Be still, and know

that I am God;
I will be exalted
among the nations,
I will be exalted in
the earth! - Psalm 46:10
WEEK 12 LESSONS
TRAVERSING AND
TRAVERSE
COMPUTATIONS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Traverse – A series of lines connecting
successive points whose lengths and directions
have been determined from field measurements.
2. Traversing – The process of measuring the
lengths and directions of lines of a traverse for
the purpose of locating the position of certain
points.
3. Traverse Stations – Any temporary or permanent
point of reference over which the instrument is
set-up. It is usually marked by a peg or a hub
driven flush with the ground with numbers or
letters.
 SETTING UP THE TRANSIT
1. Positioning the tripod
2. Mounting the transit
3. Centering the transit (using a plumb
bob or the optical plummet)
4. Leveling the transit
5. Final leveling and centering
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
1. Interior angle traverse – The type of traverse
used principally in land surveys. It is based on
the interior angles measured between the
adjacent sides of a closed figure. The sum of
the interior angles in any polygon must be equal
to (n-2) times 180 degrees. Where n is the
number of sides of the polygon.
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
2. Deflection angle traverse – The type of traverse used
frequently for the location survey of roads, railroads,
pipelines, transmission lines, canals, and other similar
types of survey. It is based on the horizontal angle
measured clockwise or counter-clockwise from the
prolongation of the preceding line to the succeeding
line. Such angles vary from 0 to 180 degrees and must
be designated as right (R) or left (L).
For any closed traverse in which the sides do not cross
one another, the summation of the deflection angles,
considering those turned to the left as opposite in sign
to those turned to the right, should be equal to 360
degrees.
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
3. Angle to the right traverse – The type of traverse
employed when numerous details are to be located
from the traverse stations. Such type of traverse is
commonly used on city, tunnel, and mine surveys, and
in locating details for topographic map. It is based on
the clockwise angle measured from the backsight on
the back line to a forward line. For a closed traverse,
the sum of the angles to the right should equal (n+2)
times 180 degrees, when each angle to the right is the
same with the exterior angle, that is when the
traverse proceeds in clockwise direction, and similar
to interior angles if in a counterclockwise direction.
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
 TYPES OF TRAVERSE
4. Azimuth traverse – Is by far one of the
quickest and most satisfactory method where
at one set-up of the transit or theodolite
several angles or directions can be
determined. Azimuths are measured
clockwise either from the north or south end
of a selected meridian to the line. These
angles may lie anywhere between 0 and 360
degrees.
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Computations and Adjustments required for a closed
traverse:
1. Determining latitudes and departures and their
respective algebraic sums.
2. Calculating the total error of closure and the relative
precision of the traverse
3. Computing the respective traverse correction and
balancing the traverse.
4. Determining the adjusted traverse data and adjusted
position of each traverse station.
5. Computing the area
6. Subdividing the area
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Latitude – Is the projection of a line onto the
reference meridian or the north-south line.
Positive (+) for lines with north bearings,
and negative (-) for lines with south
bearings.
Departure – Is the projection of a line onto the
reference parallel or the east-west line.
Positive (+) for lines having easterly
bearings, and negative (-) for lines with
westerly bearings.
Linear Error of Closure (LEC) – Is a short line of
unknown length and direction connecting
the initial and final station of the traverse.
Solution: Plotting by Azimuths
3
2

36⁰ 58’ 103⁰ 50’

