INTRODUCTION

Pile foundations consist of piles that are dug into soil till a layer of stable soil is
reached. Pile foundations transfer building load to the bearing ground with the
greater bearing capacity. Pile foundations are useful in regions with unstable upper
soil that may erode, or for large structures.

Pile foundations are often required to resist lateral loading. Lateral loads come from
a variety of sources including wind, earthquakes, waves, and ship impacts. The
lateral capacity of a pile is usually much smaller than the axial capacity and as a
result groups of piles are often installed to increase the lateral capacity of the entire
foundation system.

When vertical or plumb pile groups do not provide sufficient lateral resistance the
piles can be battered in order to mobilize some of the higher axial capacity to resist
the lateral load.

Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through
soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing
capacity. They are used when for economic, constructional or soil condition
considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to strata beyond the practical reach of
shallow foundations. In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to
anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and
overturning forces.

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HISTORY OF PILE FOUNDATION:

Pile foundation have been used for many years, for carrying and transferring the
loads to soil considered to be weak in structure due to the soil conditions. In the
early stages of development, villages and towns were located in the close vicinity of
lakes and rivers due to the availability of water, and, also, to ensure proper protection
of the area.

Therefore, the weak bearing ground was reinforced by the use of timber piles that
were manually forced into the ground, or fixed into the holes that were filled with
stones and sand. The primitive methods of pile installation were modified after the
industrial revolution, and the techniques of installation by steam or diesel driven
machines were introduced. With the advancement in the technologies of soil
mechanics and other related disciplines, superior piles and pile installation system
have been developed.

NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATION:

 When the strata at or just below the ground surface is highly compressible and
very weak to support the load transmitted by the structure.
 When the plan of the structure is irregular relative to its outline and load
distribution. It would cause non-uniform settlement if a shallow foundation is
constructed. A pile foundation is required to reduce differential settlement.
 Pile foundations are required for the transmission of structure loads through
deep water to a firm stratum.
 Pile foundations are used to resist horizontal forces in addition to support the
vertical loads in earth-retaining structures and tall structures that are subjected
to horizontal forces due to wind and earthquake.
 Piles are required when the soil conditions are such that a washout, erosion or
scour of soil may occur from underneath a shallow foundation.
 In case of expansive soil, such as black cotton soil, which swell or shrink as
the water content changes, piles are used to transfer the load below the active
zone.
 Collapsible soils, such as loess, have a breakdown of structure accompanied
by a sudden decrease in void ratio, when there is increase in water content.
Piles are used to transfer the load beyond the zone of possible moisture
changes in such soils.

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PILE FOUNDATION VS WELL FOUNDATION:

 Well foundations provide a solid and massive foundation for heavy loads as
against a cluster of piles which are slender and weak individually and are liable
to get damaged when hit by floating trees or boulder rolling in river bed.
 Wells provide a large section modulus with the minimum cross sectional area
and hence efficient in taking large vertical and horizontal loads even when the
unsupported length is large.
 Concreting of well staining is done under dry and controlled conditions and
hence quality of work is assured, however same cannot hold good in case of
cast-in-situ bored piles where concreting is to be done under water or below
ground level. Even in case of precast piles, the concrete is subjected of heavy
stresses during driving operation and consequent damages cannot be ruled out.
 When scour takes place, the piles act as long struts and have to be designed
for buckling stresses, which are quite heavy due to the bending moments
contributed by the longitudinal forces on the bridge deck due to tractive effort
and braking forces.
 It is difficult to drive the piles through the strata having boulders and tree logs
which are frequently encountered in alluvial soil, whereas in the case of a well
foundation there is sufficiently access to remove the obstruction. Quite often
the skin friction developed is of much magnitude as to prevent further driving
of a pile although a firm stratum has not been reached.
 The adoption of pile foundations is advantageous over well foundations where
the soil characteristics and conditions of water table are such that the
phenomenon of blow occurs during dewatering of the well.
 Increased mechanization and advent of new machinery have brought down
the cost of foundation with piles considerably low in comparison to well. New
testing techniques for checking the integrity of piles and information about
strata through piles have passed or resting have removed the uncertainty of
load carrying capacity of piles to large extent.
 Pile foundations have a clear advantage over well foundations in terms of
speedy construction. Wherever time is the criterion, the pile foundation is the
natural choice.

