COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING APPARATUS
DESIGN
COURSE CODE:ChEg4191
PROJECT TITEL: DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL
PREPARED BY NET-WORK 5
NET- WORK MEMBER IDNO SECTION
1. MEBRAHTOM AYELGN…………………….… RET1025/06 1
2. MEDIHN KIDANE…………………….…………. RET1051/06 1
3. MELKAMU ADDIS…………………….………….RET1074/06 1
4. NEBYAT H/SLASIE…………………….………….RET1187/06 1
5. NUGUS DEGU…………………….………………..RET1215/06 1
SUBMITTED TO
INSTRACTOR ZINABU H.
SUBMISSION DATE:
DEC 12,2016 GC
 Declaration
We declare that on the this project submitted is done by our own ideas in our words,& other
ideas or words have been included adequately cited & referred on the original sources. We also
declare we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty & integrity & have not miss
represented or falsified & idea, source in our submitted.

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Table Content Page

Chapter one …………………………………………………………………..1

1 introduction …………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Background………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………… .2
1.3 Objective………………………………………………………………… .2
1.3.1 General objective……………………………………………………… 2
1.3.2 Specific objective………………………………..................................... .2
1.3.3 Significance of the study…………………………………………….. .3

Chapter two ………………………………………………………………….…3

2 Literature review…………………………………………………………./..3
2.1 General pressure vessel design consideration ……………………………..3
2.1.1 Design pressure …………………………………………………………...3
2.1.2 Design temperature………………………………………………………..3
2.1.3 Materials……………………………………………………………………3
2.1.4 Design stress (nominal design strength)………………………………… 4
2.1.5 Welded joint efficiency……………………………………………………4
2.1.6 Corrosion allowance …………………………………………………….. 4
2.1.7 Design loads ……………………………………………………………… 4
2.1.8 Minimum Practical wall thickness ……………………………………… 4

Chapter –three …………………………………………………………………..4

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

3 Methodology and materials………………………………………………(4-6)

3.1Design specification…………………………………………………………7
3.2 Assumptions ……………………………………………………………….8

Chapter –four…………………………………………………………………..9

4 Result and Discussion ………………………………………………………..9

4.1 Preliminary design of the vessel……………………………………(9-14)
4.2 Design of skirt support and base ring calculation …………………(15-19)
4.3 Base ring and bolt design ……………………………………………(19-23)
4.4 The proportional of standard flanges are set out in various cods and
Standards ……………………………………………………………..(23-25)
4.5 Reinforcement of opening calculation …………………………….......26
4.5.1 Required area of reinforcement ………………………………..(26-28)
4.5.2 Discussion …………………………………………………………….32
4.5.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….32
4.5.4 Recommendation ………………………………………………………..33
4.5.5 Reference ……………………………………………………………(33-34)
4.5.6 Appendix…………………………………………………………………34

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Acknowledgment
First of all we would like to thanks for God that gives as full of health to finish this project
program .Then, we would like to thank our classmate because they are our back bone in all our
life. And as the same time we would like to thanks our friends. Also, we would like to thanks to
the academic lecturer that they gives us lot of information about designing the project on
pressure vessel

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Executive Summary
This project is an outcome of the exercise we conducted through the course of chemical
engineering apparatus design .This is given for us to gain the knowledge of designing pressure
vessel. The purpose of this project is designing pressure vessel to solve the problem of societies
or customers. To do this we consider all the basic design considerations and problem of the
society.

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DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

List of figures page

Figure 4.1: Thickness of the wall………………………………………………10

Figure 4.1. : Resultant longitudinal stress………………………………………(13-15)

Figure 4.4: standard flange………………………………………………………….25

Figure 4.4: Pressure vessel……………………………………………………………31

Figure 4.2.standard ellipsoidal……………………………………………………….16

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DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

List of tables page

Table 3.1: Column Specification………………………………………………………………(7-
8)

Table 3.2: Nozzles Specifications……………………………………………………………...…8

Table 3.3: Other sieve plate column specifications…………………………… ………………....8

Table 4.4: Standard

flanges……………………………………………………………………….25

Table 4.5: Final Results…………………………………………………………………………..

(29-30)

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Acronyms
ASME = American society mechanical engineering

BPVC = Boiler and pressure vessel code

Psi = pound square inch

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Chapter - one

1. Introduction
Tanks, vessel& pipelines are used to carry, store or receive fluids are called pressure vessel.
Tanks, vessel and pipelines that carry, store or receive fluids are called pressure vessel. A
pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside.
The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a
change in state as in the case of steam boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case of
chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has a combination of high pressure together with high
temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive material. Because of such
hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur. In addition vessel has
to be design carefully to cope with the operating temperature and pressure.
Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The cylindrical
vessels are generally preferred because of the present simple manufacturing problem and make
better use of the available space. Boiler, heat exchanger, chemical reactor and so on, are
generally cylindrical.