4
338⁰ 43’ N
151⁰ 15’ 1
LEC
1’
251⁰ 12’
LINE DISTANCE AZIMUTH
1-2 189.10 m. 151° 15’
5
2-3 139.80 103° 50’
3-4 186.15 36° 58’
4-5 157.05 338° 43
5-1 297.50 251° 12’
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
PROBLEM EXERCISES:
1. Given the following deflection angles of a closed
traverse. Assume bearing of line AB is S 40° E. Compute;
a. Error of closure and values of corrected deflection
angles
b. Azimuth, and Bearing of all the traverse lines
c. All Interior angles, and angles to the right
Sta. Deflection Angles Sta. Deflection Angles
A 85° 20’ (L) E 34° 18’ (L)
B 10° 11’ (R) F 72° 56’ (L)
C 83° 32’ (L) G 30° 45’ (L)
D 63° 27’ (L)
Solution:
σ 𝑫𝒆𝒇. 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 85° 20’ - 10° 11’ + 83° 32’ + 63° 27’ + 34° 18’ +
72° 56’ + 30° 45’
= 360⁰ 07’
Error = 360⁰ - 360⁰ 07’
= - 0⁰ 07’
𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 − 0⁰ 07’
Correction = =
𝟕 𝟕
= - 0⁰ 01’
Adjusted Def. Angle A = 85° 20’ - 0⁰ 01’
= 85° 19’ L
Do the same for the rest of the angles and arrange values in
tabulated form.
Tabulation 1
STA. DEF. ANGLE ADJ. DEF.
ERROR CORR.
ANGLE
A +85° 20’ L - 0° 7’ - 0° 1’ +85° 19’ L
B -10° 11’ R - 0° 1’ -10° 12’ R
C +83° 32’ L - 0° 1’ +83° 31’ L
D +63° 27’ L - 0° 1’ +63° 26’ L
E +34° 18’ L - 0° 1’ +34° 17’ L
F +72° 56’ L - 0° 1’ +72° 55’ L
G +30° 45’ L - 0° 1’ +30° 44’ L
SUM 360° 7’ - 0° 7’ 360° 0’
Plotting using Deflection Angles
72⁰ 55’ L
F
G
30⁰ 44’ L

A
34⁰ 17’ L
N
85⁰ 19’ L ADJ. DEF.
STA.
ANGLE
40⁰
E
A +85° 19’ L
B -10° 12’ R
B
C +83° 31’ L
10⁰ 12’ R 63⁰ 26’ L
D +63° 26’ L
D E +34° 17’ L
C F
83⁰ 31’ L +72° 55’ L
G +30° 44’ L
SUM 360° 0’
Interior Angles and Angles to the right
72⁰ 55’ L
F
G
30⁰ 44’ L
θG = 149⁰ 16’ θF = 107⁰ 05’ 34⁰ 17’ L
A 85⁰ 19’ L
θA = 94⁰ 41’
40⁰
θB = 190⁰ 12’
θE = 145⁰ 43’ E
N
B
10⁰ 12’ R θD = 116⁰ 34’ 63⁰ 26’ L

θc = 96⁰ 29’
D
C
83⁰ 31’ L
Tabulation 2
STA. DEF. ADJ. DEF. INTERIOR ANGLES TO
ANGLE ANGLE ANGLES THE RIGHT
A +85° 20’ L +85° 19’ L 94⁰ 41’ 94⁰ 41’
B -10° 11’ R -10° 12’ R 190⁰ 12’ 190⁰ 12’
C +83° 32’ L +83° 31’ L 96⁰ 29’ 96⁰ 29’
D +63° 27’ L +63° 26’ L 116⁰ 34’ 116⁰ 34’
E +34° 18’ L +34° 17’ L 145⁰ 43’ 145⁰ 43’
F +72° 56’ L +72° 55’ L 107⁰ 05’ 107⁰ 05’
G +30° 45’ L +30° 44’ L 149⁰ 16’ 149⁰ 16’
SUM 360° 7’ 360° 0’ 900⁰ 00’ 900⁰ 00’
Bearings
72⁰ 55’ L
F
G
30⁰ 44’ L
S 76⁰ 03’ W
S 45⁰ 19’ W 34⁰ 17’ L
A
85⁰ 19’ L
N 31⁰ 02’ W
S 40⁰ E E
N
B
S 29⁰ 48’ E 10⁰ 12’ R N 03⁰ 15’ E 63⁰ 26’ L
N 66⁰ 41’ E
D
C
83⁰ 31’ L
Azimuths
F
G
76⁰ 03’
320⁰ 45⁰ 19’
S 76⁰ 03’ W
A S 45⁰ 19’ W
N 31⁰ 02’ W
S 40⁰ E
330⁰ 12’
148⁰ 58’ E
N
B
S 29⁰ 48’ E 183⁰ 15’ N 03⁰ 15’ E
N 66⁰ 41’ E
246⁰ 41’ D
C
Tabulation 3
LINE BEARING AZIMUTH
AB S 40° 00’ E 320° 00’
BC S 29° 48’ E 330° 12’
CD N 66° 41’ E 246° 41’
DE N 3° 15’ E 183° 15’
EF N 31° 02’ W 148° 58’
FG S 76° 03’ W 76° 03’
GA S 45° 19’ W 45° 19’
PROBLEM EXERCISES:
2. From the given data of a closed traverse, compute the following:
a. Bearing of all sides of the traverse
b. Deflection angles in every stations
c. Interior angles.
d. Linear Error of Closure (LEC), direction of the side of error, and
relative precision
Line Distance Azimuth
1-2 189.10 m.` 151° 15’
2-3 139.80 103° 50’
3-4 186.15 36° 58’
4-5 157.05 338° 43
5-1 297.50 251° 12’
Solution: Plotting by Azimuths
3
2