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CLASSIFICATION OF PILE FOUNDATION:

Pile foundations can be classified according to

THE TYPE OF PILE
(Different structures to be supported, and different ground conditions, require
different types of resistance) and
THE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
(Different materials, structures and processes can be used)

THE TYPE OF MATERIAL USED

TYPES OF PILE:

 End Bearing piles.

 Friction piles.

 Settlement reducing piles.

 Tension piles.

 Laterally loaded piles.

 Piles in fill.

Piles are often used because adequate bearing capacity cannot be found at
shallow enough depths to support the structural loads. It is important to
understand that piles get support from both end bearing and skin friction.

The proportion of carrying capacity generated by either end bearing or

skin friction depends on the soil conditions. Piles can be used to support
various different types of structural loads.

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END BEARING PILES:

End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material
such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their carrying
capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the pile.

FRICTION PILES:

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Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or
adhesion.
This tends to occur when piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven
for some distance into a penetrable soil. Their carrying capacity is derived partly
from end bearing and partly from skin friction between the embedded surface of the
soil and the surrounding soil.

SETTLEMENT REDUCING PILES:

Settlement reducing piles are usually incorporated beneath the central part of a raft
foundation in order to reduce differential settlement to an acceptable level. Such
piles act to reinforce the soil beneath the raft and help to prevent dishing of the raft
in the center.

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TENSION PILES:

Structures such as tall chimneys, transmission towers and jetties can be subjected to
large overturning moments and so piles are often used to resist the resulting uplift
forces at the foundations. In such cases the resulting forces are transmitted to the soil
along the embedded length of the pile.

The resisting force can be increased in the case of bored piles by under-reaming. In
the design of tension piles the effect of radial contraction of the pile must be taken
into account as this can cause about a 10% - 20% reduction in shaft resistance.

LATERALLY LOADED PILES:

Almost all piled foundations are subjected to at least some degree of horizontal
loading. The magnitude of the loads in relation to the applied vertical axial loading
will generally be small and no additional design calculations will normally be
necessary.

However, in the case of wharves and jetties carrying the impact forces of berthing
ships, piled foundations to bridge piers, trestles to overhead cranes, tall chimneys
and retaining walls, the horizontal component is relatively large and may prove
critical in design.

Traditionally piles have been installed at an angle to the vertical in such cases
providing sufficient horizontal resistance by virtue of the component of axial
capacity of the pile which acts horizontally.

However the capacity of a vertical pile to resist loads applied normally to the axis,
although significantly smaller than the axial capacity of that pile, may be sufficient
to avoid the need for such 'raking' or 'battered' piles which are more expensive to
install. When designing piles to take lateral forces it is therefore important to take
this into account.

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PILES IN FILL:

Piles that pass through layers of moderately- to poorly-compacted fill will be

affected by negative skin friction, which produces a downward drag along the pile
shaft and therefore an additional load on the pile. This occurs as the fill consolidates
under its own weight.

TYPES OF PILE COSTRUCTION:

Precast Driven Piles

These are usually of RCC or pre-stressed concrete and generally small in size for
ease in handling. The main advantage of this type of pile is that its quality, in terms
of dimension, use of reinforcement and concrete, can be ensured as the piles are cast
in a yard under controlled conditions. However care is needed while handling,
transporting and driving the pile to avoid damages.More to it, the limitation of length
depending upon the capacity of the driving equipment is a disadvantage as these

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cannot be taken very deep except by joining. Generally, the depth over which these
are used is restricted to 36 mt.

Driven Cast-in-Situ Piles-

A steel casing pile with a shoe at the bottom is driven first to the required depth. The
reinforcement cage for the pile is then lowered inside the casing and the pile is
concreted. As the concreting of the pile proceeds upwards, the casing is withdrawn
keeping a suitable overlapping length.

When such piles are driven in soft soil and the tube is withdrawn while concreting,
it affects resistance and changes the property of the soil and this also affects the
capacity of individual piles. These are not suitable for use in soft soils, in greater
depths or where keying with the rock is required.

Bored cast-in-situ piles –

In the bored cast-in-situ process, a larger diameter casing is used. A casing of 3 to 4

m in length is provided on top of the bore hole which is driven with the help of a
bailor. Boring further below this casing is carried out by chiseling and the side walls
are kept stable by circulating bentonite slurry inside the bore hole.

