
就会倒下。 （直）/面对一场如此严峻的挑战，我们可以毫不夸张地说：“合则生；分则亡”（意）
10、He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his
crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.
他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去脸上假惺惺的眼泪。
11、It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not
being conscious of health until we are ill.
还是那句老话：物失方知可贵，病时倍思健康。
12、Mr. Lowenhaupt recalls an acquaintance from China teaching him a Chinese saying, "rice
paddy to rice paddy in three generations".
卢恩霍普特先生想起一位中国老相识教给他的一向中国谚语：“富不过三代”
13、It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the
age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season
of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of
Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; We were all going to Heaven,
we were all going direct the other way.
这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期；这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代；这是充满信仰
的时代，这是顾忠重重的时代；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是富有希望的春天，
这是充满绝望的冬天；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；我们正笔直地走上天堂，我们正笔直
地走下地狱。
14、A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, end an ear, pat a back, light up a face,
tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a
stranger, wave a good- bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, case a pain, boost a
morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.
一张贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它令人喜洋洋，擦得
心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它
可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，送上飞吻，也可用以平息争吵，减轻痛苦提高士气，解除忧虑，
开创一种新风尚。
二、 翻译方式（8 种）
1.Deduction 推演法.：根据英语词典的解释推断出原文的意思
●boomer--a person born in the marked rise in birthrate (as in the U.S. immediately following
the end of World War II) 生育高峰期出生的人·
●cybercafé--a coffee house that provides patrons with computer terminals for browsing the
Internet for a fee 网吧
●smart card--electronic card: a small plastic card containing a microchip that can store
personal data and bankaccount details 智能卡
●win-win--beneficial to each of the two in some wax 双赢

2.Transplant 移植法.：字面翻译给定英语的成分，然后将每个部分组合起来
•bandwidth 带宽 •blue tooth 蓝牙
•microwave 微波 •supermarket 超级市场
•splashdown 溅落 •whitecollar 白领

3. Extension 引申法：意思的外延 具体到一般或具体到抽象，反之亦然。

●bottleneck 瓶颈→交通狭口→薄弱环节 (from the concrete to the abstract)
●brain trust 脑托拉斯→智囊团 (from the specific to the general)
●ecstasy (an illegal drug) 入迷→摇头丸 (from the abstract to the concrete)
●It is more than transient everydayness. 这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。(from the abstract to
the concrete)
●cry wolf 叫“狼来了”→发假警报 (from the specific to general)

4. Substitution 替代法：根据不同情况，用汉语的同义词或成语替代
●to kill sb.as an example 杀一儆百（或：杀鸡给猴看）
●Please withhold the handout . 请不要发这些材料。
●He was indeed a good riddance. 他还是不在的好。
●The same is not true with a mortal illness. 如果是得了不治之症（或：绝症）
，情况就不一
样了。

5. Explanation 释义法：当上述技巧没有意义时，通常用这种技巧
●mindlessness 思想上的混沌
●togetherness（家庭或社会的）和睦相处
●redshirt [美]红衫运动员(指出色的美国大学生运动员，尤指橄榄球运动员）
●swan song 绝唱：天鹅临死时发出的忧伤动听的歌声， （诗人、音乐家等)最后的作品

6. Combination 合并法：将两个意思相近的单词整合成一个表达
●so subtle and careful an observer 一位如此精细的观察者
●his mendacity and dishonesty 他的狡诈
●a grim and tragic Christmas 一个惨淡的圣诞节
●the body and mind cramped by noxious work 有害工作造成的身心困顿

7. Transliteration 音译法.：通常用于处理专有名词（尤其人名、地名、商标等。
）此外，在没
有现有汉语表达的情况下，他也用于造词
•bungee 蹦极 •calorie 卡路里
•Citroen 雪铁龙（轿车） •clone 克隆
•domino 多米诺骨牌 •euro 欧元
 •hacker 黑客 •Internet 因特网
•pizza 比萨饼 •quinine 奎宁（金鸡纳霜）
•The Times《泰晤士报》 •Wall Street 华尔街

