Page 1: Introduction
Transformers are fundamental devices in electrical engineering and physics. They are used to
transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. This
project aims to explore the working principles, types, applications, and mathematical foundations of
transformers.
Page 2: What is a Transformer?
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
using inductively coupled conductors - the transformer's coils. A varying current in the primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux, which induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or
voltage in the secondary winding.
Page 3: Construction of a Transformer
A transformer consists of:
1. Core - Made of soft iron to provide a path for magnetic flux.
2. Primary Coil - The input coil which receives electrical energy.
3. Secondary Coil - The output coil from which energy is delivered.
Types of core:
- Core-type transformer
- Shell-type transformer
Page 4: Working Principle
The working of a transformer is based on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
"The induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage."
When an AC current flows through the primary coil, it creates a time-varying magnetic field. This
magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary coil through mutual induction.
Page 5: Types of Transformers
1. Step-up Transformer - Increases voltage from primary to secondary.
2. Step-down Transformer - Decreases voltage.
3. Power Transformers - Used in transmission networks.
4. Distribution Transformers - Used in distribution networks.
5. Isolation Transformers - Provides electrical isolation between two circuits.
Page 6: Transformer Equations
Let:
- Vp = Primary voltage
- Vs = Secondary voltage
- Np = Number of turns in primary
- Ns = Number of turns in secondary
- Ip = Primary current
- Is = Secondary current
Then:
(Vs / Vp) = (Ns / Np)
Vs * Is = Vp * Ip (Ideal transformer: Power input = Power output)
Page 7: Efficiency of a Transformer
Efficiency (eta) is given by:
eta = (Output Power / Input Power) × 100%
Transformers are highly efficient (typically more than 95%). Losses include:
- Copper losses (resistance in the windings)
- Iron losses (hysteresis and eddy currents in the core)
- Flux leakage (not all flux links both windings)
Page 8: Applications of Transformers
- Electric power transmission
- Voltage regulation in power supply systems
- Impedance matching in audio systems
- Electrical isolation in sensitive devices
- Charging systems and adapters
Page 9: Advantages and Limitations
Advantages:
- High efficiency
- Durable and reliable
- No moving parts (less maintenance)
Limitations:
- Operates only with AC
- Bulky and heavy for high-power applications
- Some energy loss is unavoidable
Page 10: Conclusion
Transformers are indispensable in modern electrical systems. Their ability to modify voltage levels
efficiently makes them essential for safe and effective power distribution. A clear understanding of
transformers is crucial for students and professionals in physics and electrical engineering.
