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Salts Senior 2

Salts are ionic compounds formed when hydrogen ions from an acid are replaced by metal or ammonium ions, typically through neutralization reactions. There are various types of salts, including normal, acid, basic, double, and complex salts, each with distinct characteristics and examples. Common methods for preparing salts include neutralization, metal-acid reactions, and precipitation, while solubility rules dictate the behavior of different salts in water.

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35 views2 pages

Salts Senior 2

Salts are ionic compounds formed when hydrogen ions from an acid are replaced by metal or ammonium ions, typically through neutralization reactions. There are various types of salts, including normal, acid, basic, double, and complex salts, each with distinct characteristics and examples. Common methods for preparing salts include neutralization, metal-acid reactions, and precipitation, while solubility rules dictate the behavior of different salts in water.

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🧂 What Are Salts?

Salts are ionic compounds formed when:

 A metal or ammonium ion replaces one or more hydrogen ions (H⁺) from an acid.
 These can result from neutralization reactions between acids and bases or other
methods.

General Reaction: Acid + Base → Salt + Water

🧪 Types of Salts
Type of Salt Description Example
All H⁺ in the acid are replaced by metal or
Normal Salt NaCl from HCl + NaOH
ammonium.
Only some H⁺ are replaced; still has replaceable NaHSO₄ from H₂SO₄ +
Acid Salt
H⁺. NaOH
Basic Salt Contains hydroxide (OH⁻) or oxide ions. Mg(OH)Cl
Formed by combination of two different salts in a Alum –
Double Salt
fixed ratio. KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O
Complex Contains a complex ion formed by combination of
K₄[Fe(CN)₆]
Salt several ions.

🔬 Methods of Preparing Salts


Here are 5 common lab methods of preparing salts in school chemistry labs:

1. Neutralization – Acid + Base → Salt + Water e.g.: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
2. Metal + Acid Reaction – Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas e.g.: Zn + H₂SO₄ →
ZnSO₄ + H₂↑
3. Acid + Carbonate Reaction – Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon
Dioxide e.g.: HCl + CaCO₃ → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O
4. Precipitation Reaction – Two solutions react to form an insoluble salt (precipitate)
e.g.: AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO₃
5. Direct Combination – Elements react directly to form a salt e.g.: Fe + S → FeS (on
heating)

💧 Solubility Rules (Important for Exam Questions!)


Some salts are soluble, others insoluble. Here are common rules:

Salt Type Solubility


All nitrates (NO₃⁻) Soluble
All sodium, potassium, ammonium salts Soluble
Chlorides (Cl⁻) Soluble (except Ag⁺, Pb²⁺)
Sulfates (SO₄²⁻) Soluble (except Pb²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺)
Salt Type Solubility
Carbonates (CO₃²⁻) & hydroxides Insoluble (except with Na⁺, K⁺,
(OH⁻) NH₄⁺)

🧠 Common Salts and Their Uses


Salt Use
Sodium chloride (NaCl) Table salt; food seasoning
Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) Cement, antacids
Ammonium nitrate
Fertilizer
(NH₄NO₃)
Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄) Fungicide, lab experiments

🧼 Dangers & Storage of Salts


 Store in airtight containers to avoid water absorption.
 Some salts like silver salts are light-sensitive.
 Handle with care—some are toxic or corrosive, e.g., lead salts

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