Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 LECTURE PLAN
Marks
Credits Exam Total
UI UE
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
BECF181T30/CBSPH18T30 4 3Hrs 40 60 100
B.E. / B. Tech. Objectives
(ECE, EIE, Mechatronics, EEE, CSE&IT)
(2020 -21 / I SEMESTER)
• To understand the components of Nd-YAG
UNIT III – PHOTONICS laser
• solid-state laser (Nd-YAG laser) • To understand the working of Nd-YAG
laser
Delivery mode • Black board/ PPT
• Nature of components of Nd:YAG laser Outcomes
• Characteristics of Nd:YAG laser
Key lecture • Description on working set up (with diagram) Student will be able to explain
points • Explanation on working with energy level diagrams
• Applications. • Solid state Four level lasers
• Optical pumping
• Nd-YAG laser uses a solid Nd-YAG rod as active medium • Meta stable states and population
• Laser transition occurs between electronic levels in solid state
inversion
Conclusions lasers
• Electronic transitions
• Four level solid state laser
• Optical pumping is employed for solid state lasers
Pre requisites
• Differentiate between various pumping systems
Questions • Give the significance of meta-stable states Basic knowledge on
• Essential components of Nd-YAG laser set up
• Spontaneous and stimulated emissions
• Laser components

Terms used

• Nd-YAG rod
• Xenon flash lamp
• Elliptical cavity
• Four level laser
• Reflective mirrors
 Nd-YAG L A S E R
[Neodymium doped Yittrium Aluminium Garnet Laser]
Why Y A G?
YITTRIUM ALUMINIUM GARNET [YAG]
Garnets [X3Y2(SiO4)3 ] are group of silicate minerals
[gem stones and abrasives]
X sites - Divalent cation (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn)2+
Y sites - Trivalent cation (Al, Fe, Cr)3+
YAG is a synthetic garnet made using aluminium in
the place of Si
High optical quality Lab created YAG Gem
https://www.jtv.com/library/gemo
YAG can be polished to a good optical finish pedia/yag

High thermal conductivity for easy extraction of the

heat generated
CHARACTERISTICS
ACTIVE MEDIUM : Neodymium [Nd 3+ ions]
ons] doped YAG

Size of Nd3+ ions are almost same as Y3+ ions

Some of the Y3+ ions (1%) are replaced by Nd3+ ions on
doping
Nd3+ ions act as active centers in the active medium
Active centers are those atoms or molecules which involve
in absorption and emission transitions during pumping
processes.

Nd:YAG laser rod 0.5 cm in diameter

 PUMPING MECHANISM : Optical Pumping

Pumping Source : Xenon Flash Lamp

Photons from the flash of flash lamp excite
Nd 3+ ions to higher excited levels
Population inversion is created
Customized Xenon flash lamps
https://gbondtech.com/product-
categories/laser-crystal-xenon-lamps/

REFLECTIVE MIRROR SET UP

The ends of Nd-YAG

YAG rod are fitted with
suitable reflective mirrors
One mirror gives 100% reflection
The other mirror gives partial reflection

Mirrors for Nd-YAG

Nd lasers
https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?obje
https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm
ctgroup_id=3793
SCHEMATIC SET UP

LASER

100 % Partially
reflecting reflecting
mirror mirror
ELLIPTICAL CAVITY

The elliptical cavity is a hollow casing and

whose inner surface is coated with Laser rod Flash lamp

reflective coating
At one of the focal point of elliptical cavity,
Nd-YAG rod [active medium] is placed
At another focal point a Xenon flash lamp is
fixed
This arrangement focus all the light on the
laser rod [Nd-YAG rod]
 WORKING OF LASER
ENERGY LEVEL SCHEME

E2
Excited states
Non radiative /Spontaneous
transitions Population Inversion

E3 Metastable State
0.73 μm Excitation

0.8 μm Excitation

Stimulated emissions with

coherent photons
Laser
[1.064 μm]
E4
Non radiative /Spontaneous
transitions

E1 Neodymium Ground State

 WORKING OF LASER

When the flash lamp gives flash, the Nd3+ ions are excited to higher levels

These levels are highly unstable and the excited ions make a non-radiative
transition to meta stable states