8. Pictographic Translation 图形法：根据实际形状进行翻译

•H-beam 工字梁 •O-ring 环形圈
•U-steel 槽钢 •V-belt 三角皮带
•X-brace 交叉支撑 •Y-curve 叉形曲线

单元练习
一、 英译汉，注意斜体
1、Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light
the light with the light green shade.
2、"I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury, I
got a chaise for town, but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I shall not get rid
of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury about noon, but first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon
got into the secret of getting a memorial before the Board, but I could not get an answer
then; however I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning."
3、All citizens in this nation are subject to the law.
4、Payments are subject to change in keeping with inflation.
5、Subject to the fulfillment of other formalities, they shall be granted all necessary permits.
6、Before it begins to work, the yeast is subject to disruption caused by fluctuations in
temperature.
7、Accession shall be subject to approval of a twothird vote of the Directors of the Governing
Body.
8、Samples are subject to a series of tests in the lab, the object of which is largely to determine
the correct processing methods to be adopted in each case.
9、The mechanism of the process, slow and delicate, often escapes our attention.
10、Under capitalism drugs and alcohol are used by some as an escape mechanism.
11、But people are apt to marvel at an ingenious mechanism and obliterate the man who
makes it.
12、Perhaps this is the very mechanism of the creators of our nation who hold these truths
to be selfevident.
13 、 And, again as a result of the development of modern technology, mechanism in
philosophy became an upstart.
14、The two model variants of the socialist economic mechanism are to be distinguished from
the point of view of market function.
15、Society needs a mechanism for sorting out its more intelligent members from its less
intelligent ones, just as a track team needs a mechanism (such as a stopwatch) for sorting out
the faster athletes from the slower ones.
1、Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light
the light with the light green shade.
夜贼需要一点亮光来辨识四周，于是轻步穿过房间，去点亮带有浅绿色灯罩的灯。
2、"I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury, I
got a chaise for town, but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I shall not get rid
of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury about noon, but first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon
got into the secret of getting a memorial before the Board, but I could not get an answer
then; however I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning."
“接来函后，不到十分钟，我骑马动身了。到达坎特伯雷，换乘四轮马车进镇，但一场雨把
我浑身淋湿，患了重感冒，一时不能痊愈。大约中午到达财政部，要做的第一件事，就是刮
脸换衣。不久，打听到在委员会前树碑的内情。可是我尚未得到答复，不过从送信者口里获
悉，翌日上午会得到的……
3、All citizens in this nation are subject to the law. 这个国家的全体公民都必须服从法律。
4、Payments are subject to change in keeping with inflation. 支付随通货膨胀的变化而变化。
5、Subject to the fulfillment of other formalities, they shall be granted all necessary permits.
在他们履行其他正式手续的条件下，可授予他们一切必要的执照。
6、Before it begins to work, the yeast is subject to disruption caused by fluctuations in
temperature. 酵母在发酵之前，易受温度起伏变化的千扰。
7、Accession shall be subject to approval of a twothird vote of the Directors of the Governing
Body. 就任须得到董事会三分之二以上的成员同意。
8、Samples are subject to a series of tests in the lab, the object of which is largely to determine
the correct processing methods to be adopted in each case.
样品在实验室经过一系列的检验,其主要目的在于针对不同情况来決定采取恰当的加工方法。
9、The mechanism of the process, slow and delicate, often escapes our attention.
这种作用过程既缓慢又微妙，经常逃过我们的注意。
10、Under capitalism drugs and alcohol are used by some as an escape mechanism.
在资本主义社会，毒品和酒被一些人用作逃避现实的途径。
11、But people are apt to marvel at an ingenious mechanism and obliterate the man who
makes it. 但是人们往往对精巧的器械大为惊异，却忘记了制造它的人。
12、Perhaps this is the very mechanism of the creators of our nation who hold these truths
to be selfevident.
我们国家的缔造者们认为这些真理是不言而喻的，或许这正是他们的匠心所在。
13 、 And, again as a result of the development of modern technology, mechanism in
philosophy became an upstart. 随着现代技术的发展，哲学中的机械论再度变得盛极一时。
14、The two model variants of the socialist economic mechanism are to be distinguished from
the point of view of market function.
对于社会主义经济机制的两种模式需要从市场功能的观点来加以区别。
15、Society needs a mechanism for sorting out its more intelligent members from its less
intelligent ones, just as a track team needs a mechanism (such as a stopwatch) for sorting out
the faster athletes from the slower ones.
就像田径队需要一种器械（例如秒表）来选拔运动健将一样，社会也需要一种举贤任能的选
拔机制。
三、判断翻译正误
1、指出翻译的错误然后改正

