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Navigation Control Course: Search & Rescue

The Navigation Control Course outlines the structure and responsibilities of Search & Rescue (SAR) operations, detailing the roles of the SAR Coordinator, Mission Coordinator, and On Scene Commander. It emphasizes the importance of coordination, communication, and the effective use of resources during SAR missions, including the selection of appropriate search patterns based on various factors. Additionally, the course provides guidelines for determining datum and executing search patterns to enhance search efficiency and effectiveness.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views41 pages

Navigation Control Course: Search & Rescue

The Navigation Control Course outlines the structure and responsibilities of Search & Rescue (SAR) operations, detailing the roles of the SAR Coordinator, Mission Coordinator, and On Scene Commander. It emphasizes the importance of coordination, communication, and the effective use of resources during SAR missions, including the selection of appropriate search patterns based on various factors. Additionally, the course provides guidelines for determining datum and executing search patterns to enhance search efficiency and effectiveness.

Uploaded by

osmangonimariner
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Navigation Control Course

Search & Rescue


Navigation Control Course

Introduction:

Search & rescue (SAR) is defined as the use of available personnel &
resources to assist persons & property in distress or potential distress.

SAR Organisation comprises of :

• SAR Coordinator (SC)


• SAR Mission Coordinator (SMC)
• Rescue Coordinating Centre (RCC)
• On Scene Commander (OSC)
• SAR Units (SRUs)
Navigation Control Course
SAR Coordinator (SC) ensures SAR missions are coordinated
efficiently through the use of available SAR resources.

Duties of the SAR Coordinator:

• Liase with the SAR supporting agencies/organisations &


SAR authorities of neighbouring countries to ensure mutual
cooperation & coordination.
• Identify SAR resources that may be used within the area.
• Initiate a SAR action Plan.
• Oversee SAR mission, ensuring it conforms with the SAR
action plan & guidelines in the IAMSAR manual are
followed.
Navigation Control Course
• Assign SMC & SRUs.
• Recommend suspension of SAR mission either when it is no
longer necessary or when there is no longer a reasonable
chance of success.
• Report results to the Emergency Operations Committee.

A SAR Mission Coordinator (SMC) is designated by the SAR


Coordinator to manage a specific SAR mission.

Duties of SMC:

• Though the SAR Coordinator retains overall responsibility,


the SMC plans & operationally coordinates &
controls SAR
Navigation Control Course
Missions from the time assigned until conclusion, prosecuting each
mission with resources available.

Rescue Coordinating Centre (RCC):

SAR operations are coordinated by the RCC. The RCC personnel


comprise of SAR Coordinator, SMC, Liaison officers from SAR
supporting agencies/organisation staff. All personnel assigned to
RCC should be fully trained & capable of performing their duties.

SAR Coordinators should be familiar with:

• Available line of communication with all SAR supporting


Navigation Control Course
Agencies & commercial resources.
• Search & rescue regions.
• Geographic features of their SRR such as navigational aids,
water depths, hazards to low level aircraft searches, the
capabilities, limitations & recommended use of available
facilities.

Activation of RCC, On activation of the RCC the SAR Co should:

• Source for complete briefing of present & forecast weather


conditions in the area of concern.
• Review all entries in the SAR Operations Log.
• Determine the mission ready status of all SAE resources.
Navigation Control Course
• Test all primary lines of communications.

The SMC designates an On Scene Commander (OSC) to manage a


SAR operation at the scene.

Assigning of an OSC:

• An OSC is not required for all SAR operations.


• However, an OSC is assigned when two or more SRUs are
on the scene.
• An OSC need not be a SRU.
• The unit designated as OSC retains this responsibility from
the time of designation until relieved or till mission is
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completed.
• Should an OSC not be designated, the first SRU that arrives
on the scene assumes the responsibility of OSC & advises the
SMC.