Population inversion takes place in meta stable levels

Stimulated emission is induced in the meta stable levels by spontaneously

emitted photons

Coherent photons are released in stimulated emission

These photons are suitably multiplied by resonant cavity [laser rod

attached with mirrors] and finally released as laser beam at 1.064 μm [IR
region] through partial windows.
APPLICATIONS

Nd:YAG lasers are used in ophthalmology

In oncology, Nd:YAG lasers can be used to remove skin cancers

Nd:YAG dental lasers are used for soft tissue surgeries in the oral cavity,

Nd:YAG lasers are used in manufacturing for engraving, etching and metal
surface enhancement processes.

The Nd:YAG laser is the most common laser used in military as laser
rangefinders.

COURSE TEACHER
Dr. M. SUNDARRAJAN
Assistant Professor of Physics
SCSVMV
Semiconductor Diode Laser
Definition:
It is specifically fabricated p-n junction diode. This diode emits laser light when it is forward
biased.
Characteristics:
 Type: It is a solid state semiconductor laser.
 Active medium: A PN junction diode made from single crystal of gallium arsenide is
used as an active medium.
 Pumping method: The direct conversion method is used for pumping action
 Power output: The power output from this laser is 1mW.
 Nature of output: The nature of output is continuous wave or pulsed output.
 Wavelength of Output: gallium arsenide laser gives infrared radiation in the
wavelength 8300 to 8500 A
Principle:
When a p-n junction diode is forward biased, the electrons from n – region and the holes from
the p- region cross the junction and recombine with each other.
During the recombination process, the light radiation (photons) is released from a certain
specified direct band gap semiconductor like Ga-As. This light radiation is known as
recombination radiation. The photon emitted during recombination stimulates other electrons
and holes to recombine. As a result, stimulated emission takes place which produces laser.

Construction:
Figure shows the basic construction of semiconductor laser. The active medium is a p-n
junction diode made from the single crystal of gallium arsenide. This crystal is cut in the form
of a platter having thickness of 0.5μmm.

The platelet consists of two parts having an electron conductivity (n-type) and hole
conductivity (p-type). The photon emission is stimulated in a very thin layer of PN junction (in
order of few microns). The electrical voltage is applied to the crystal through the electrode
fixed on the upper surface. The end faces of the junction diode are well polished and parallel
to each other. They act as an optical resonator through which the emitted light comes out.

Working:
Figure shows the energy level diagram of semiconductor laser.
When the PN junction is forward biased with large applied voltage, the electrons and holes are
injected into junction region in considerable concentration. The region around the junction
contains a large amount of electrons in the conduction band and a large amount of holes in the
valence band. If the population density is high, a condition of population inversion is achieved.
The electrons and holes recombine with each other and this recombination’s produce radiation
in the form of light. When the forward – biased voltage is increased, more and more light
photons are emitted and the light production instantly becomes stronger. These photons will
trigger a chain of stimulated recombination resulting in the release of photons in phase. The
photons moving at the plane of the junction travels back and forth by reflection between two
sides placed parallel and opposite to each other and grow in strength. After gaining enough
strength, it gives out the laser beam of wavelength 8400 A . The wavelength of laser light is
given by

Advantages:
1. It is very small in dimension. The arrangement is simple and compact.
2. It exhibits high efficiency.
3. The laser output can be easily increased by controlling the junction current
4. It is operated with lesser power than ruby and CO2 laser.
5. It requires very little auxiliary equipment
6. It can have a continuous wave output or pulsed output.

Disadvantages:
1. It is difficult to control the mode pattern and mode structure of laser.
2. The output is usually from 5 degree to 15 degree i.e., laser beam has large divergence.
3. The purity and monochromacity are power than other types of laser
4. Threshold current density is very large (400A/mm2).
5. It has poor coherence and poor stability.

Application:
1. It is widely used in fiber optic communication
2. It is used to heal the wounds by infrared radiation
3. It is also used as a pain killer
4. It is used in laser printers and CD writing and reading.
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner