4.

Introduction Euclid’s Geometry, Lines and Angles

Mandatory exercise
Set - I
1. A line contains ___________ points.
Ans
infinite
2. Two lines perpendicular to same line are ____________to each other.
Ans
parallel
3. A ___________ has two end points.
Ans
line segment
4. If a point moves without changing the direction, then the path is a ___________ line.
Ans
straight
5. If equal are added to equals, the sums are ___________.
Ans
equal
6. Two distinct ___________in a plane cannot have more than one point in common.
Ans
lines
7. If three or more points lie on a single line, they are said to be ___________.
Ans
collinear
8. In the figure below CA = BD. Show that CB = AD
C A B D

Ans

C A B D

CA = BD (Given)
CA + AB = BD + AB (equals added to equals are equal)
 CB = AD
Thus, proved.
9. If R is a point on the line segment PQ, such that PR = RQ, what can you say about point R?
Ans
Given PR = RQ
Hence we can say that R is the midpoint of PQ. P R Q

35
FIXBDBEMM

Assignment - I
10. How many lines can be drawn through a point?
Ans
Infinite number of lines can be drawn through a point.
11. How many lines can be drawn through two points?
Ans
One and only one line can be drawn through two points.
12. The difference between obtuse angle and right angle is ____________ .
Ans
Acute angle
13. Justify each of the following statements with reason (Reason may be an axiom or a theorem).
Using the figure given below.
1 2 t

P
l1 l2
(i) The line l3 that contains the point P and is parallel to l2 can be drawn.
(ii) If l3 || l2 and t intersects l2, then t intersects l3
(iii) If l1 || l2 and l1 ⊥ t, then t ⊥ l2
(iv) If l || l and 1ˆ = 83°, then 2ˆ = 97°.
1 2

Ans
(i) For every line l2 and for every point P not lying on l2, there
1 2 t
exists a unique line l3 passing through P and parallel to l2
(Euclid’s fifth postulate). P
(ii) Two lines in the same plane are either parallel or intersecting.
(Postulates on parallel lines).
l3 l1 l2
(iii) If a straight line is perpendicular to one of the pair of parallel
lines, it is perpendicular to the another line also.
(iv) If a pair of parallel lines is cut by a transeversal, then the sum of two interior angles on the same
side of the transversal is equal to two right angles (Theorem 8).

Set - II
14. Name any four pair of adjacent angle in the given figure:

D
C
E
B

F O O A

Ans
The pair of adjacent angles are,
ˆ BOC)
(AOB, ˆ

36
 FIXBDBEMM

ˆ ˆ
(BOC,COD)
ˆ ˆ
(COD,DOE)
ˆ EOF)
(DOE, ˆ
3
15. Find the supplement of of a right angle.
5
Ans
3
Let x be the supplement of of a right angle
5
3
 x + (90°) = 180°
5
 x + 54° = 180°
 x = 126°
16. In the figure, m || n. Find all the angles at A and B.
l
A
m
(17x + 14)°

(4x – 2)°
n
B

Ans
Given, m || n
l is a transversal.
∴ (17x + 14)° + (4x – 2)° = 180° (Sum of co-interior angles)
 17x° + 14° + 4x° – 2° = 180°
 21x° + 12° = 180°
 21x° = 180° – 12° l
A
168° 21 D
 x° = 34
m
21
(17x + 14)°
 x = 8° B
ˆ = 17x + 14° = 17 × 8° + 14° = 150° 6 5 (4x – 2)° n
∴ DAB 7 8 C
ABCˆ = 4x − 2° = 4 × 8° − 2° = 30°
1ˆ = 3ˆ (V.O.A.)
ˆ3 = 5ˆ (Alternate angles)
ˆ5 = 7ˆ (V.O.A.)
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
 1 = 3 = 5 = 7 = 30°
2ˆ = 4ˆ = 6ˆ = 8ˆ = 150°

37
FIXBDBEMM

17. In the figure, AB || DE, prove that ∠1 + ∠2 − ∠3 = 180°

A B
l
1

2 C

3 m
D
E
Ans
Draw CF || AB, produce ED to H A B
AB || FC || HE l
1
∠1 + ∠BCF = 180° … (1) 2
F C
∠4 + ∠FCD = 180° … (2)
From (1) and (2) 4
H 3 m
∠1 + ∠BCF + ∠4 + ∠FCD = 180° + 180° D E
∠1 + ∠4 + ∠2 = 360°
∠1 + ∠2 + 180° − ∠3 = 360° [∵ ∠4 + ∠3 = 180°; ∠4 = 180° − ∠3]
∠1 + ∠2 − ∠3 = 360° − 180°
∠1 + ∠2 − ∠3 = 180°