1.1. Background

The earliest documented design of pressure vessels is described in the book Codex Madrid I, by
Leonardo da Vinci, in 1495, where containers of pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy
weights underwater, however vessels resembling what are used today did not come about until
the 1800s where steam was generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial
revolution . However, with poor material quality and manufacturing techniques along with
improper knowledge of design, operation and maintenance there was a large number of
damaging and often fatal explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, with a
death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United States. Local providences and states in the
US began enacting rules for constructing these vessels after some particularly devastating vessel
failures occurred killing dozens of people at a time, which made it difficult for manufacturers to
keep up with the varied rules from one location to another and the first pressure vessel code was

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

developed starting in 1911 and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC). In an early effort to design a tank capable of withstanding pressures up to
10,000 psi (69 MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was spirally-
wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end
caps longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods. The need for high pressure and
temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with
welding instead of rivets (which were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required)
and in 1920s and 1930s the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction, and
welding is the main means of joining metal vessels today.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

The major problem of pressure vessel design is Vessel failure.

Vessel failure occurs during:

 Improper selection of material; defects in mate rial.

 Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect de-sign methods; inadequate shop
testing.
 Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication procedures including
welding.

1.3. Objective

1.3.1. General objective

 To optimize the pressure vessel designs.

The objective of design optimization of pressure vessels is cost reduction by reducing

weight with adequate strength and stiffness. Optimization is the act of obtaining the

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

best result under given circumstances. Conventional design aims at finding

acceptability design which merely satisfies the functional and other requirements of
the problem. In general, there will be more than one acceptable designs and the
purpose of design optimization is to choose the best.

1.3.2 .Specific objective

 To determine the preliminary mechanical design for the column of the pressure
Vessel design.
 To select and sizing of vessels or heads.
 To know thickness of the vessels.
 To draw the pressure vessel using the auto cad method.

1.4 Significance of the study

Pressure vessels are designed for industrial use such as in nuclear reactors & in mining. They are
used for people’s every day activities like

In heating water & in distillation. The vessels are used for storing liquefied gases with all safety.
They are use full in storing & disseminating unstable chemicals such as propane, & ammonia.

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Chapter- two

2. Literature review

2.1. General pressure vessel design considerations

2.1.1. Design pressure

A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be

Subjected in operation.
For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken as the pressure
At which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the normal
Working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets. When deciding
The design pressure, the hydrostatic pressure in the base of the column should be added
To the operating pressure, if significant.
Vessels subject to external pressure should be designed to resist the maximum differential
Pressure that is likely to occur in service. Vessels likely to be subjected to vacuum
Should be designed for a full negative pressure of 1 bar, unless fitted with an effective,
And reliable, vacuum breaker.

2.1.2. Design temperature

The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature, so the
Maximum allowable design stress will depend on the material temperature. The design
Temperature at which the design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum
Working temperature of the material, with due allowance for any uncertainty involved in
Predicting vessel wall temperatures.

2.1.3. Materials
Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other
Alloys, clad plate, and reinforced plastics.
Selection of a suitable material must take into account the suitability of the material
For fabrication (particularly welding) as well as the compatibility of the material with the
Process environment.

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials;
In accordance with the appropriate material standards.

2.1.4. Design stress (nominal design strength)

Design stress factor (factor of safety) to the
Maximum stress that the material could be expected to withstand without failure under standard
test conditions. The design stress factor allows for any uncertainty in the design

Methods, the loading, the quality of the materials, and the workmanship.

For materials not subject to high temperatures the design stress is based on the yield
Stress or the tensile strength (ultimate tensile stress) of the material the design temperature.

2.1.5. Welded joint efficiency

The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of the welding.
The soundness of welds is checked by visual inspection and by non-destructive testing
(Radiography). The possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with the virgin plate is
usually. Allowed for in design by multiplying the allowable design stress for the material by a
“Welded joint factor” J.

2.1.6. Corrosion allowance

The “corrosion allowance” is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material
Lost by corrosion and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between
the customer and manufacturer .The allowance should be based on experience with the
Material of construction under similar service conditions to those for the proposed design.

2.1.7. Design loads

A structure must be designed to resist gross plastic deformation and collapse under all the
condition of loading
.2.1.8. Minimum practical wall thickness
There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is sufficiently
Rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads.

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Chapter-three

3. Methodology AND MATERIALS

Necessary materials used to design pressure vessel :

 stainless steel vessel ,unstabilised(304
 Insulation, mineral wool
 skirt carbon steel, silicon killed
 50 sieve plate
 Stainless steel nozzle
 Access ladder with plat form

Necessary steps to design pressure vessel.

Step1 .determine the minimum plate thickness to resist the internal pressure.

PiDi
t = ,where Pi = design pressure , j = joint factor
2 fj−Pi

Di = internal diameter , f = maximum allowable stress

Step2 .determine the minimum thickness of tori spherical&ellipsoidal heads.

PiDi
te = , where Pi = design pressure , j = jont factor
2 fj−0.2 Pi

Di = internal diameter, f = maximum allowable stress

PiRcCs
tr = , where Pi = design pressure , j = joint factor
2 fj+ Pi (Cs−0.2)

Di = internal diameter, f = maximum allowance stress

Step3.select & size the vessel ends.

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Step4.divided in to five sections by 2 mm.

