Second Semester
Lecture 4
(Work Holding Elements)
(Clamping)
Tool And Die design
Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering Department
4th stage
Assistant Professor
Dr Rzgar M. Abdalrahman
Content
After completing this unit, the student should be able to:
❑ Specify the usage of clamping.
❑ Specify the Features of clamping.
❑ Identify the main clamping types in jigs and fixtures.
❑ Analyze sample parts and select the locating and
supporting devices best suited for each.
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Principles of Clamping
The clamping method must offer:
1. Position
2. Strength
3. Productivity
4. Preventing operator fatigue
Principles of Clamping
1. Position:
The clamping system should hold the WP from the
strategic positions of the WP.
The Strategic Positions for Clamping:
a) be at the thick sections of the WP to prevent
bending.
Figure1: Distortion of
unsupported WP.
Note: A vertical hole drilled in the bent workpiece would become
angular when the unclamped workpiece springs back to its original
shape.
Figure; Drilling a hole on a bent part
Principles of Clamping
b) be in line with the strong, supported part of the
WP.
c) directs the clamping force towards the supports
(locators).
Note: Clamping on an unsupported part:
▪ bends slender workpieces and
▪ affects the accuracy of the operation.
Figure : Clamping must be on the supported part of the workpiece and direct the
clamping force towards the supports ( locators)
Clamping Force
The Clamping force:
▪ Must hold the WP
against the locators.
• Must prevent the WP
from shifting or being
pulled from the holder
during processing.
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Principles of Clamping
2. Strength:
The clamping system should :
• Hold the WP firmly against the cutting forces developed during
operation.
• Be positive for vibration, chatter, and heavy pressure generated
during an operation.
• Not dent or damage the WP with excessive pressure, especially
with soft materials like; Glass, Nylon, or Fiber .
• Distribute the clamping force equally over a wider area of the
WP.
• Be provided by clamping faces hardened by proper treatments to
minimize wearing.
• The clamp parts that are subjected to wear must be replaced easily.
Principles of Clamping
3. Productivity:
The clamping system should:
➢ Reduce the clamping time.
➢ Be tightened or loosened manually without
using spanners.
4. Preventing operator fatigue:
The clamping system should be easy and quick to
use without boring.
The main Types of Clamp
1. Screw Clamps
2. C Washer Clamp
3. Strap or Plate Clamps
4. Swinging Latch Clamps
5. Edge Pinch Clamps
6. Pivoted Edge Clamps
7. Cam Clamps
8. Hinged Clamps
9. Wedge Clamp
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1. Screw Clamps
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1. Screw Clamps
• They are used for light clamping
• They are threaded devices with:
1. Handle
2. Hand knob
3. Knurled collar
4. Allen keys
5. Tommy bar or spanner flats
6. Hand wheel
for rotating and tightening the screw.
1. Screw Clamps
Knurled head screw
Handknobe screw Hexagonal nut
butterfly bolt s & nuts
Hand operated clamping devices
1. Screw Clamps
In some cases the clamping area (the screw head) is increased by
providing a floating pad.
How it is working?
1. The cross pin engages the pad
with the screw
2. The spherical thrust provides a
spherical joint between the
clamping pad and the clamping
screw.
3. The floating pad remains
stationary on the WP while the
screw rotates and rubs on the
conical seat of the pad.
4. The floating pad adjusts itself to suit
the inaccuracies in the clamping
face of the WP.
1. Screw Clamps
Disadvantages of screw clamping:
1. The clamping pressure largely depends on the WP,
it varies from one workpiece to other.
2. More time-consuming.
3. more efforts are required.
Q: What are the errors of the following screw clamping?
Clamping Screw
2. C Washer Clamps
2. C Washer
It consists of a washer or strap with an open
slot that offers a simple and quick operation.
How does it work?
➢ The slot permits quick removal of the C Washer
after slight loosening of the nut.
➢ The C washer is often:
▪ chained to the fixture to prevent its loss.
▪ pivoted around a
shoulder screw to make
the C washer captive.
Q: What is the mistake in the following C washer clamping?
Clamping with
Swinging or captive C
washer
3. Strap or Plate
Clamps
3. Strap Clamp
Works according to the principle of lever rule and has
the following elements:
1. Clamping Nut or (Hand Knob
Nut): applies the clamping
force.
2. Strap or (Plate) : consists a
slot, a groove and toy
3. Stud or (clamping screw)
4. Ejector Spring
5. Heel Pin: engages the clamp
plate groove to prevent it from
rotating during clamping.
6. Ejecting Spring
7. Spherical Washer
24
Q: What are the mistakes of the following screw clamping?
H D body
24
How the Strap clamp does work
1. Strap clamps are tightened by rotating a nut on the clamping
screw or stud.
2. The strap is generally a rectangular plate that acts as a lever and
contains a toy, a slot, and a groove.
2. The strap toy presses against the WP and the other end on the
heel pin.
4. The toe is the clamping or pressure face of the strap, which may
be curved or spherical to prevent any variations in the WP face.
5. Spherical washer permits the strap to tilt with respect to the
screw and the nut and also
prevent perfect contact between
the nut, washer, and strap.
