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DLA Note Chap-1

The document explains the differences between analog and digital systems, highlighting that analog systems process continuous signals while digital systems handle discrete binary signals. It details the characteristics and applications of each system, including examples like microphones for analog and computers for digital. Additionally, it covers various number systems, including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, with explanations of their bases and uses.

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8 views3 pages

DLA Note Chap-1

The document explains the differences between analog and digital systems, highlighting that analog systems process continuous signals while digital systems handle discrete binary signals. It details the characteristics and applications of each system, including examples like microphones for analog and computers for digital. Additionally, it covers various number systems, including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, with explanations of their bases and uses.

Uploaded by

namratabagal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Analog System:

Definition:

An Analog System processes data in a continuous form. It represents real-world information


using continuous signals, such as voltage, sound, or temperature.

Characteristics:

 Signals vary smoothly and continuously over time.


 No fixed or discrete steps.
 Amplitude can take any value in a given range.
 Commonly found in natural systems and older electronic devices
 Used in audio, temperature sensors, analog watches, etc.

This waveform is smooth and continuous over time.

Analog System Applications:

Analog systems are ideal for handling naturally varying signals. Here are some common uses:

 Microphones & Speakers: Convert sound waves to electrical signals and back — used
in phones, hearing aids, and music systems.
 Thermometers: Mercury or bimetallic strip thermometers measure temperature with
continuous variation.
 Analog Clocks: Use mechanical movement for smooth, continuous timekeeping.
 Light Dimmer Switches: Adjust voltage to vary brightness smoothly.
 Pressure Sensors: Monitor tire pressure or industrial systems with continuous voltage
output.
 Analog Joysticks: Provide smooth control in gaming and robotics.
2. Digital System

A Digital System processes discrete signals. These signals are represented in binary form (0
and 1).

🔧 Characteristics:

 Discrete signal (only high or low, 1 or 0)


 Limited possible values
 Less affected by noise
 Used in computers, digital clocks, calculators, etc.

Digital System Applications:

Digital systems dominate modern electronics due to their speed, accuracy, and programmability:

 Computers & Smartphones: Process binary data for everything from browsing to
gaming.
 Digital Watches & Clocks: Display time in discrete steps.
 Digital Cameras: Convert light into digital images for storage and editing.
 ATMs & POS Machines: Handle secure transactions using digital logic.
 Embedded Systems: Found in washing machines, microwaves, and cars for automation.
 Digital Communication: Internet, mobile phones, and satellite systems rely on digital
encoding.

Number System:
 A number system is a way to represent numbers using a specific base (or radix). It
defines how numbers are expressed and manipulated in mathematics and computing.
Types of Number Systems:
Number System Base Digits Used Common Use

Decimal 10 0–9 Everyday arithmetic (human-readable)

Binary 2 0, 1 Digital electronics and computing

Octal 8 0–7 Compact form for binary (older systems)

Hexadecimal 16 0–9, A–F Compact binary representation (computers)

Binary Number System (Base-2):

Explanation:

 Used in digital electronics and computing.


 Base = 2
 Digits: Only 0 and 1 (also called bits)
 Each digit represents a power of 2.

Example:

Number: 1011
= (1 × 2³) + (0 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰)
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11 (in decimal)

Decimal Number System (Base-10):

Explanation:

 Most commonly used number system in daily life.


 Base = 10
 Digits: 0 to 9
 Each digit position has a place value of powers of 10.

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