Step5.calculate dead weight of the vessel.

Wv = 240CvDm(Hv+0.8Dm)tav , where Wv =dead weight of the vessel ,

tav = average minimum thickness

Cv = factor to account for weight of nozzle

= 1.08 for vessels with few internal fitting

= 1.15 for distillation column

Dm = mean diameter

Step6.calculate weight plate of the vessel.

2
πD
Wp = 1.7KN/m2plate arae , plate arae = A= , where D = internal diameter
4

Step7.calculate weight of insulation of the vessel.

Wi = ρgv , v = π DiHvtin , where Di = internal diameter v = volume

Hv = height of vessel ρ = density of the insulation

tin =thickness of insulation

g = gravity

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Step8.sum-up all weight .

Step9.calculate the wind load.

Pressure dynamic is 1280 N/m. Fw = PwDef ,Def = Di+2(tav+tin)

Where F w = load per unit length , tav = average thickness

Def = effective diameter , tin = insulation thickness

Step10.calculate the bending moment for bottom tangent line.

Mx = Fw ¿ ¿

Step11.analysis of stress

PiDi PiDi Mx Wv
σh = , σl= ,σb = ± ¿+t) , σw= , σz=σl+ σw ± σb
2t 4t Iv π ( Di+t ) t

Where t = thickness at bottom of the vessel where σw (−ve ) is compressive

π 4 4
Iv = (Do −Di ) , Do = Di+2t
64

Step12. σz ( up−wind )=σl −σw+σb , σz ( down−wind )=σl−σw−σb

Step13. Check elastic stability(buckling)

4
σc=2∗10 ¿)

PiR PiK 1 D
Step14.calculate reinforcementtrs= =
fj−0.6 P i fj−0.6 Pi

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

PiR D 1500
A=d¿ tr∗F+ 2∗tn∗tr∗F (1−fr 1) t= +c where R= = =750mm
fj−0.6 Pi 2 2

A=d¿ tr∗F+ 2∗tn∗tr∗F (1−factor ) A<∑ Ai, where ∑ Ai=¿ A1 ¿+ A2+ A3+ A 41+ A 43

ti=tn-2c h=(2.5t , 2.5ti)

Ȧ1=d( E1t-Ftr)

A ' 2 =5 ( t n−t rn ) × Fr 2 × t A ' ' 2=5 ( t n−t rn ) × Fr 2 ×t n

Since A1=A’1 A ' ' ' 3 =2 h(t i × Fr 2 )

A2=A2’’

A3=A3’’’

Step15. Design of Skirt support and base ring calculation

Dpπ 1 4 Ms
Ms = FW ¿ ¿N bolts= Ab= ( - Wv)
600 Nbolt∗fb Dp

√ 4 Ab 4 Ms Wv
D bolt = Fbolt= 2 +
π π∗Ds πDS

θs= tan−1 ¿¿

√ ˙
tb = Lr 3∗fc
Fr

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

3.1. DESIGN SPECIFICATION

The design specification of a sieve plate column is given below.

Table 3.1 .Column Specification

Properties Specifications
Length of cylindrical section, L 37 m
Internal diameter, Di 1.5 m
Heads Standard ellipsoidal
Number of sieve plates, n 50
Design temperature, T 150 0C
Design pressure, Pi 1200 KN/m2
Corrosion allowance, C 2 mm

Table 3.2.Nozzles Specification

Properties Specifications
Feed At mid-point 200 mm inside diameter
Vapour out At 0.7 m below top of cylindrical
Section 250 mm inside diameter
Bottom At Centre of vessel head 200 mm inside diameter
Product At 1.0 m below top of cylindrical 200 mm inside diameter
section

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Table 3.3 .other sieve plate column specification

Properties Specifications

At 1.0 m above the

Diameter of Access ports 0.6 m bottom
(manhole) At 1.5 m below the top
of the
Column
Height of support skirt 2.5 m
Thickness of insulation 50 mm thick

3.2. ASSUMPTIONS
In order to develop a preliminary design, some assumptions are made and listed below.

 No significant loading from piping and external equipment.

 Plates and plate supports design is negligible.
 Material is double welded butt or equivalent and fully radiographed.
 Assume flanges are standard flanges.
 Earth – quake loading need not be considered.

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

CHAPTER-FOUR

4.RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1. Preliminary design of the vessel

Step 1.determine the minimum plate thickness of cylindrical to resist the internal pressure

PiDi 1.2∗1500
t= = = 6.955 mm , round off to 7 mm and add corrosion allowance then
2 fj−Pi 2∗130∗1−1.2

t=7 mm+2 mm =9 mm

Step2.determine the minimum thickness of the two heads.

 The minimum thickness of ellipsoidal is given

PiDi
t=
2 fj−0.2 Pi

Pi = Design pressure = 1.2 N/mm2

Di = inner diameter of the column = 1500 mm

f = the design stress of the material of construction = 130 N/mm2

j = the weld joint efficiency = 1.0

The weld joint is double welded butt or equivalent joint and 100 percent degree of
radiography.