The boring is continued up to the layer decided for founding the structure. After
reaching the desired founding level, the chisel is removed, bore-hole flushed,
reinforcement cage lowered into the hole, and held in position by tack welding it to
the support bars at the top of the casing.

After this, concreting is carried out by using tremie, keeping its end always below
the top level of rising concrete. The concreting is continued till a good quality
concrete is seen at the top of the borehole. After this, the tremie is removed and when
the concrete has reached the top, the casing pipe on the top is also removed. The
bentonite mix should be periodically checked for its specific gravity and changed as,
due to constant use, it can get mixed with the soil and deteriorate in quality.

This type of pile can be used even where the pile is keyed into the rock as chiselling
in the rock can be carried out more easily. These piles serve as bearing-cum-friction
piles. The diameters of such piles are generally more than 1.0m and can go up to

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3.6m or more. They can be used singly or in group and are good replacements for
well foundations required for bridge piers in rivers with clayey and mixed soils.

Bored pre-cast piles –

In this, as the name itself suggests, a hole is bored using a casing and a pre-cast pile
is inserted into it. After securing it in position, the casing is withdrawn. A particular
process used for bored pre-cast piles is the Benoto process which involves a steel
tube being pushed into the soil, turned and reversed using compressed air. The tube
is in the form of a casing and is driven for the entire depth after the soil is
progressively grabbed from the tube.

The process is continued till the tube reaches the pre-determined level. Then the pre-
cast pile is lowered inside and held in position. The tube is lifted gradually after
filling the annular gap between the pre-cast pile and the soil by grouting.

Driven steel piles –

Steel piles can be circular or in other structural shapes. The circular ones are made
in the form of either welded or seamless piles. Usually steel or cast iron piles used
earlier for bridge structures are of longer diameter and screw type.

These were used in past when loading was less. These piles are suitable for being
driven through cohesive soil to reach up to the hard strata and to serve as bearing
piles. They are not suitable where heavy scour is expected and for foundation for
bridges when foundations are situated wide apart.
Driven timer piles –

Timber piles have been extensively used in America. These have been used in India
on the railways and highways, for temporary bridges. Timber piles are of hard wood,
and used in natural form with thin end cut or suitably sized.

They are used mostly as end-bearing piles in clusters. They are normally used in
lengths of 12m and extended by splicing for use in deeper channels.
The piles protruding above bed/low water level are suitably braced in cluster.

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TYPE OF MATERIAL USED

 TIMBER

As the name implies, timber piles are made of wood. Historically, timber has been a
plentiful, locally-available resource in many areas. Today, timber piles are still more
affordable than concrete or steel. Compared to other types of piles (steel or concrete),
and depending on the source/type of timber, timber piles may not be suitable for
heavier loads.

A main consideration regarding timber piles is that they should be protected from
rotting above groundwater level. Timber will last for a long time below the
groundwater level. For timber to rot, two elements are needed: water and oxygen.
Below the groundwater level, oxygen is lacking even though there is ample water.
Hence, timber tends to last for a long time below groundwater level. It has been
reported that some timber piles used during 16th century in Venice still survive since
they were below groundwater level. Timber that is to be used above the water table
can be protected from decay and insects by numerous forms of wood preservation
using pressure treatment (ACQ, CCA, creosote, etc.). Splicing timber piles is still
quite common and is the easiest of all the piling materials to splice.

The normal method for splicing is by driving the leader pile first, driving a steel tube
(normally60–100 cm long, with an internal diameter no smaller than the minimum
toe diameter) half its length onto the end of the leader pile. The follower pile is then
simply slotted into the other end of the tube and driving continues. The steel tube is
simply there to ensure that the two pieces follow each other during driving. If uplift
capacity is required, the splice can incorporate bolts, coach screws, spikes or the like
to give it the necessary capacity.

 STEEL

Pipe piles are a type of steel driven pile foundation and are a good candidate for
battered piles.
Pipe piles can be driven either open end or closed end. When driven open end, soil
is allowed to enter the bottom of the pipe or tube. If an empty pipe is required, a jet
of water or an auger can be used to remove the soil inside following driving. Closed
end pipe piles are constructed by covering the bottom of the pile with a steel plate
or cast steel shoe.
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In some cases, pipe piles are filled with concrete to provide additional moment
capacity or corrosion resistance. In the United Kingdom, this is generally not done
in order to reduce the cost. In these cases corrosion protection is provided by
allowing for a sacrificial thickness of steel or by adopting a higher grade of steel. If
a concrete filled pipe pile is corroded, most of the load carrying capacity of the pile
will remain intact due to the concrete, while it will be lost in an empty pipe pile.
The structural capacity of pipe piles is primarily calculated based on steel strength
and concrete strength (if filled). An allowance is made for corrosion depending on
the site conditions and local building codes.