1. They often talk horse. *他们常常谈论马。

2. That woman walks the streets. *那个妇女常在那些街上走。
3. I´ll report that official. *我要向那位官员报告。
4. The machine is in repair. *那合机器正在修理之中。
5. We´ll stand up to the project. *我们都赞成这个工程。
6. Don't make a fuss of them！*别对那些事大惊小怪！
7. She is in the dock. *她在码头上。
8. The boss gave her the sack. *老板给了她一个麻袋教所有了她
9. That girl student is in the green. *那个女学生身着绿装
10. The old lady has gone to her rest. *“那个老太太休息去了。
11. That young man lost his heart to the girl. *那个青年人失去了信心。
12. The old man often takes his medicine. *那老人常服药。
13. That fellow did hard labor for 3 years. *那人干过三年艰苦的劳动。
14. The woman in labor is his wife. *那个劳动的妇女是他的妻子。
15. I'm not a little afraid of snakes. *我一点也不怕蛇。
16. We charged him to do it. *我们指控他干了那个事。
17. They surprised him doing it. *他们惊吓得他做那个事。
18. I have seen him through. *我看透了他。
19. He is the Speaker. *他是讲演者。
20. Where is the Book? *那本书在哪？
21. Do you know anything about Japan？*你了解日本吗？
22. I bought some salts yesterday. *我昨天买了一些食盐。
23. The man is in the dumps. *那个人在垃圾堆里。
24. Don't call him names! *别叫他的名字！
25. The little boy is a love child. *那个小男孩是个可爱的孩子
26. He is a confidence man.*他是个有信心的人。
27. He is a medicine man. *他是一个医务工作者。
28. What he bought is invaluable. *他买的东西毫无价值
29. This is a disused machine. *这是一台没有用过的机器：
30. He is disinterested in the affairs. *他对此事不感兴趣。
正确答案
1. They often talk horse. 他们常常吹牛。
2. That woman walks the streets. 那个妇女是个妓女
3. I´ll report that official. 我要检举那位官员。
4. The machine is in repair. 那台机器状况良好
5. We´ll stand up to the project. 我们将抵制这个计划。
6. Don't make a fuss of them！。别讨好他们！
7. She is in the dock. 她在被告席
8. The boss gave her the sack. 老板解雇了她。
9. That girl student is in the green. 那女学生正值豆蔻年华
10. The old lady has gone to her rest. 那个老太太安息了。
11. That young man lost his heart to the girl. 青年人热恋着那个姑娘。
12. The old man often takes his medicine. 那老人常忍受不愉快的事。
13. That fellow did hard labor for 3 years.那人服过三年劳役。
14. The woman in labor is his wife. 分娩的妇女是他的妻子
15. I'm not a little afraid of snakes. 我很怕蛇
16. We charged him to do it. 我们责令他干那事
17. They surprised him doing it. 他们撞上他做那个事。
18. I have seen him through. 我帮助他渡过难关。
19. He is the Speaker. 他是议长。
20. Where is the Book? 《圣经》在哪儿？
21. Do you know anything about Japan？你了解日本漆吗？
22. I bought some salts yesterday. 我昨天买了一些泻药
23. The man is in the dumps. 那个人神情沮丧。
24. Don't call him names! 别骂他！
25. The little boy is a love child. 那个小男孩是个私生子
26. He is a confidence man. 他是个骗子
27. He is a medicine man. 他是个巫医。
28. What he bought is invaluable. 他买的东西价值连城。
29. This is a disused machine. 这是一台废弃的机器。
30. He is disinterested in the affairs. 他在此事上公正无私。
四、英汉互译
1、谚语 Proverbs
谚语是广泛用于民间的短小精悍的格言，通常经口头流传下来，大都反映了劳动人民的
生活实践经验。谚语类似成语，但口语性强，通俗易懂，因而很有感染力。
谚语往往多少能反映一个民族的地理、历史、社会制度、社会观点和态度。比如，有些
民族住在沿海一带，靠海为生，他们的谚语往往涉及海上航行、经受风雨、捕鱼捉蟹。像阿
拉伯人这样的游牧民族的谚语则多涉及沙漠、草原、羊、马、骆驼和豺狼。尊敬老人的社会
就会有颂扬老人足智多谋的谚语。妇女地位不高的社会就有许多轻视、贬低妇女的谚语。
人们的经历和对世界的认识在不少方面是相似的。因此，尽管中国人和讲英语的人文化
背景不同，但在英语和汉语中有很多相同或相似的谚语。
Proverbs are short, pithy sayings that are widely used by common people. Generally
passed down by word of mouth, most proverbs reflect the practical experience of the lives of
the working people. Similar to the characteristics of idioms, proverbs tend to be oral and easy
to understand, thus appealing to all.
To some extent, proverbs may reflect a nation's geography, history, social system, social
concepts and attitudes. For example, people inhabiting the coastal areas and making a living
on the sea tend to have more proverbs involving marine affairs, such as voyage on the sea,
weathering the storm, fisheries, etc. While the proverbs of nomads, as in the case of the Arabs,
are closely related to deserts, grasslands, sheep, horses, camels and wolves. A society that
esteems the elderly abounds with proverbs that praise the resourcefulness of the old, while a
society that reduces women to low status is bound to have many proverbs which despise or
disparage women.
After all, people's experience and perceptions of the world are similar in many respects.
So, in spite of the fact that the Chinese and English-speaking people have different cultural
backgrounds, there is a lot of the sameness or similarity in English and Chinese proverbs.