1.2(1500)
t=
2 ( 130 )( 1 )−0.2(1.2)

t=6.93 mm

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Round off to 7 mm

 The minimum thickness of tori spherical is given by :

PiRcCs
t= Rc = Di = 1.5 mm = 1500 mm , Rk = 0.06Rc = 0.06(15000 mm) =
2 fj+ Pi (Cs−0.2)
90 mm

Rc 1500
= = 16.67
Rk 90

1
Cs = (3+√ 16.6) = 1.77
4

1.2 ( 1500 ) 1.77

t = = 12 mm ,
2 ( 130 )( 1 ) +1.2(1.77−0.2)

But the minimum thickness is more preferable .

Step3. So that we select & size the ellipsodial head because it has smallest thickness than
torispherical

Step4. For stability of the shell the column is divided into five parts and thickness is increased
from top to bottom of the shell, as 7 mm, 9 mm, 11 mm, 13 mm and 15 mm respectively

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

11

13

15

figure4.1wallthickness SKIRT SUPPORT much wall thickness is needed

For all other calculations, the average thickness is used. The average thickness = t s=11 mm .

Step5. Dead weight of vessel :

Stress due to the dead weight of the vessel:

For a steel vessel

Take Cw = 1.15, vessel with plates

Dm = 1.5 + 11 x 10-3 = 1.511m

Hv = 37 m

t = 11 mmWv = 240 CvDm (Hv + 0.8 Dm) tWv = 240 X 1.15 X 1.511 (37 + 0.8 X 1.511) 11=
175,279N

= 175.3kN

Step6. Weight of plates :

Plates area = π/4 X 1.52 = 1.77 m2

Weight of a plate including liquid on it :1.7kN/m2 X 1.77 m2 = 3.009kN

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

50 plates = 50 X 3.009 = 150.45kN

Step7. Weight of insulation :

Mineral wool density = 130 kg/m3

Approximate volume of insulation

V = πDiHvtin=π∗37 m∗50∗10−3 m∗1.5 m=¿8.6025 m3

Weight = 8.72 m3 x 130 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2 =11,112 N

Double this to allow for fitting, etc. = 22.224kN

Step 8 .Total weight:

WV = 175.3KN

WP=150.45kN
Win=22.224KN

W Total=347.96KN

Step 9.Wind loading

Take dynamic wind pressure as 1280 N/m2, corresponding to 160 kph (100 mph) for
preliminary design studies.

Mean diameter including thickness and insulation,Dm = Di + 2(ts +tins) x 10-3

= 1.5 + 2(11+50) x 10-3

=1.622 m

Wp=1280N/m2

 Fw=Loading (per linear meter)=Wp*Dm

FW= 1280 N/m2 x 1.622 m = 2076.16 N/m

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Fw
Bending moment at bottom tangent line = Mx = ∗Hv 2
2

Mx= Fw∗¿ ¿=2076.16∗¿ ¿=1421131.52Nm

Step 10 .Longitudinal and circumferential stress:

At bottom tangent line, the pressure stresses are given by:

 Longitudinal stress,

PiDi 1.2∗1500
σl= = =30N/mm 2
4 tb 4∗15

 Circumferential stress,

PiDi 1.2∗1500
σh= = =60N/mm 2
2 tb 2∗15

step 11. Stress due to dead weight,

3
Wv 175.3∗10
σw= = =2.4566N/mm 2
π ( Di+tb ) tb π ( 1500+15 ) 15

Do = Di + 2 x t = 1500 mm + 2 (15 mm) = 1530 mm = outer diameter of the column

Step 12.Bending Stresses,

Mx Di π π
σb =± ( + tb) , where Iv= ( D 04 - Di 4)= (¿-(1500 ¿ ¿4 ¿=2.048∗1010 mm 4
Iv 2 64 64

3
1421131.52∗10 1500
σb=± ( +15)=53.08N/mm 2
2.048∗10
10
2

step 13 .Resultant longitudinal stress is given by,

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

σz=σl+ σw ± σb,whereσw ( compressive )=−ve

σz ¿)=σl−σw+σb=¿30-2.4566+53.08=80.5N/mm 2

2
σz ( down−wind )=σl−σw−σb=30−2.4566−53.08=−25.5 N /mm

80.5N/mm 2

Up-wind

60N

25.5N/mm 2

Down-wind

60N/
2
mm

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Figure4.1.principal stress

, the Therefore greatest difference between the principal stresses will be on the down-wind side.

Since the upwind stress (80 N/mm2) and downwind stress (25.5N/mm2) are less than the
allowable design stress (130 N/mm2), therefore the design metal thickness (tb = 15 mm) is
satisfactory.

Step 14: Check elastic stability (buckling).

Critical buckling stress can be calculated as

tb 15
4
σc=2∗10 ( ) = 2¿ 104 ( ¿=196.07N/mm 2
Do 1530

The maximum resultant compressive stress will occur when the vessel is not under pressure
given by.

σz=σb+σw = 53.08+2.4566=55.54N/mm 2

Since the maximum resultant compressive resultant stress (55.54 N/mm2) less than that of
critical buckling stress (196.07N/mm 2). So the design procedure of the vessel is correct.