Steel pipe piles can either be new steel manufactured specifically for the piling
industry or reclaimed steel tubular casing previously used for other purposes such as
oil and gas exploration.
H-Piles are structural beams that are driven in the ground for deep foundation
application. They can be easily cut off or joined by welding or mechanical drive-fit
splicers. If the pile is driven into a soil with low pH value, then there is a risk of
corrosion, coal-tar epoxy or cathodic protection can be applied to slow or eliminate
the corrosion process. It is common to allow for an amount of corrosion in design
by simply over dimensioning the cross-sectional area of the steel pile. In this way
the corrosion process can be prolonged up to 50 years.

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES

Concrete piles are typically made with steel reinforcing and prestressing tendons to
obtain thetensile strength required, to survive handling and driving, and to provide
sufficientbending resistance.

Long piles can be difficult to handle and transport. Pile joints can be used to join two
or moreshort piles to form one long pile. Pile joints can be used with both precast
and prestressed concrete piles

 COMPOSITE PILE

“Composite pile” is a pile made of steel and concrete members that are fastened
together, end to end, to form a single pile. It is a combination of different materials
or different shaped materials such as pipe and H-beams or steel and concrete. “

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FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF PILE:

 Location and type of structure

 Ground conditions
 Durability
 Cost

There are many factors that can affect the choice of a piled foundation. All factors
need to be considered and their relative importance taken into account before
reaching a afinal decision.

 LOCATION AND TYPE OF STRUCTURE

For structures over water, such as wharves and jetties, driven piles or driven cast-in-
place piles (in which the shell remains in place) are the most suitable. On land the
choice is not so straight forward. Driven cast-in-place types are usually the cheapest
for moderate loadings. However, it is often necessary for piles to be installed without
causing any significant ground heave or vibrations because of their proximity to
existing structures. In such cases, the bored cast-in-place pile is the most suitable.
For heavy structures exerting large foundation loads, large-diameter bored piles are
usually the most economical. Jacked piles are suitable for underpinning existing
structures.

 GROUND CONDITIONS

Driven piles cannot be used economically in ground containing boulders, or in clay

when ground heave would be detrimental. Similarly, bored piles would not be
suitable in loose water-bearing sand, and under-reamed bases cannot be used in
cohesionless soils since they aresusceptible to collapse before the concrete can be
placed.

 DURABILITY

This tends to affect the choice of material. For example, concrete piles are usually
used in marine conditions since steel piles are susceptible to corrosion in such
conditions and timber piles can be attacked by boring molluscs. However, on land,
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concrete piles are not always the best choice, especially where the soil contains
sulphates or other harmful substances.

 COST

In coming to the final decision over the choice of pile, cost has considerable
importance.
The overall cost of installing piles includes the actual cost of the material, the times
required for piling in the construction plan, test loading, the cost of the engineer to
oversee installation and loading and the cost of organization and overheads incurred
between the time of initial site clearance and the time when construction of the
superstructure can proceed.

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILE FOUNDATION:

The load carrying capacity of pile foundation can be calculated by static and dynamic Formulae as
given below:

STATIC FORMULAE:-

Meyerhof’s formula:-

Granular soils:
Point bearing capacity of pile increases with depth in sands andreaches its
maximum at an embedment ratio L/D = (L/D)cr.
Therefore, the point load capacity of pile is
Qpu= Ap.q.′ N q*<A.Qul
Qul= 0.5P a Ntanφ ′*Pa =Atmospheric pressure

 (L/D)cr value typically ranges from 15D for loose to medium sand to20D for
dense sands.

 Correlation of limiting point resistance with SPT value

Qul=0 .4(N”)L/D ≤ 4Pa(N”)

N“ value shall be taken as an average for a zone ranging from 10D above to 4D
below the pile point.