Assignment - II
18. In the given figure, show that AB || EF.
A B
60°
E F
155°
35°
25°
C D

Ans
∠FEC + ∠ECD = 155° + 25° = 180° (If co-interior angle sum upto 180°. Then two lines are parallel.)
So, EF || CD … (1)
∠ABC = ∠BCD
60° = 35° + 25°
60° = 60° (If alternate interior angles are equal. Then two lines are parallel.)
So, AB || CD … (2)
From (1) and (2)
AB || EF || CD
 AB || EF
19. Find the supplement and complement of 32°
Ans
Supplement of 32° = 180° – 32° = 148°
Complement of 32° = 90° – 32° = 58°

38
 FIXBDBEMM

20. In the figure x : y : z = 5 : 4 : 6. If MON is a straight line, find x, y and z.

P Q

y°
x° z°
M N
O
Ans
Let x, y and z be (5a)°, (4a)° and (6a)° respectively.
x + y + z = 180° (∵ MON is a straight line) P Q

 (5a)° + (4a)° + (6a)° = 180°

y°
 (15a)° = 180° M
x° z°
N
O
 a = 12°
∴ x, y and z are 60°, 48°and 72° respectively
1
21. In the given figure m || n and P || Q. If ∠1 = 75°, Then prove that ∠2 = ∠1 + of right angle.
3

m
1

2
n

P Q
Ans
∠1 = ∠x = 75° (Alternate angles)
∠x + ∠2 = 180°
m
∠2 = 180° − ∠x 1

∠2 = 180° − 75° = 105°

1 x 2
∠2 = 75° + × 90° = 105° n
3
1 Q
∴ ∠2 = ∠1 + of right angle. P
3
22. In the given figure, if AB || CD. Then find the value of y and z.

A P y B
g
5x − 20°

Q 2x − 10°
C z D

Ans
AB || CD
(5x − 20°) + (2x − 10°) = 180° [Co-interior angle]
7x − 30 = 180°
7x = 210°
R

39
FIXBDBEMM

x = 30°
z = 2x − 10° [V. O. A]
z = 2(30°) − 10° = 50°
y = z = 50° [Alternate exterior angle]

Multiple choice questions

23. Two angles are called adjacent if,
(A) They lie in the same plane and have a common vertex.
(B) They have a ray in common.
(C) The intersection of their interiors is empty.
(D) All of (A), (B) & (C)
Ans (D)
All of the above
24. The angle which exceeds its complement by 20° is
(A) 45° (B) 55° (C) 70° (D) 110°
Ans (B)
Let the angle be x°
Its complement be is (90° – x°)
According to the question, x° – 20° = 90° – x°
 2x = 110°
 x = 55°
25. What value of x will make AOB a straight line? B
(A) 30° C

(B) 50° 2x + 30°

(C) 49° 2x –50°

O A
(D) None of (A), (B) & (C)
Ans (B)
For AOB to be a straight line
 2x + 30° + 2x – 50° = 180°
 4x – 20° = 180°
 4x = 200°
 x = 50°
26. The three steps from solid to point are
(A) Solid → surface → lines → point (B) Solid → lines → surface point
(C) Lines → point → surface → solid (D) Lines → surfaces → point → solid
Ans (A)
Solid → surface → lines → point
27. Euclid stated that all right angles are equal to each other in the form of a
(A) theorem (B) axiom (C) postulate (D) proof
Ans (C)

40
 FIXBDBEMM

28. In the figure, BA || ED and BC || EF. Find ∠DEF if ∠ABC = 50°

A
D

E F
B C

(A) 60° (B) 55° (C) 50° (D) 65°

Ans (C)
A
D
Extend FE to intersect AB at Q
∠ABC = ∠AQE (Corresponding angles)
∠AQE = ∠DEF (Corresponding angles) Q
P F
 ∠ABC = ∠DEF 50°E
B
 ∠DEF = 50° C

29. In the figure, AB || CD || EF, PQ || RS, ∠RQD = 25° and ∠CQP = 60°, then ∠QRS is equal to
S
A B
R
C Q D

E F
P

(A) 150° (B) 135° (C) 145° (D) 110°

Ans (C)
Extend PQ to intersect AB at X.
Y
∠RQD = 25° S
A X B
∠RQD = ∠QRX (Alternate interior angles) R
 ∠QRX = 25° C 25° D
∠CQP = ∠AXQ (Corresponding angles) 60°
Q
 ∠AXQ = 60° E F
∠AXQ + ∠AXY = 180° (Linear pair) P