4.2. Design Of Skirt support and base ring calculation

Ms = FW ¿ ¿ Hvs=Hs+Hv

Where Hvs=height the skirt vessel, HVS=37+2.5=39.5 m

Step 1: Determine the height of the vessel is including gheight of each ellipsoidal head.

Height of the vessel, Hv

Given:

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Length of cylindrical section = 37 m

Internal column diameter = 1.5 m

Height of each ellipsoidal head, h

Since the ellipsoidal heads used for this design are of a standard measurement as shown below in
Figure 4.2, it is safe to assume that the heads are manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio
of 2:1.

Figure 4.2: Standard ellipsoidal head

The height of each ellipsoidal head, h = D/(4 ) , 1.5/4=0.375 m

The height of vessel, Hv:

Hv = (Length of cylindrical section) + (Height of the two ellipsoidal heads)

= 37+2(0.375) = 37.75m

Step 2: Determine the bending moment, in skirt.

x=Hs+Hv

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Where,

HS= Height of skirt=2.5m

H V =Height of the vessel=37+2(0.375)=37.75m

x=37.75+2.5=40.25 m

2
Fw∗x
Ms= ,where Fw =load per unit length is from a bove calculation =2076.16N/m
2

X = Hs+Hv

Ms=bending moment at the base of the skirt

2 2
Fw∗x 2076.16∗40.25
MS= = =1681754.48Nm
2 2

Step 3: Determine the bending stress in the skirt.

The bending stress in the skirt is given by the following formula,

Assume as a first trial, take the skirt thickness as the same as that of the bottom section of
the vessel, 15 mm.

σbs= 4Ms/π(Ds+ts)Dsts

Where,

Ds =Internal column diameter, =1.5m

ts = Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of the bottom section, =15mm

σbs=Bending stress in the skirt

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Thus,

4∗1681754.48∗1000
σbs= =62.85N/mm 2
π∗(1500+15)∗15∗1500

Step 4: Determine the dead weight stress for the test and operating conditions.

 For test condition,σws(test):

Formula given by, σws(test)=Water/π(Ds+ts)ts

Where,

σws(test)=Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition

Water= dead weight of the vessel with contents (water) is approximate weight

2 2
π∗D ∗Hv∗ρw∗g π∗1.5 ∗37.75∗1000∗9.81
Water= = =653424.2N=653.4242KN
4 4

Thus,

Wwater
σws (test )=
π ( Ds+ts ) ts

653424.2
σws(test)= =¿9.2N/mm2
π∗(1500+15)∗15

 For operating condition, σws(operating):

The formula given by,

σws(operating)=Vessel/π(Ds+ts)ts

Where,

σws(operating)=Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Wvessel= dead weight of vessel with heads.

Thus,

175.3∗1000
σws(operating)= =2.45668 N/mm2
π (1500+15)∗15

Step 5: Determine the resultant bending stress in the skirt.

For maximum:

σs(compressive)=σbs+σ(test)

σs(compressive)=62.85+8.975=71.825 N/mm2

For minimum:

σws(tensile)=σbs+σw(operating)

σws (tensile)=62.85-2.45668= 60.4N/mm2

Step 6: Design criteria:

If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the skirt thickness should
not exceed that of its design criteria, as shown below

From the specification table,

θ=90°

fs= 115 N/mm2

E = Young’s modulus (Sinnott. and Tower., 7.3.7. Effect of Temperature onthe Mechanical
Properties 1999) =200,000 N/mm

For the maximum:

Given the formula,

σs(compressive)≯0.125E(ts/Ds)sinθs

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

71.825 N/mm 2≯0.125×200,000(

15
)sin 90 °
1500

71.825 N/mm 2≯250 (Fulfilled)

For minimum:

Given the formula,

σs(tensil)≯fsJsinθs

60.4≯115×1×sin90°

65.3N/mm 2≯115 (Fulfilled)

Since all the calculations and comparison above shows that the all design criteria were fulfilled,
add 2 mm for corrosion, gives a design thickness of new skirt thickness, ts:

New skirt thickness, ts:

ts= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)

=15mm + 2mm= 17mm

4.3. Base ring and anchor bolt design

 For DS = 1.5 m

Step 1 .Determine the number of bolts required, N bolts

 Since the measurements for the pitch diameter were not given, it was assumed that the
measurement of column diameter would be used to make an assumption for the pitch
diameter. An estimation of 10% allowance was then added to the pitch circle diameter
column.

Number of bolts required N bolts given by the formula:

Dpπ
N bolts=
600

Where;
33
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Ds = Internal column diameter = 1.5 m

Dp = Pitch circle diameter

= Ds + (10% Ds)

= 1.5 + 0.1 x 1.5

= 1.65 m

= 1,650 mm

1650∗π
Thus,Nbolts= =8.635mm
600

By taking the nearest multiple of 4, 12 is the nearest value to the number of bolts required,
Nbolts.