2、中文热词 Chinese buzzwords

中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化，有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如，“土豪”和“大
妈”都是老词，但已获取了新的意义。“土豪”以前指欺压個户和仆人的乡村地主，现在用于指
花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人，也就是说，士豪有钱，但是没有品位。“大妈”是对中年妇
女的称呼，但是现在特指不久前金价大跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。
“土豪”和“大妈”可能会被收入新版《牛津英语词典》，至今约有 120 个中文词条加进了牛
津英语词典，成为英语语言的一部分。
Chinese buzzwords usually reflect social changes and culture, and some of them are
getting increasingly popular in foreign media. For example, tuhao and dama are both
obsolete Chinese terms, but they get different new meanings now.
The term tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppressed their tenants and servants,
while now it refers to people who spend money like water or those who like to show off their
wealth. In other words, a tuhao is very rich but has no taste. Dama was a term for middle-
aged women, but now it refers in particular to the Chinese women who rushed for gold when
gold plunged not long ago. Both tuhao and dama may be included in the latest Oxford
English Dictionary. So far, about 120 items of Chinese saying have been added to its entries,
becoming a part of English language.
3、泼水节 Water Splashing Festival
泼水是傣族新年的主要喜庆活动。人们互相泼水，表示洗去身上一年的尘垢，迎接新一
年的到来。泼水有文泼和武泼之分。文泼是对长者的泼法，舀起一勺水，一边说着祝福的话，
一边拉开长者的衣领，将水顺着领口往下洗。被泼的人欣然接受对方的祝福。武泼则没有固
定的形式，用瓢、用盆、用桶都可以，互相追逐，劈头盖脸地泼。被人泼的水越多，说明受
到的祝福越多，被泼的人也越高兴。
Water splashing is the main New Year celebration activity of the Dai people. People
splash water on others to wash off the dust and dirt of the old year and welcome the coming
of the New Year. Water is either splashed gently or fiercely. Gentle splashing is to the elders-
-people ladle some water and, uttering good wishes while gently pulling loose the collar,
pour it down an elder´s neck. The one being splashed accepts it with good grace. Fierce
splashing has no fixed pattern--people can run after each other and use ladles, basins or
even buckets to splash or pour water over each other face to face. The more one is splashed,
the happier one is for the many blessings he gets.