Duties of OSC:

• SAR mission is carried out by the OSC using resources from


the SMC.
• The SMC will provide the OSC with a detailed SAR Action
plan.
• The OSC has operational control of all SRUs at the scene.
Navigation Control Course
Operational Control of SRUs:

• The SAR supporting agency retains operational control of


SRUs whilst on route to & from the scene.
• Should the SRU supporting agency want to withdraw its SRU
from the mission, it should advise the SMC.
• The withdrawal of the SRU should be advised to the SMC as
soon as possible in order to dispatch suitable reliefs.

Search & Rescue Unit (SRU):

The SRU is a craft or any resource performing search & rescue


operations.
Navigation Control Course
The SRU is normally assigned by name.
Requirements of the SRU:
To accomplish the mission, a fixed SRU should be manned,
equipped & proficient in SAR skills.
If only one SRU is on the scene it performs the duty of the OSC.
Also the SRU must keep the SMC advised.
If there are two SRUs, they take directions from the OSC.
It should be ensured that SAR in adjacent areas is not endangered &
search efficiency is not reduced.
Navigation Control Course

Also duplication of the search effort should ensure that all areas are
searched.
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Responsibility When required What to Report
Execute the SAR Plan As soon as assigned Estimated time of arrival

Maintain Communication 15 minutes before Operational limitation


with OSC arrival on scene until On scene communication
released capability

Report to OSC After searching Planned search speed


On scene endurance
capability
Brief the SMC After returning to Areas searched
base Visibility
Wind
Search results
Navigation Control Course
When Required What to report
When sighting survivors Position
Effect a rescue if capable & Survivors identity
Signal to survivors Survivors physical condition
Keep survivors in sight Wind, weather & sea
If rescue is impossible & the SRU departs you condition
should: Search & rescue endurance
Note survivors position precisely
Mark location with datum marker buoy (DMB) if
possible
When sighting Position, nature of sighting
Wreckage, unusual ground disfiguration, debris, Concentration of objects if
empty lifeboats, life rafts, oil slicks, Flares & several sighted, wind, weather
smoke conditions & evaluation
Navigation Control Course
When detecting: Signal type
• Emergency signal Exact time
•Survivor transmission SRU position
Course & speed
Bearing
Signal strength
Signal frequency
Signal evaluation
SRU action
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Datum:

• This is the most likely location of the craft being


searched.
• This is after correcting for movement over time.
• To calculate datum the current & affect of the wind must be
taken into consideration.

Determining Datum:
• Depends on the reported or most likely position of the
distress craft.
• Unless the distress craft is immobilised, anchored or
aground possible movement of the craft should be
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calculated.
• The two factors that should be taken into account are the
total water current & leeway.

See following flowchart:


Last Known Position

Total Water Current


Leeway

Datum
Search Area
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Selecting a Search Pattern.

Below is a list of factors to consider when selecting an appropriate


search pattern:

• Accuracy of datum
• Size & detectability of the search craft.
• Size & shape of the search area.
• Time available for searching.
• Number & type of SRUs.
• En route & on scene weather.
• Navigational ability of the SRUs.
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Search patterns are generally referred to by letter designators.

The first letter indicates search pattern type:

• Track line T
• Parallel P
• Creeping Line C
• Square S
• Sector V
• Barrier B
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The second letter indicates the number of SRUs in the same
search area:

• Single Unit S
• Multi Unit M

The third letter indicates amplifying/supplementary


information:
• Radar or Return Search R
• Coordinated C
• Loran L
• Aural A
• Non-Return Search N
• Drift Compensated D
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The following example describes the meaning of the designator
TSR:

If letter designator is.. Then


TSR T = Track Line
S = Single Unit
R = Radar or Return Search
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The following is an example of the terminology used for a
generic search pattern:

a. Commence search pattern (CSP)


b. Search leg
c. Cross leg
d. Tracking spacing (S)
e. Search area major axis
f. Search area minor axis
g. Creep direction
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g. Creep Direction----------------------------------------------------

c.
b. Search Cross leg
leg
f. Minor
axis

d.
Commence
Track
Search point a.
spacing (S)
(CSP)
e. Major axis
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Track line (T) search pattern

• Is used when the only information available is the search


target's known or projected track line.