 Saturated Clays:

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Qpu = Nc*.Cu.Ap = 9.Cu.Ap

Vesic formula:-

Qpu = Ap.qup=Ap(C.Nc* + σo.Nq)

 DYNAMIC FORMULAE:-

Engineering news record formula:-

or

Where ,Qa = allowable pile capacity,

r = weight of ram,
H = height of fall of ram, ft.
s = amount of pile penetration per blow, in./blow
CC == 11.0 for drop hammer
C = 0.1 for steam hammer
E = driving energy

The Engineering-New formula given before has a built-in factor of 6. Tests have
Shown that this formula is not reliable for computing pile loads, and it should be
avoided except as a rough guide.

Danish formula:-

where,
Qult = ultimate capacity of the pile

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Ek = manufacturershammer energy rating
S = average penetration of the pile from the last few driving blows
So = elastic compression of the pile

L = length of pile
A = cross-sectional area of pile
E = modulus of Elasticity of pile material
Statistical studies indicate that a factor of safety of 3 should be used as a field control
during pile driving to indicate when desired pile driving to indicate when desired
pile
capacity has been obtained.
HILEY FORMULA:-

where
h = height of free fall
S =final penetration per blow
C = sum of temporary elastic compression of pile, dolly, packing’s and ground.

PILE LOAD TEST

 Load tests determine the allowable load, the settlement under working load,
or the soundness of a pile. Load tests may be conducted in compression or
tension. Lateral load tests are seldom justified. The following considerations
must be made.
 The test piles should be of the same type and driven by the same equipment
as for construction.
 Test loading should not be initiated less than 24 hours after driving piles in
cohesion less soils and not less than 7 days in cohesive soils.

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  The load is usually applied by a hydraulic jack reacting against dead weights
or against a yoke fastened to a pair of anchor piles (as shown in figure ).
Anchor piles should beat least 5 test pile diameters from the test pile.
 The test load should be twice the proposed design load as estimated from the
dynamic formula, static formula, or other means.
 Readings of settlement and rebounds should be referred to a deep benchmark
and recorded to 0.001 feet.
 Procedures:

The loading procedure may be carried out either by the continuous load method or
the constant rate of penetration (CRP) method.

 Continuous load:

The load is applied in seven increments, equal to ½, ¾, 1, 1¼, 1 ½, 1¾, and 2 times
the allowable load assumed for design. The load is maintained constant at each
increment until there is no settlement in a 2 hour period.

The total test load should remain in place until settlement does not exceed 0.002 feet
in 48 hours. The total load should be removed in decrements not exceeding one
fourth of the total test load with intervals of not less than one hour.

There bound should be recorded after each decrement is removed. A curve may then
be prepared showing the relationship between the load and deflection (figure 5-6).
This procedure is most reliable where it is necessary to estimate the settlement of
piles under the design load.

The allowable load is taken as one half that which caused a net settlement of not
more than ½ inch or gross settlement of 1 inch, whichever is less. The continuous
load method is rarely justified in military construction because of the excessive time
requirements.

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  Constant rate of penetration:
The pile is jacked into the ground at a constant rate, and a continuous record of the
load and deformation is taken. The test proceeds rapidly and requires the services of
several observers. Results of the test are not too sensitive to the rate of penetration.
The load is increased until the pile fails by plunging or the capacity of the equipment
is reached. Results of the test are plotted (figure 5-7). The allowable load is
considered to be 50 percent of the ultimate bearing capacity defined by the
intersection of lines drawn tangent to the two basic portions of the load settlement
curve. The constant penetration rate method, a very rapid test, is particularly suited
for military construction.

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LIMITATIONS OF PILE LOAD TEST

Pile load tests do not take into account the effects of group action on bearing capacity
unless a group of piles is loaded. The settlement of a pile group is not generally
related to the settlement recorded during a load test on a single pile. Settlement must
be estimated as discussed below from consideration of soil compressibility within
the zone of the influence (figure 5-6).

Bearing stratum resistance:

Where piles are driven through compressible soil strata into a bearing stratum of
sand or other firm material, the allowable pile load is based on the carrying capacity
of the bearing stratum without depending on the short- term frictional resistance of
the compressible soils. With pile load tests, it is
Generally not possible to distinguish between the shorttermcarrying capacity of the
compressible soil and the long-term carrying capacity ofthe bearing stratum. The
capacity of the bearing stratum can be obtained by testing the pile inside the hollow
casing or by making load test on two piles driven about 5 feet apart. One pile is

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driven to refusal in the bearing stratum while the other is driven to within 3 feet of
the bearing stratum. The difference in the ultimate loads for the two piles is equal to
the carrying capacity of the bearing stratum.