4、梅贻琦 Mei Yiqi

梅贻琦（1889—1962）教育家、天津人。1909 年考取清华第一批“直接留美生〞，入吴斯特
工业学院学习电机工程。1915 年 9 月应聘来清华大学任物理学教授，1926 年出任教务长。
1931 年出任校长直至 1948 年年底。他仅用几年时间就使当时的清华大学在许多方面跻身
于世界名校之林。作为教育家，梅贻琦有一套完整的教育思想体系，其治校方略可归结为三
个组成部分：通才教育（或“自由教育”） 、教授治校（或“民主管理”）和学术自由（或“自由探
讨之风气”） 。其代表作是 1941 年撰发的《大学一解》。他的“大学者，非谓有大楼之谓也，
有大师之谓也”的著名论说，至今在教育界广为传诵。
Educationalist Mei Yiqi (1889-1962) was born in Tianjin. In 1909, he passed the
examination and became one of the first Tsinghua students to study in U.S.A., majoring in
electrical engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. In September 1915 he was invited to
work in Tsinghua University as a physics professor and was appointed Dean of Studies in 1926.
He was appointed president of Tsinghua University in 1931 and did not leave the post until
the end of 1948. Under his leadership, Tsinghua University quickly ranked among world
famous universities in many aspects in a matter of just a few years. An educationalist himself,
he established a complete ideological system of education. His strategy of running the
university comprises three parts, i.e. general education (also known as "free education"),
professor management (also called " democratic management") and academic freedom (or
"the atmosphere of free discussion"). His representative work is An interpretation of University,
which was published in 1941. And his famous saying sit is great masters, not huge buildings
that characterize a university." is still thought highly of by the educational circles even to this
day. (And his famous saying "what makes a university famous is not its magnificent buildings,
but its reputed scholars" is still popular now in the educational circles.)
5、外语系图书馆 Library of the Foreign Languages Department
外语系图书馆占地面积 125 平方米，藏书 2.3 万册。整个图书馆包括 3 间书库，1 个阅
览室，即英、俄文图书混合库，英文工具书库，日、法、德语混合库和中英文期刊阅览室。
所藏图书以英语语言研究及相关文献为主体，兼藏日、俄、德、法语书籍资料。此外，订有
各类中外文期刊近 200 种。
外语系图书馆为专业图书馆，着重语言研究与语言教学，是学校图书馆人交分馆的一个
重要分支。目前，馆内全部馆藏已实现计算机化管理，并提供网络服务。
With a floor space of 125 square meters the library of the Foreign Languages Department
has around 23,000 books in storage. The library consists of 3 stack rooms and 1 reading room,
i.e. 1 stack room for English and Russian books, another for English dictionaries and reference
books, the third for Japanese, French and German books, and a reading room meant for
Chinese and English magazines and periodicals. The library mainly focuses on English
linguistic studies and relevant literatures, and concurrently, it keeps a considerable collection
of various books in Japanese, Russian, Germany and French. Around 200 Chinese and English
magazines and periodical titles are available here.
As a library for special purpose, the library of the Foreign Languages Department plays
an important part in the sublibrary of humanities and social science under the Main Library
of the University, laying its stress on linguistic studies and language teaching. The
management of the library is computerized and is now able to serve the reader via its network.