Step 2: Determine the required bolt area, Ab

The required bolt area, A given by the formula:

1 4 Ms
Ab= ( - Wv)
Nbolt∗fb Dp

Where,

Nbolt=Number of bolts required = 12 Bolts.

fb= Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2

Ms=Bending moment in skirt

Wvessel= dead weight of vessel with heads

Dp= Pitch circle diameter = 1.6 5m = 1,650 mm

1 4 Ms
Ab= ( - Wvessel)
Nbolt∗fb Dp

1 4∗1681754.48
= ( – 175.3¿ 1000)
12∗125 1650

34
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

=2601.12mm 2

Step 3: Determine the bolt root diameter, Dbolt.

The bolt root diameter given by the formula:

D bolt =
√ √
4 Ab 4∗2601.12
π
=
π
=57.56mm

With the addition of base rings, the bolt should be sufficient enough to distribute the total
compressive load to the foundation.

Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.

Given the formula:

4 Ms Wv
Fbolt= 2 +
π∗Ds πD S

Where,

Wvessel=dead weight of vessel with heads = 175.3 KN

Ms=Bending moment in skirt = 1681754.48Nm

Ds=Internal column diameter = 1.5m

4∗1681754.48∗1000 175.3∗1000
Fbolt= 2 + =989.38N/mm
π∗1500 π∗1500

Step 5: Determine minimum width of base ring, Lb.

Given by the formula:

Fb
Lb =
fc

Fbolt=Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length = 1,196.40N/mm

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

fc=Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad bearing pressure 5 N/
2
mm .

989.38
Lb= =197.8mm
5

Due to the large base ring width, a flared skirt shall be used as an alternative to the
design.Therefore, the requirements and assumptions for the new skirt are:

 Flared skirt bottom diameter, Ds’ = 2.5 m = 2500 mm

Bolt circle diameter, Dolt’= Ds’+ (10% of Ds)

= 2.5 m + (1.5¿ 0.1 ¿= 2.5 m + 0.15 m

= 2.65 m (Assumed)

= 2,650 mm

˙ = π∗Ḋp = but , D'p=D's+(10% Ḋ s)

Number of bolt, Nbolt
600

D'p=2.5+(10%2.5) = 2.75 m

= 2,750mm

˙ = π∗2750 =14.4mm
Nbolt
600

For Ds’ = 2.5m

Step 1: Determine the skirt base angle, θs.

Skirt base angle, θs(With Ds’ =2.5 m) given by,

θs= tan−1 ¿¿

36
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

θs= tan−1 ¿= 78.7°

Step 2: Determine bolt spacing.

Bolt spacing given the formula:

˙
Dbolt∗π
Boltspecing = ˙
Nbolt

Where,

Dbolt'=Bolt circle diameter = 2650 mm

Nbolt'=Number of bolts =14.39

π∗2650
boltspecing= =577.8 mm (satisfactory)
14.4

Step 3: Determine new required bolt area, Ab

Given by the formula:

1 4 Ms
Ab= ˙ ( ˙ −Wvessel )
Nbolt∗fb Dbolt

Wvessel=l dead weight of vessel with heads = 175.3 KN

Ms=Bending moment in skirt

Nbolt'=Number of bolts required = 14.4

Dbolt'=Bolt circle diameter = 2.650m = 2,650 mm

fb=Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2

1 4∗1681754.48∗1000
Ab= ( −( 175.3∗1000 ))= 255.2mm 2
14.4∗125 2650

Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.

Given the formula:

37
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

4 Ms Wv
Fbolt= ˙ 2 + ˙
π∗Ḋs π ¿ Ds

Where,

W vessel= dead weight of vessel with heads =175.3 KN

Ms= Bending moment in skirt = 1681754.48Nm

D's=Flared skirt bottom diameter=2.5m =2500mm

4∗1681754.48 175.3
˙ =
Fbolt 2 + =365 N/mm
π∗2500 π∗2500

Step 5: Determine minimum width of base ring, Lb

Given the formula:

˙
Fbolt
Lb=
fc∗103

fc=Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation padBearing pressure = 5

N/mm2

365
Lb= 3 = 0.073mm
5∗10

Step 6: Determine the actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,

Given the formula:

f'c=Fbolt'/(Actual width)

Actual width =Lr + ts + ti

Where,

ts = Skirt thickness = 17mm

ti = Insulation thickness = 50mm

38
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

˙ = Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length

Fbolt

Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm (Sinnott., Coulson
& Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999) :Using Bolt size 70 (BS 4190:1967)

Actual width = 178 + 17 +50 = 245mm

˙
Fbolt 365
˙=
fc = =1.489 N/mm2
Actual Width 245

Step 7: Determine the base ring thickness, tb

The base ring thickness given by the formula:

√ ˙
tb = Lr 3∗fc
Fr

tb=178
√ 3∗1.489
140
=31.795 mm

4.4. The proportions of standard flanges are set out in various codes
andstandards.
A typical standard flange design selection is given below in Table 4.4 and in Figure4.4.

