5/29/2015

Motor Protection Fundamentals

IEEE SF Power and Energy Society

May 29, 2015

Ali Kazemi, PE
Regional Technical Manager
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories
Irvine, CA

Copyright © SEL 2015

Motor Protection - Agenda

• Motor Basics
• Protection Requirements
♦ Thermal
♦ Short circuit
• Special Consideration
♦ High Inertia Motor Starting
♦ VFD Application

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A Motor Is an Electromechanical
Energy Converter

Motor Types

• Induction motors
♦ Squirrel cage rotor
♦ Wound rotor
• Synchronous motor
♦ Salient-pole rotor
♦ Round rotor (high speed)

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Main Parts of an Induction Motor

The Rotor

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Squirrel Cage Example

Squirrel Cage Rotor Schematics

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Stator Magnetic Field Rotates at

Synchronous Speed

What Is Slip?
Rotor Moves Slower Than the Stator’s Field

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Calculation of Slip

A 6-pole, 60 Hz induction motor runs at 1180 rpm

♦ What is the synchronous speed in rpm?
♦ What is the slip when it runs at 1180 rpm?

Slip

ns = 120 • f / p = 120 • 60 / 6 rpm = 1200 rpm

s = 1 – nr / ns = 1 – 1180 / 1200 = 0.0166

or

1.6%

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AC Induction Motor Basic Ratings and

Characteristics

Torque

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Rated Power

Rated mechanical power, Pm (hp or kW)

Full-load speed, nr (rpm or rad/s)
Full-load torque, FLT (lbf • ft or N • m)

Efficiency and Electrical Power

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Current Rating

Service Factor (SF)

• Measure of the steady-state overload

capability of a motor
• A motor with a service factor = 1.15 can be
overloaded by 1.15 • FLA
• A motor with a service factor = 1.0 should
not be overloaded

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Stator Current vs. Speed Curve

Locked-Rotor Amperes

• Current drawn when a motor is energized

with rated voltage and the rotor is stationary
• May be 3 to 7 times or more of rated full-
load amperes
• Sometimes given as a KVA code

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Locked-Rotor KVA Codes

Locked-rotor current calculations from a KVA

code:
I = (CL • 1000 • HP) / (V • 1.73)
♦ CL = KVA / HP multiplier (for KVA code letter
value: See notes)
♦ V = Rated motor voltage in volts
♦ HP = Rated motor horsepower

Torque vs. Speed Curves

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Example: Motor Data Sheet

Motor Data
Rated output: 5000 hp
Rated speed: 3583 rpm
Rated voltage: 4000 volts
Rated frequency: 60 hertz
Rated current: 608 amperes
Locked‐rotor current: 600 percent
Hot stall time: 7 seconds at 100 percent voltage
Cold overload time: 800 seconds at 2 per‐unit current
Service factor: 1.15
Locked‐rotor torque: 55 percent
Insulation class: F

Slip-Dependent Motor Impedance:

Steinmetz Model

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Motor Current, Torque, and Rotor (R)

Plotted vs. Slip

AC Motor Starting

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Starters

Accelerating Torque

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Impact of Source Impedance on

Starting Voltage

Impact of Voltage Drop on Motor

Torque and Starting

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Impact of Reduced Voltage on

Acceleration Time

Motor Thermal Limits

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Induction Motor Damage Curves

Motor Thermal Limit Curve

• IEEE 620, “IEEE Guide for the Presentation

of Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage
Induction Machines”
• Rotor temperature limits during starting
• Stator temperature limits during running

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Thermal
Limit
Curves

Motor
Initially at
Ambient
Temperature

Hidden Slide for Full-Page Notes

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Thermal
Limit
Curves

Motor
Initially at
Operating
Temperature

Hidden Slide for Full-Page Notes

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Negative-Sequence Current
Thermal Effect on the Rotor

Rotor Bar Current Distribution

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Resistance Temperature Detectors

(RTDs)
• Resistance temperature detectors are
sometimes used to indicate the temperature of
the stator and bearings
• RTDs are embedded in the stator winding;
usually two RTDs are provided per phase
• One or two RTDs can be provided for each
motor bearing
• RTDs can be connected to an external
measuring device or relay
• Response of the RTDs to temperature change is
slow

Motor Protection Requirements

• Phase fault protection

• Ground fault protection
• Locked-rotor protection
• Overload protection
• Phase rotation protection

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Motor Protection - Optional

• Unbalance protection
• Phase differential protection
• Load-jam protection

Complete Motor Protection

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Thermal Element - 49

• Provides starting and overload protection

• Based on motor nameplate rating
• Separate model for rotor and stator
• Takes into account negative-sequence
heating effect

Short Circuit Protection Guideline

(Instantaneous)

• Phase
♦ Set at 2 times ILR
♦ Set at 1.2 times ILR, 10-15 cycle delay
• Ground
♦ Set higher than maximum imbalance
1.1 times (ILR)
♦ Set at 20% of IFL, 10-15 cycle delay

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High-Inertia Start
• Acceleration time ≥ Rotor safe stall time
• Standard thermal/overcurrent element will
time out and trip motor offline
• Motor will never start

Traditional Solution – Speed Switch

• Examples of speed switches
♦ Proximity probe – magnetic type
♦ Rotating disc – laser type
• If shaft movement is NOT detected, starting
is aborted.

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Modern Protection Relay Solution

• Uses slip dependent thermal model

• Avoids potential complications associated
with installation and operation of speed
switches
• Offers high-inertia start protection without
using speed switch

Comparing Starting Elements’ Response

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Synchronous Motor Consideration

• Field control – close field breaker

• Loss of field protection

VFD Application Consideration

• Motor starts at lower speed

• Lower speed = lower ventilation
• Derrating is required
• Conventional relays can not be applied!
• Requires thermal elements operating on
RMS current

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Summary

• Electrical, mechanical, and thermal motor

characteristics define the frame needed for
effective motor protection
• Running stage, starting stage, and locked-
rotor conditions serve to determine the main
motor parameters
• Motor heating and thermal damage motor
characteristics depend on both positive- and
negative-sequence current in the stator

Reference Material

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Industry Guides

AC Motor Protection
Guide: IEEE C37.96

IEEE Buff Book

IEEE 242-2001
♦ Recommended
protection practices
♦ Chapter 10: Motor
protection

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NEMA MG 1

National Electrical
Manufacturers
Association
(NEMA) Standard
MG 1: Provides
construction and
testing
requirements for
motors and
generators

AC Motor Protection
By Stanley E. Zocholl

• Covers operation
and protection of
ac motors
• Optimizes motor
protection relay
thermal and fault
protection settings

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