6、张光斗：与水“相恋”的世纪人生 Zhang Guangdou: A Centenarian Wedded to Hydraulics
95 岁的清华大学水利系教授、工程教育家张光斗用自己的学识与人生参与和见证了我
国 20 世纪水利建设历史的波澜壮阔。他创建了国内的水工结构和水电工程学科，编写了国
内第一本《水工结构》中文教材，建立了国内最早的水工结构实验室，培养了国内首批水工
结构专业研究生……
56 年风起雨落，他—直走在与水为伍这条小路上；56 年花开花谢，他在小路那头的讲
台上倾注了满腔热忱。16 位两院院士、5 名国家级设计大师，以及为数众多的高级工程师、
教授，桃李满天下的张光斗也将他那句“做一个好的工程师，一定要先做人——正直，爱国，
为人民做事”的座右铭在一代代弟子中传承下去。
Zhang Guangdou, a 95-year-old professor of Department of Hydraulic Engineering,
Tsinghua University and an engineering educationalist who devotes his wisdom and whole
life to China´s hydraulics cause, has witnessed and participated in the great development of
Chinese water conservancy projects in the 20th century. Founder of the disciplines of hydraulic
structure and hydroelectric engineering in China, he is the author of the first textbook
Hydraulic Engineering Structure in Chinese. He also set up China´s first laboratory of hydraulic
engineering structure and became the first to have supervised graduate students majoring in
this field.
In spite of ups and downs in the past fifty-six years, he has never stopped his steps on
the road of the hydraulics study; nor has he ceased to pour his enthusiasm and affection on
his students wholeheartedly. Having students all over the world, including sixteen
academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering, five
national master designers and a large number of senior engineers and professors, Professor
Zhang Guangdou is going to pass on his following favorite saying to generations of students:
"To be a good engineer, one should first of all be an upright person--an honest, patriotic
man who serves the people."
7、谦虚与诚恳 Modesty vs. Sincerity
一位中国人到美国朋友家做客。“你的房子不错，真宽敞，”客人赞美道。主人听了十分
高兴，按美国习惯笑着回答说“谢谢”。这令客人感到意外。
“你的英语讲得真棒，很流利，”主人夸道。“不！不！我的英语说得很不好，”客人回答
道。主人没想到客人会这样回答，很是迷惑不解。
主人的回答是否“不谦虚”？客人的回答是否“不诚恳”？显然都不是。讲英语的人听到別
人赞扬，一般说“谢谢”，表示接受，认为对方的赞扬是诚心诚意的，不应故作谦虚。但对中
国人来说，听到別人赞扬时，通常要表示受之有愧，做得很不够，接受赞扬则意味着骄傲自
满或缺乏教养。两种回答引起不同反应表明各自不同的语言习惯。
"You have a very nice house. It's so spacious." A Chinese who was invited to the home of
an American friend complimented him. "Thank you," the host smiled with obvious pleasure
and replied in good American fashion, which caused surprise to his guest.
"You speak fluent English, really very fluent," the host said to his guest. "No, no. My
English is very poor," the guest replied. Having not expected such a reaction, the host was
perplexed.
Was the host's reply immodest? Or was the guest's remark insincere? The answer is no
in either case. To Englishspeaking people, praise is to be accepted, generally with a remark
like «Thank you." It is assumed that the compliment is sincere, that the praise is for some not
unworthy achievement or thing. Therefore, there should be no show of pretended modesty.
To Chinese, however, the customary reply to a compliment would be to claim that one is not
worthy of the praise, that what one has done is hardly enough. Acceptance of a compliment
would imply conceit or lack of manners. So, different reactions in above cases reflect
differences in people's expressing habits.