• This search pattern is usually the first search action since it


is assumed that the target is near track and will be easily
seen or will signal the SRU.

• Searching a datum line (intended track line corrected for


drift) should be evaluated as it can be a return or
non‑returning pattern.
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• If a single unit non-return (TSN) is conducted, the SRU
searches down the track line or datum line.
• For a single‑unit return pattern (TSR), offset the search
legs one-half track space (S) either side of the track/datum
line.
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This diagram shows the TSR Original Track
line.
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This diagram shows the TSR Drifted Track line.
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Parallel (P) search pattern:

• This should be used when the search area is large,


there is equal probability of the target being
anywhere in the search area.

• Datum information is fair, and uniform coverage is


desired throughout the area.
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• The pattern may be used when the degree of
detection may have an equal probability of being
anywhere in the search area.

• The search legs are parallel to the search area's


major axis (longest side oriented down the drift
line).

• Commence Search Point (CSP) is located one‑half


track space inside the search area in the specified
corner.
Navigation Control Course
Navigation Control Course
A Creeping Line (C) search pattern:

• Is used when the search area is large, uniform coverage is


desired.

• The datum information is fair, and there is more chance of


the target being in one end of the search area than the other.

• The search legs are parallel to the search area's minor axis
(shortest side of the search area or 90° off of the major
axis).
Navigation Control Course
Navigation Control Course
A Square (S) search pattern:
• Is used when datum is established within close limits and
uniform coverage is desired.
• The first leg is usually oriented down drift (if it is not
practical to search the first leg down drift, then another first
leg direction may be used).
• All turns are 90° to the right and a second search is
performed by shifting the pattern 45° to the right.
Navigation Control Course
This diagram shows the Square search pattern.
Navigation Control Course
A Sector (V) search pattern:

 Is used when datum is established with a high degree of


confidence and the target is difficult to detect.

 The search unit passes through datum several times, each


time increasing the chances of finding the target.

 The pattern resembles the spokes of a wheel, with the center


of the wheel at datum.

 It is the only pattern with a circular area of coverage.


Navigation Control Course
 The datum may be marked with a floating object such as a
DMB.

 By marking the center of the search pattern, the SRU has a


chance to check its navigation each time the SRU passes
near the center of the search pattern.

 A 60° sector search is normally used which consists of nine


equal legs, each leg having a length equal to the radius of
the search area.

 The first leg is usually down drift.


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 Although the center of the search area is covered very well,
the outer limits of the area are not covered as well.

Second Search

 If you complete a first search or second search of the Sector


search pattern with no results, consider using another
pattern, i.e., Square or Parallel for more uniform area
coverage.

 If a second sector search is performed, shift the pattern 30°


to the right.
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 For coverage factor and POD calculations the track spacing
of a Sector search is considered to be one‑half the radius.

Diagram The next slide diagram shows the Sector search


pattern.

Sector Search 1. To determine the distance traveled in a


search, multiply the radius
Calculations (r) by 9. Total track line miles = 9r.

2. To determine the total time for a search,


divide the total track line miles by the
SRU's search speed.
Navigation Control Course
Navigation Control Course
Barrier Search Pattern

A Barrier (B) search pattern is used in an area where a strong


current exists.

The search area lies along the path of the current. There are three
versions of this pattern:
• Advancing
• Stationary
• Retreating
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Diagram The next slide diagram of the Stationary Barrier
pattern, the current carries the water past the search
barrier.
This search is similar to a Creeping Line pattern
except the area is moving past the SRU rather than
the SRU moving through the search area.
Navigation Control Course

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