Table 4.4. Standard Flanges

Nominal Pip outer Flange Raised Neck

size (mm) diameter, face Bolting Drilling
d1 (mm) D B H d4 R No d2 K d3 h2 r
200 219.1 340 20 62 268 3 M20 8 22 295 235 16 10
250 273 395 26 68 320 3 M20 12 22 350 292 16 12

STEEL WELDING NECK FLANGES

Nominal pressure 10 bar (1 bar = 105 N/m2)

39
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Figure 4.4. Standard Flange

4.5. Reinforcement of Opening calculation

4.5.1. Required Area of Reinforcement:

All process vessels will have openings for connections, man ways, and instrument fittings. The
presence of opening has its own drawback whereby it weakens the shell and gives rise to stress
concentrations. The stress at the edge of a hole will be higher than the average stress in
surrounding plate. Thus, in order to reduce this stress it is important that the opening is
compensated with increase of wall thickness in the region adjacent to the opening. In other
words, a reinforcement of opening will be done towards the hole in order to cope with a
sufficient stress that countered the weakening effect of the opening without.

40
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Reinforcement of opening is given by :

A=d¿ tr∗F+ 2∗tn∗tr∗F (1−fr 1)

 Preliminary calculation of thickness & distance

Such as tr,trn,t,ti,tn& h

Step1.determine the required thickness under circumferential stress ,tr for seamless shell or head
PiR PiK 1 D
is given by : trs= =
fj−0.6 Pi fj−0.6 Pi

Where trs=required thickness for a seamless sphere with radius of K1D, R=K1D

f=maximum stress allowance=130N/mm 2 Pi=1.2N/mm 2

j=joint factor=1 K1=0.9

D= 600mm=0.6m

1.2∗0.9∗600
tr= =¿ 5.012mm
130−0.6∗1.2

Step2.tn=50mm

Step3.determine the vessel wall thickness ,t is given by:

PiR D 1500
t= +c where R= = =750mm
f j−0.6 Pi 2 2

c=corrosion allowance=2mm

1.2∗750
t= +2=8.96mm ≈ 9 mm
130−0.6∗1.2

Step4.determine the nominal thickness of internal projection of the nozzle wall ,ti ,is given by:

ti=tn-2c=50-2(2)=46mm

Step5.determine the distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vesselwall ,h ,is
given by:

41
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

h=(2.5t , 2.5ti)

h=(2.5¿ 9,2.5¿ 46 ¿=(22.5,115)

Step6.determine diameter of finished opening,d, is given by :

d=D+c=600+2=602mm

Note:the opening is in a corroded condition.thus,a corrosion allowance is added to the diameter

of the opening.

 Calculation of area required for reinforcement

Assuming correction factor,f=1 &d=D

A=d¿ tr∗F+ 2∗tn∗tr∗F (1−factor )

To determine whether additional reinforcement is necessary for the man holes the actual area
available for reinforcement must be calculated & compare with the area required for
reinforcement.

The following condition should be satisfied if no addition reinforcement is required,

A<∑ Ai,where∑ Ai=¿ A1 ¿+ A2 + A3 + A 41+ A 43

A1(largest):

f 130
Ȧ1=d( E1t-Ftr)-2tn( E1t-ftr)(1-fr 1) ,where fr 1= = =1
f 130

Since the nozzle & vessel are made-up of from the same material (i.efrom stainless steel).

Therefore the term 2tn( E1t-Ftr)(1-fr 1) is equal to zero.

Then Ȧ1=d( E1t-Ftr) ,but E1=F=E=1

Ȧ1=d(t-tr)=602(9-5.012)=2400.77mm 2

42
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Ä1=2(t+tn)( E1t-Ftr)-2tn( E1t-Ftr)(1-fr 1) but f=1 , E1 =F=1,the equation becomes

Ä1=2(t+tn)( E1t-Ftr)=2(9+50)(9-5.012)=470.584mm 2

Since Ȧ1> Ä1,then A= Ȧ1=2400.77mm 2

A2 (Smallest )

Sn
A ' 2 : First of all , assuming , Fr 2=Fr 1 since they both have the same formula( )
SV

2
A ' 2 =5 ( t n−t rn ) × Fr 2 × t=5 ( 50−4.173 )( 1 ×9 )=2062 mm

2
A ' ' 2 =5 ( t n −t rn ) × Fr 2 × t n =5 (50−4.173 )( 1 ×50 )=11456.75mm

Since A ' 2 < A ' ' 2 , Then , A 2 < A ' 2=2062 mm2

2
A3 (Smallest ) A ' 3=5 ×t (t i × Fr 2 )=( 5 ×9 )( 46 ×1 )=2070 mm

2
A ' ' 3 =5× t i (t i × Fr 2)= (5 × 46 )( 46 ×1 )=10,580 mm

A ' ' ' 3 =2 xh ¿

Since A ' ' ' 3 < A ' 3 < A ' ' , Then, A3 =A ' ' ' 3=1,610 mm 2

For areas A 43and A 41∧¿ they are not considered since the welds vary from fillet to butt weld type

A 41= A 43=0

∴ Summing up ¿ A 1 ¿ A 3

∑ Ai=2,408+2,062.215+1,610=6 , 0 80.215 mm2

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

By comparing both the required area for reinforcement, A and the area available for
reinforcement,
A=dt r f +2 t n t r f ¿

A=3,007.38mm 2

∑ Ai=¿ ¿6,080.215mm 2

∴ The condition ∑ Ai> A is satisfied

Therefore no addition reinforcement will be required.