8、基因工程 Genetic Engineering

“基因工程”这一术语 1951 年由美国科幻小说家杰克•威廉森杜撰，半个世纪以来这一技
术已广泛应用到各个行业，主要在医药和农业领城取得了一些成功。
但是国外也有些科学家反对搞基因工程。他们害怕由此会产生引起癌症的病毒或细菌，
使癌症广泛流行；还害怕扰乱和破坏了正常细胞的功能，造成奇怪的疾病……
众所周知，一门新科学给人类带来的是祸还是福，其实并不取决于这门科学本身，就像
原子能那样，既可以用来造福于人类，也可以用来做杀人武器。我们相信，如果加以合理运
用，基因工程一定能成为人类征服自然、改造自然的有力工具。
The term "genetic engineering" was first coined by American science fiction writer Jack
Williamson in 1951. Genetic engineering techniques have been extensively applied to various
industries in the past 50 years, with some success principally in medical and agricultural fields.
However, some scientists abroad are opposed to genetic engineering for fear that
cancerogenic virus or bacteria might be produced, and that the function of normal cells might
be disrupted and damaged, and consequently some unknown diseases might occur.
It is known to all that whether a new science is weal or woe to humanity is not decided
by the science itself, as the case in atomic energy: it can be either used to benefit human
beings or used to make deadly weapons. We believe that if it is properly applied, genetic
engineering will certainly become a powerful tool for human beings to conquer and transform
the nature.
9、消除极端贫困 Eradicating Extreme Poverty
在帮助国际社会于 2030 年前消除极端贫困过程中，中国正扮演着越来越重要的角色。
自 20 世纪 70 年代末实施改革开放以来，中国已使多达四亿人摆脱了贫困。在未来五年中，
中国将向其他发展中国家在减少贫困、发展教育、农业现代化、环境保护和医疗保健等方面
提供援助。
中国在减少贫困方面取得了显著进步，并在促进经济增长方面做出了不懈努力，这将鼓
励其他贫困国家应对自身发展中的挑战。在寻具有自身特色的发展道路时，这些国家可以借
鉴中国的经验。
China is playing an increasingly important role in helping the international community in
the process of eradicating extreme poverty by 2030.
Since the implementation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China has helped
as many as 400 million people out of poverty. In the next five years, China will provide
assistance to other developing countries in various aspects such as poverty reduction,
education development, agricultural modernization, environmental protection, health care,
etc.
China has made remarkable progress in poverty alleviation, and it has made unremitting
efforts in promoting economic growth. This will encourage other poor countries to cope with
their own development challenges. These countries can learn from China's experience in
seeking the path of development with their own characteristics.
10、施一公：以天下事为己任 Regarding the Future of the Country as His Own Responsibilities
2008 年 2 月，40 岁的国际著名结构生物学家、美国普林斯顿大学终身教授施一公，全职回
到祖国，受聘为清华大学终身教授，并出任清华大学生命科学与医学研究院副院长。他说：
“普林斯顿大学是美国最适合做研究的地方，从条件上讲，如果只从科研角度出发的话，我
确实没有必要回清华，我回清华的目的不只是为了做科研。我回来的根本目的是为了育人，
教育一批人。育人在育心，做科研是育人的一个重要环节。我觉得现在的大学生缺乏理想，
缺乏一种无论出现什么情况都不会放弃的东西。我想，如果引导正确的话，清华大学一定会
有这样的一批学生，他们在为自己奋斗的同时，心里还装着一些自己之外的东西，以天下事
为己任，驱使他们往前走，一定会有一批人这样做。如果这样，20 或 30 年后，当我从清华
退休时，我会很满意的。”
In February, 2008, Shi Yigong, a 40-year-old world famous structural biologist and
tenured professor of Princeton University in the United States, came back to his motherland.
He was granted tenure at Tsinghua University and appointed deputy dean of the Institute of
Life Science and Medicine. He said, "In terms of academic research, Princeton University is the
most suitable place in the United States. If for the sake of scientific research alone, there is
certainly no need for me to come back to Tsinghua. Actually, I didn't come back just for the
purpose of doing scientific research; my ultimate aim is educating students-a large number
of students. The key to education lies in cultivating the minds, with scientific research as an
important link. In my opinion, college students today lack ideals; they lack something that
should never be given up under any circumstance. I believe, if properly conducted, there must
be a number of students in Tsinghua who bear in mind something beyond their personal
interests while striving to pursue their goals. They would regard the country's future as their
own responsibilities, which prods them to move ahead. I am sure there will be no lack of such
people in Tsinghua. If so, I will be very content with my decision when I retire from Tsinghua
20 or 30 years later."
11、艾滋病 AIDS
世界各地有 3600 万人染上了艾滋病——这比整个澳大利亚的人口还多。目前，艾滋病
是全球第 4 大死因，而在非洲则是头号罪魁。在非洲，艾滋病使工人丧失工作，使家庭丧失
经济来源，使父母丧失孩子。在 7 个非洲国家中，15 岁至 49 岁的艾滋病病毒携带者占 20%
以上：南非为 20%，博茨瓦纳为 36%。赞比亚培训教师的速度，赶不上教师患艾滋病而死亡
的速度。据估计，在未来 10 年非洲将有 4000 万名艾滋病孤儿。
亚洲受艾滋病的影响相对较小。只有柬埔寨、泰国和缅甸的艾滋病病毒感染率超过 1%。
但这种流行病就像台风一样，总是在意想不到的海岸积聚力量。印度的艾滋病病毒感染率虽
然“仅有”0.70%，但按这个比例，也有 370 万人。到 2005 年，估计中国艾滋病病毒携带者达
500 万~600 万人。
Throughout the world 36 million people are suffering from AIDS, which is more than the
whole population of Australia. At present, AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death in the
whole world, and the chief culprit in Africa. In Africa, it deprives workers of their jobs, families
of incomes and children of their parents. In seven African countries, more than 20 percent of
the 15-49-year-old population is infected with HIV: 20 percent in South Africa, 36 percent in
Botswana. Zambia cannot train teachers fast enough to replace those killed by AIDS. It is
estimated that there will be 40 million AIDS orphans in Africa in 10 years.
Asia remains comparatively untouched. Only Cambodia, Thailand and Burma have
infection rates above 1 percent. But the pandemic may be like a typhoon gathering strength
off an unsuspected coast. India's HIV rate of "only" 0.7 percent translates to 3.7 million
infectious people. China predicts 5 million to 6 million HIV-positives by 2005.

