The image you provided appears to show examples related to Boolean algebra,

specifically "Standard Sum of Product" (SOP) and "Standard Product of Sum" (POS)
forms, and the process of converting expressions into these forms.
Let's break down what's visible and explain the concepts:
I. Standard Sum of Product (SOP)
The first part of the image deals with converting a Boolean expression into its
Standard Sum of Product (SOP) form (also known as Canonical SOP or Minterm
Expansion).
Key Idea of Standard SOP:
In standard SOP, each product term (minterm) must contain all the variables in the
function's domain, either in their true or complemented form.
Example from the image:
The initial expression is partially visible as ABC' + AB + ABCD. Let's assume the
full expression was something like:
F = ABC' + AB + ABCD (Assuming the domain is A, B, C, D)
The goal is to expand each term so that it includes all variables (A, B, C, D).
Steps (as demonstrated in the image):
* For AB:
* The missing variables are C and D.
* We can multiply AB by (C + C') and (D + D') because (X + X') = 1.
* AB = AB(C + C') = ABC + ABC'
* Now, expand each of these terms for D:
* ABC = ABC(D + D') = ABCD + ABCD'
* ABC' = ABC'(D + D') = ABC'D + ABC'D'
* So, AB expands to ABCD + ABCD' + ABC'D + ABC'D'
* For ABC' (if the domain is A, B, C, D):
* The missing variable is D.
* ABC' = ABC'(D + D') = ABC'D + ABC'D'
* For ABCD:
* This term already contains all variables, so it's already a standard minterm.
Combining and Simplifying (the image shows this process):
The image seems to be showing the expansion of AB first:
AB(D+D) (This should be AB(C+C')(D+D') if the domain is A, B, C, D)
ABCD + ABCD (This step is incorrect, should be ABCD + ABCD')
ABC(C+C) (This looks like an attempt to expand AB for C, but then mistakenly
includes D again)
ABC + ABC (This is wrong again, should be ABC + ABC')
ABC(D+D) + ABC(D+D) (This is likely an attempt to expand ABC + ABC' for D, but the
terms are repeated)
Let's correctly expand the full initial expression to Standard SOP:
Assume F = ABC' + AB + ABCD and the domain is {A, B, C, D}.
* Term 1: ABC'
* Missing D.
* ABC' = ABC'(D + D') = ABC'D + ABC'D'
* Term 2: AB
* Missing C and D.
* AB = AB(C + C') = ABC + ABC'
* ABC = ABC(D + D') = ABCD + ABCD'
* ABC' = ABC'(D + D') = ABC'D + ABC'D'
* So, AB expands to ABCD + ABCD' + ABC'D + ABC'D'
* Term 3: ABCD
* Already in standard form.
Combine all expanded terms and eliminate duplicates:
F = (ABC'D + ABC'D') + (ABCD + ABCD' + ABC'D + ABC'D') + (ABCD)
Now, remove duplicate minterms:
F = ABCD + ABCD' + ABC'D + ABC'D'
This is the standard SOP form. Each term is a minterm (product of all variables).
II. Standard Product of Sum (POS)
The second part of the image refers to "Standard Product of Sum" (POS) form, also
known as Canonical POS or Maxterm Expansion.
Key Idea of Standard POS:
In standard POS, each sum term (maxterm) must contain all the variables in the
function's domain, either in their true or complemented form.
Example from the image:
The example starts with (A + B + C)(A + B + D)(A + B + C + D).
This seems to be an example of converting a non-standard POS form into a standard
POS form.
Steps (as demonstrated in the image):
The steps shown for POS conversion involve adding X * X' to the sum terms, then
distributing.
Let's assume the domain is {A, B, C, D} and we want to convert (A + B + C) to a
maxterm.
* For (A + B + C):
* The missing variable is D.
* Add DD' to the sum term: (A + B + C + DD')
* Apply the distributive law: X + YZ = (X + Y)(X + Z)
* Here, X = (A + B + C), Y = D, Z = D'
* So, (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D')
* For (A + B + D):
* The missing variable is C.
* Add CC' to the sum term: (A + B + D + CC')
* Apply distributive law:
* (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C' + D)
* For (A + B + C + D):
* Already in standard form.
Combining and Simplifying:
The image shows a partial step for the POS:
(A+B+CD)(A+B+C+D)
This looks like an intermediate step if one were to try to combine (A+B+C) and
(A+B+D) before expanding them. However, for standard POS, you expand each term
individually first, then multiply them together and eliminate duplicates.
Correct Conversion to Standard POS (of the example):
Let G = (A + B + C)(A + B + D)(A + B + C + D)
Domain: {A, B, C, D}
* Term 1: (A + B + C)
* Expands to (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D')
* Term 2: (A + B + D)
* Expands to (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C' + D)
* Term 3: (A + B + C + D)
* Already in standard form.
Combine all expanded maxterms and eliminate duplicates:
G = (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D')(A + B + C' + D)
This is the standard POS form. Each term is a maxterm (sum of all variables).
The image is a good start for understanding these concepts, but some of the
intermediate algebraic steps shown for the SOP conversion seem to have errors or
are incomplete. The core idea of adding (X + X') for SOP and (X * X') for POS to
introduce missing variables is correct.