 ∠AXY = 120°
∠AXY = ∠XRS (Corresponding angles)
 ∠XRS = 120°
∠QRS = ∠QRX + ∠XRS
∠QRS = 25° + 120°
 ∠QRS = 145°

41
FIXBDBEMM

30. The value of y from the given figure is

(7y + 27°)

(15x – 5)°
125°

(A) 14° (B) 15° (C) 16° (D) 13°

Ans (A)
∠a = 125° (Vertically opposite angles) (7y + 27°)

∠a = (7y + 27)° (Corresponding angles)

 7y + 27° = 125° a (15x – 5)°
 7y = 125 – 27 125°
 7y = 98
 y = 14°
31. In the figure, the value of (m + n) is

45°

m
n

30°

(A) 65° (B) 75° (C) 60° (D) 90°

Ans (B)
m = 45° (Alternate interior angles)
n = 30° (Alternate interior angles)
 m + n = 45° + 30° = 75°
32. From the vertex of an obtuse angle, perpendiculars are drawn to the arms of the angle. If the angle
between the above perpendicular is 35°, then find the measure of obtuse angle.
(A) 125° (B) 135° (C) 100° (D) 145°
Ans (D)
MO is drawn perpendicular to OC and YO is drawn perpendicular to arm OB.
∠MOY = 35° M
Y
∠BOC = ∠BOY + ∠YOC B
 ∠BOC = 90° + ∠MOC – ∠MOY
35°
= 90° + 90° – 35°
∠BOC = 145° O C

42
 FIXBDBEMM

33. Two plane mirrors are arranged perpendicular to each other as shown in the figure. A ray of light makes
an angle of 30° with the first mirror and gets reflected as shown. Find the value of the angle x.

30°

(A) 30° (B) 35° (C) 108° (D) 60°

Ans (A) B G
F
(a) Drop perpendiculars BX and CY as shown 30°

(b) ∠FBA + ∠ABX = 90°

A
(c) ∠ABX = 60° Y C
E x
(d) ∠XBC = ∠ABX = 60° (Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection)
H
(e) ∠EBC + ∠BCE + 90° = 180° (Angle sum property in triangle EBC) D
(f) ∠BCE = 180° – 90° – 60 = 30°
(g) x = ∠BCE = 30° (Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection)
X
34. In the following figure, x is
B
108° A
O
x x

C
(A) 72° (B) 232° (C) 108° (D) 126°
Ans (D) B
A
∠BOA + ∠BOC + ∠AOC = 360° 108°
 108° + x + x = 360° x Ox
 2x = 252°
 x = 126° C

35. Two plane mirrors PQ and RS are arranged parallel to each other as shown in the figure. A ray of light
makes an angle of 60° with the first mirror and gets reflected as shown. Find the value of the angle x.
P E Q

60°

R F S

(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) None of (A), (B) & (C)
Ans (A) P E Q
∠AEB = 90° − ∠PEA = 90° − 60° = 30° 60°
∠BEF = ∠AEB = 30° (Laws of reflection) C D
B
x = ∠EFC = ∠BEF (alternate angle) A x
 x = 30° R S
F
R

43
FIXBDBEMM

36. The angle which is one fourth of its complement is

(A) 18° (B) 36° (C) 50° (D) 72°
Ans (A)
Let the angle be x°
∴ Its complement is 90° – x
According to the question
1
x = (90° − x)
4
 4x = 90° – x
 5x = 90°
 5x = 90°
 x = 18°
37. Two angles supplementary to each other are in the ratio 2 : 3. The smaller angle is
(A) 36° (B) 72° (C) 75° (D) 90°
Ans (B)
Let the angles be 2x° and 3x°
2x + 3x = 180°
 5x = 180°  x = 36°
∴ The smaller angle is 72°
38. AC and FD are parallel. AB and DE are parallel, then x + z = _______
C D E
z

x y
A F B
(A) 180° (B) 90° (C) 50° (D) 75°
Ans (A)
AB and DE are parallel
 x + z = 180° (Co-interior angles)
39. The number of lines that can be drawn through two different points in a plane are/is
(A) two (B) infinite (C) one (D) ten
Ans (C)

44