12、上海
上海位于长江人海口，是一座历史文化名城和著名的旅游城市，全国最大的经济中心和
贸易、金融、文化中心。新中国成立前上海被称为“冒险家的乐园，，是一个工商业畸形发展
的城市。今日的上海，交通四通八达，成为中国最大港口、华东地区最大的交通枢纽，沪宁、
沪杭两条铁路干线的起点，又是中国重要航空中心和国际航空港之一。这里有发达的商业，
是中国特大型综合性贸易中心和国际经济、金融、贸易中心之一。2010 年上海世博会的成
功举办，吸引了全球近 200 个国家和国际组织参展，海内外 7000 余万名游客前来参观。“城
市，让生活更美好”这一主题为全世界留下一份丰厚的精神遗产。
Located on the estuary of the Yangtze River, Shanghai is a historic city famous for its
culture and tourism, the biggest center for China's economy, trade, finance and culture.
Before the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949, Shanghai was called "paradise
for adventurers", a city with the lopsided development of industry and commerce. Today, with
its transport lines extending in all directions, Shanghai has become the largest port in China,
the largest transportation hub in East China. It is not only the starting point of Hu-Ning
(Shanghai-Nanjing) and Hu-Hang (Shanghai-Hangzhou) railways, but also an important
aviation center of China, and one of the international aviation ports. With its advanced
commerce, Shanghai is a super large comprehensive trading center of China, and one of the
international economic, financial and trading centers. The successful host of World Expo 2010
Shanghai has attracted participants in around 200 countries and international organizations,
and more than 70 million tourists at home and abroad. The theme "Better City, Better Life"
has left a rich spiritual heritage for the world.