MODULE-II

RECTIFIER
Rectifier are used to convert A.C to D.C supply.

Rectifiers can be classified as single phase rectifier and three phase rectifier. Single phase
rectifier are classified as 1-Փ half wave and 1-Փ full wave rectifier. Three phase rectifier are
classified as 3-Փ half wave rectifier and 3-Փ full wave rectifier. 1-Փ Full wave rectifier are
classified as1-Փ mid point type and 1-Փ bridge type rectifier. 1-Փ bridge type rectifier are
classified as 1-Փ half controlled and 1-Փ full controlled rectifier. 3-Փ full wave rectifier are
again classified as 3-Փ mid point type and 3-Փ bridge type rectifier. 3-Փ bridge type rectifier
are again divided as 3-Փ half controlled rectifier and 3-Փ full controlled rectifier.

Single phase half wave circuit with R-L load

Output current 𝑖𝑜 rises gradually. After some time 𝑖𝑜 reaches a maximum value and then
begins to decrease.

At π, 𝑣𝑜 =0 but 𝑖𝑜 is not zero because of the load inductance L. After π interval SCR is reverse
biased but load current is not less then the holding current.

At β>π, 𝑖𝑜 reduces to zero and SCR is turned off.

At 2π+β SCR triggers again

α is the firing angle.

v      conduction angle

Analysis for 𝑉𝑇 .

At 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼,𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼

During = 𝐼 𝑡𝑜 𝐼 , 𝑉𝑇 = 0;

When = 𝐼 , 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼;

di0
Vm sin t  Ri0  L
dt

Vm
is  sin( t   )
R  X2
2

Where,

X
  tan 1
R

X  L

Where 𝐼 is the angle by which 𝐼𝑠 lags 𝑉𝑠 .

The transient component can be obtained as

di0
Rit  L 0
dt

So 𝑖𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅𝑡⁄𝐿)

𝑖0 = 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑖𝑡

𝑉𝑚
sin( 𝜔𝑡 − 𝐼) + 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅𝑡⁄𝐿)
𝑧

Where 𝑧 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋 2

At 𝛼 = 𝜔𝑡, 𝑖𝑜 = 0;
𝑉𝑚
0= sin( 𝛼 − 𝐼) + 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅𝛼⁄𝐿𝜔) ;
𝑧

−𝑉𝑚
𝐴= sin( 𝛼 − 𝐼)𝑒 (𝑅𝛼⁄𝐿𝜔)
𝑧
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑜 = sin( 𝜔𝑡 − 𝐼) − sin( 𝛼 − 𝐼)𝑒 −𝑅(𝜔𝑡−𝛼)⁄𝐿𝜔
𝑧 𝑧
Therefore,

𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽, 𝑖0 = 0;

So sin(𝛽 − 𝛼) = sin(𝛼 − 𝐼)𝑒 −(𝛽−𝛼)/(𝜔𝐿)

β can obtained from the above equation.

The average load voltage can be given by

𝑉𝑚
(cos(𝛼) − cos(𝛽))
2𝜋

Average load current

Vm
I0  (cos   cos  )
2 R

Single phase full converter

 
1
V0 
 V

m sin(t )d (t )

2Vm
 cos 

T₁,T₂ triggered at α and π radian latter T₃, T₄ are triggered.
Single phase half wave circuit with RLE load

The minimum value of firing angle is

So,

E
1  sin 1
Vm

Maximum value of firing angle

2    2

The voltage differential equation is

di0
Vm sin(t )  Ri0  L E
dt

is  is1  is 2

Due to source volt

Vm
is1  sin(t   )
Z

Due to DC counter emf

it  Ae ( R / L )t

Thus the total current is given by

is1  is 2  it

Vm E
 sin(t   )   Ae (R/L) t
Z R

Vm E
is 0  sin(t   )   Ae (R/L) t
Z R

At t    i0  0

E Vm
A [  sin(   )]e R  L
R Z
So

R R
Vm { (t  )} E { (t  
i0  [sin(t   )  sin(   )e L
 [1  e L
]
Z R
Average voltage across the inductance is zero. Average value of load current is

1 

2 R 
I0  (Vm sin t  E ) d(t )

1
 [Vm (cos   cos        )]
2 R

Conduction angle     

   v

1
I0  [Vm (cos   cos(  v)    v)]
2 R

A B A B
cos A  cosB  2sin sin
2 2

So

1 v v
I0  [2Vm sin(  )sin  E. ]
2 R 2 2
  E  I0 R

1 v v
 E [2Vm sin(  )sin  E. ]
2 2 2

v V v v
 E(1  )  [ m sin(  )sin ]
2  2 2

If load inductance L is zero then

  2

And
v      2  

But
2    1

So
  2    1

v    1  
And

So average current will be

1
I0  [Vm (cos   cos(  1 ))  E (  1   )]
2 R

So V0=E+I0R

Vm E  
 (cos   cos 1 )  (1  1 )
2 2 
For no inductance rms value of load current

1  
I0  [  (Vm sin(t )  E ) 2 d t ]1/2
2 R 2

Power delivered to load

P  I or2 R  I 0 E

Supply power factor

I or2 R  I 0 E
Pf 
Vs I or

Single phase full wave converter:

2Vm
 sin 


Single phase semi converter:

1 
V0 
  V m sin(t )d (t )

Vm
 cos 


full converter:
steady state analysis

di0
Vs  Rio  L E
dt

V0  RI 0  E

2Vm
V0  cos 


So in case of DC motor load

V0  ra I a   mm

2Vm
cos   ra I a
m  
So
m

T  m Ia

Te
 Ia 
m

Te
Ia 
Put
m

2Vm
( ) cos 
m   
raTe
So
m  m2