Design types of Strap Clamps
A. In this type:
• The clamp is prevented from rotating during tightening the clamp
by providing a pin at the heel-end.
• The clamp stud is usually nearer to the toe-end than the heel-
end of the clamp.
B. Two Point Strap Clamp
It is used to clamp two workpieces or a single workpiece
at two locations.
C. Spider two or Three-Point Strap Clamp
Circular and symmetrical workpieces can be clamped well
with a spider clamp having three clamping points, no heel
pin is necessary.
D. Gooseneck Strap Clamp
Gooseneck Strap Clamp can reduce the clamp height with respect to
the workpiece height.
Gooseneck Strap Clamp
E. Pivoted Strap Clamp
➢ The pivot at the center simplifies the clamp operation.
➢ The knurled headed screw is simplifies loosening and tightening the
clamp.
F. Pivoted two-way strap clamp
The two-way clamp also pushes the workpiece against two locators.
• Tightening the knurled head screw makes the curved surface of the
clamp.
• Further tightening of the knurled head screw makes the clamps holds the
WP vertically and horizontally.
Pivoted Two-way Clamp
4. Swinging Latch
Clamps
4. Swinging Latch Clamp
In this type, the Latch ( a strip or plate) is swung
to the position.
A. in this type
▪ The Latch pivoted
about the shoulder
screw in the plane
of the latch plate.
▪ The knurled head
screw used to tight
the WP.
.
4. Swinging Latch Clamp
B. In this type
The latch can be rotated
by 90° to clear the
passage for loading and
unloading the WP.
Swinging Strap Clamp
4. Swinging Latch Clamp
C. Quick-acting Swinging latch Clamp
it has a handle for and a heel pin for tightening and
locking.
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4. Swinging Latch Clamp
A. Swinging latch with an open slot at one end.
• The latch is swung around the pivot (P) at the other end.
• Shoulder screw (S) enters the open slot (at the other end) during
operation.
• The clamp is tightened by a knurled head screw in the middle.
4. Swinging Latch Clamp
Other designs of latches and their operation
• The latch with two slots
( for the shoulder
screws) at ends and a
knurled head screw in
the middle.
The shoulder screw head
diameter must be bigger A
than the slot diameter. so
that the shoulder face acts
as a stop when the screw
is tightened. B
C
5. Edge Pinch Clamps
5. Edge Pinch Clamp
• Edge Clamps are used for clamping workpieces on the edges
during facing operations or when only the horizontal surface is to
be machined.
• Tightening the hexagonal nut wedges the clamp between the
WP and the angular heel surface.
5. Edge Pinch Clamp
A.Edge Pinch Clamp
5. Edge Pinch Clamp
B. Edge Jaw Pinch Clamp
• Edge jaw clamp slides down the inclined heel as the hexagonal nut is
tightened.
• Tightening of the hexagonal nut pushes the jaw against the workpiece to
clamp its edge.
Edge Jaw Clamp
6. Pivoted Edge Clamps
6. Pivoted Edge Clamps
A. Pivoted one-way edge clamp
• The pivot pin is nearer to the clamping point.
• The screw is shifted to the end opposite the clamping point.
• The clamping screw becomes more accessible to the operator.
6. Pivoted Edge Clamps
pivoted one-way edge clamp
7. Cam Clamps
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7. Cam Clamp
A. Direct Cam Clamp
Provides a rapid means of clamping, but not positive to
chatter and vibration.
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7. Cam Clamp
B. Cam Operated Strap Clamps
• Quick clamping by cam
is very effective and very
simple in operation.
• The cam-type
clamping system is
used for clamping
through some interior
parts where another
simple system will not
have access.
7. Cam Clamp
B. Cam Operated Strap Clamps
7. Cam Clamp
B. Cam Operated Strap Clamps
8. Hinged Clamps
8. Hinged Clamp
▪ The swinging eyebolt is swung into the open slot at the hinge plate edge.
▪ The clamp is tightened by the hexagonal nut.
▪ For loading and unloading the WP, the hexagonal nut is loosened half a
turn, and the eyebolt is swung out of the open slot to free the hinged
plate.
8. Hinged Clamp
A. One-way Hinged Clamp
Hinged Clamp
with pivoted
clamping block
8. Hinged Clamp
B. Two-way Hinged clamp.
8. Hinged Clamp
B. Two-way Hinged clamp.
8. Hinged Clamp
C. Cam operated hinged Clamp
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8. Hinged Clamp
D. Hinged Latch clamp
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8. Hinged Clamp
B. Equalizer Hinged clamp.
From the previous figure of Hinged Two-way Clamp:
• The WP is pushed against the location pins by the
pivoted edge clamp, which also houses the swinging
eyebolt.
• The knurled nut is used to tight the WP against the
location pins.
• The WP is clamped in two directions by the edge clamp
and the pad in the hinge.
• For loading and unloading the workpiece, the knurled
nut is loosened half-a-turn and the eyebolt is swung out
of the open slot to release the hinged plate.
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9. Wedge Clamp
9. Wedge Clamp
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