Data sheet Equipment No PV1

CUSTOMER ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

Fun Design sieve plate
column

Sheet No 1

Shell Heads Supports Flanges

ELLIPSODIAL TORISHERICAL

Thickness 9 mm 7 mm 12 mm 17 mm 25 mm

44
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Design
pressure
1.2 N/mm 2 1.2 N/mm 2 1.2 N/mm 2 1.2 N/mm 2 10bar

Design 150 ℃ 150 ℃ 150 ℃ 150 ℃ 150 ℃

temperature

Design code - - - - -

Material Stainless steel Stainless steel - Carbon Stainless

construction steel steel
Unsterilized(304
)
Process Full Water - - - water
material

Diameter 1.5m 1.5m - - -

Length 37 m - 0.75m

Nozzle Skirt support - Stain less steel

Corrosion 2 mm No Design by Net-work -5

allowance
ID No
1025/06,1051/06,1074/06,1187/06,1215/06

Section one

45
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Date 03/04/09 E.C

Checked by:

Table 4.5Final results

46
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

47
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Figure 4.5 Pressure vessel

DISCUSSION
In designing of pressure vessels the minimum wall thickness is more preferable because they are
reduce their weight & costs.so that ellipsoidal head is more preferable than tori spherical head
because it has minimum wall thickness.

This pressure vessel design project is a preliminary design because all the criteria’s of pressure
vessel designs are satisfied. The criteria’s are to be preliminary.

The summations of the two maximum stresses are less than that of critical buckling stress.

The pressure vessels aredesigned with great care because they are easily damaged & they loss
their life easily.so that due to those reasons it needs great care.

48
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

CONCLUSION

This project is used us to develop our abilities in design of the pressure vessels depend up on all
the design considerations and it helps us how to prepare or design a project using such a
sophisticated materials and methods such as AutoCAD, other computer applications and doing
the procedures at all.

This project focus on the solving of the problem of shortage of water in Adigrat
University and it can also use in other areas as storage of water for many services in schools,
health centers, industries and other institutions. This pressure vessel can store huge amount of
water, it is so huge pressure vessel, so it can solve the problem as much as possible in many
areas.

49
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Recommendation
To do this project many problems have been occurred. Those are the courses which are related to
AutoCAD, project writing, shortage of materials such as computer, shortage of knowledge about
how can we design, it takes many times to practice and understand.

So for next it should be given the courses of introduction to project, AutoCAD and more practice
of the course of chemical apparatus design before such big project is given and simple projects
must be given before doing such it.

50
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Reference
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1994. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code,Section VIII Division 1, Pressure Vessels. ASME, New York.

Bednar, H. H. 1981. Pressure Vessel Design Handbook. Van No strand Reinhold, New York.

Bernstein, M. D. 1988. Design criteria for boiler and pressure vessels in the U.S.A. ASME J. P.
Design and Analysis of Multilayer High Pressure Vessels, Siva Krishna Raparla1

Design of Machine Elements, V.B. Bandai; Tata McGraw Hill Publication; 2012;

Pressure Vessel Design Guides & Procedures. G. GhanbariM.A.Liaghat, 2000;

Pressure Vessel Manufacturer “Pressure Vessels a Basic History And Today”,

http://newsgroups
Jawed, M. H. and Farr, J. R. 1989.Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment,
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

MyChemE.Types of Vessel Head.4 March, 2013. http://www.mycheme.com/types-of-vessel-head/

(accessed 29 October, 2015).

veristar. Dished heads subject to pressure on the concave (internal) side. 2004.
http://www1.veristar.com/veristar/bvrules/C_1_s3_3_4.htm (accessed 29 October, 2015). Shah
et.al, “Design Calculation Of Nozzle Junction Based On ASME Pressure Vessel Design Code”,

ResearchGate(2014):pg.2&6,accessedNovember5,2015, file:///D:/Downloads/Design
%20Calculation%20Of%20Nozzle%20Junction%20Based%20On%20ASME%20Pressure
%20Vessel%20Design%20Code.pdf

BaherElShaikh,“NozzleCalculations”,Scribd(2009):pg.6,accessedNovember5,2015,https://
www.scribd.com/doc/24124967/Nozzle-Calculations

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 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSL

Appendix A

Material tensile Design stress at temperature ( N /mm 2 ¿

Strength ( N /mm 2 ¿ 0 to5 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Carbon steel(silicon killed) 360 135 125 115 105 95 85 80 70

Carbon manganese steal 460 180 170 150 140 130 115 105
100

Carbon steel molybdenum 450 180 170 145 130 120 110 110
110

Low alloy steel (Ni,Cr,Mo) 550 240 240 240 235 230 230 190
170

Stainless steel unstablized(304) 510 165 145 130 115 110 105 100
95 90

Stain lesssteeltistablized(321) 540 165 150 140 135 130 125 120
120 115

Stain less steel (316) 520 175 150 135 120 115 110 105
105 100

52