PILE GROUPS

Piles are more usually installed in groups, rather than as single piles. A pile group
must be considered as a composite block of piles and soil, and not a multiple set of
single piles. The capacity of each pile may be affected by the driving of subsequent
piles in close proximity. Compaction of the soil between adjacent piles is likely to
lead to higher contact stresses and thus higher shaft capacities for those piles. The
ultimate capacity of a pile group is not always dependent on the individual capacity
of each pile. When analyzing the capacity of a pile group 3 modes of failure must be
considered.

 Single pile failure

 Failure of rows of piles
 Block failure

The methods of insertion, ground conditions, the geometry of the pile group and how
the group is capped all effect how any pile group will behave. If the group should
fail as a block, full shaft friction will only be mobilized around the perimeter of the
block and so any increase in shaft capacity of individual piles is irrelevant. The area
of the whole base of the block must be used in calculating the end bearing capacity
and not just the base areas of the individual piles in the group. Such block failure is
likely to occur if piles are closely spaced or if a ground-contacting pile cap is used.
Failure of rows of piles is likely to occur where pile spacing in one direction is much
greater than in the perpendicular direction.

UNDERREAMED PILES
Under reamed piles are bored cast-in-situ concrete piles having one or more bulbs
formed by enlarging the pile stem with a suitable cutting tool. Enlarged base in the
form ofunderream bulb made in the strata of good bearing provides larger bearing
area and piles of greater bearing capacity can be constructed. These piles have been
extensively used in India to support a wide variety of structures in almost all types
of soil strata on the basis of safety and economy.

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Depending on these considerations these piles are being increasingly used for a wide
variety of structures, e.g., buildings both residential and industrial, transmission line,
TV, antenna and satellite tracking towers, tanks, over bridges, machine foundations
and dry docks etc.

The provision of bulbs is useful in two ways. It provides larger bearing area at greater
depths which are more firm and stable. It also serves as an anchor and keeps the
foundation stable in the event of any upward drag of the pile stem. The provision of
more than one bulb along the stem further improves the performance of the pile and
the latter is then called multi-undreamed pile.
For selecting an appropriate undreamed pile the variables are pile length, stem
diameter and number of bulbs. A general configuration of undreamed piles and
typical details are shown in fig.

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The safe load on undreamed piles, like any other bored piles, can be determined from
the static formulae using soil properties. These formulae give ultimate capacity of
pile and after applying a suitable factor of safety safe loads are determined. But this
approach is reliable only if correlations are locally established for a particular area.

where, Ab = area of enlarged base

Nc = 9

Adhes

Another direct approach is to perform field load tests on piles and determine safe
load from the load deflection curves. This approach for safe loads is preferable but
load tests
Require elaborate set up and are costly. In the analysis developed herein, Finite
Element
Approach has been adopted to analyze undreamed piles in various types of soils. In
this method all the complexities of the problems, like varying shape, boundary
conditions and loads are maintained as they are but the solutions obtained are
approximate.

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CONCLUSION:

This report on use of pile foundation has information on various pile types, and its
properties, along with usage areas. Various pile types were discussed in detail, along
with their load bearing capacities, and threshold values. The project concludes with
the advantages of certain pile types, along with their disadvantages, thus facilitating
the reader to understand the pros and cons of using a certain pile. Efficiency of piles
was assessed, along with load bearing capacity, duration of the pile and its durability
under unpredicted circumstances (like natural disasters), were all evaluated and
researched.

Tips to improve the pile's structure and capacity were discussed in the literature
review section, where information was gathered from multiple sources. These
journals had research findings, which had solutions to the problems which were
earlier found.

There was couple of unforeseen problems which I have encountered while preparing
this report. Mainly the problem was to understand the technicality involved in pile
construction. However, I overcame this by reading more journals, and citing more
information from various sources.

To conclude with, this report serves as a guide, which contains necessary

information about the pile foundation.

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REFERENCES:

 SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION BY BC PURNIMA

 PILE FOUNDATION BY P C VERGISE
 WWW.GOOGLE.COM
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG

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