36⁰ 58’ 103⁰ 50’

4
338⁰ 43’ N
151⁰ 15’ 1

251⁰ 12’
LINE DISTANCE AZIMUTH
1-2 189.10 m. 151° 15’
5
2-3 139.80 103° 50’
3-4 186.15 36° 58’
4-5 157.05 338° 43
5-1 297.50 251° 12’
Bearings
N 76⁰ 10’ W
3
S 36⁰ 58’ W 2
36⁰ 58’
103⁰ 50’

N
N 28⁰ 45’ W
4
338⁰ 43’
151⁰ 15’ 1

S 21⁰ 17’ E
N 71⁰ 12’ E

251⁰ 12’ 5
Tabulation 1
LINE AZIMUTH BEARING

1-2 151° 15’ N 28°45’ W

2-3 103° 50’ N 76°10’ W

3-4 36° 58’ S 36°58’ W

4-5 338° 43’ S 21°17’ E

5-1 251° 12’ N 71°12’ E

Deflection Angles
76⁰ 10’
47⁰ 25’
3
N 76⁰ 10’ W
66⁰ 52’
2
S 36⁰ 58’ W

N
N 28⁰ 45’ W
4 99⁰ 57’
N 71⁰ 12’ E
S 21⁰ 17’ E
1
58⁰ 15’
N 71⁰ 12’ E

5
87⁰ 31’

21⁰ 17’
Interior Angles
47⁰ 25’
3
66⁰ 52’ N 76⁰ 10’ W

S 36⁰ 58’ W𝜽3 = 113⁰ 08’ 2

𝜽2 = 132⁰ 35’

N
N 28⁰ 45’ W
4 99⁰ 57’
𝜽4 = 121⁰ 45’
S 21⁰ 17’ E 𝜽1 = 80⁰ 03’
1
58⁰ 15’ 𝜽5 = 92⁰ 29’

N 71⁰ 12’ E
5
87⁰ 31’
Tabulation 2
INTERIOR
LINE AZIMUTH BEARING STA. DEF. ANGLE ANGLE

1-2 151° 15’ N28°45’ W 1 +99° 57’(L) 80° 03’

2-3 103° 50’ N76°10’ W 2 +47° 25’ (L) 132° 35’

3-4 36° 58’ S36°58’ W 3 +66° 52’ (L) 113° 08’

4-5 338° 43’ S21°17’ E 4 +58° 15’ (L) 121° 45’

5-1 251° 12’ N71°12’ E 5 +87° 31’ (L) 92° 29’

SUM 360° 00’ 540° 00’

Tabulation 3
LINE AZIMUTH BEARING LENGTH, m. LATITUDE DEPARTURE

1-2 151° 15’ N28°45’ W 189.10 +165.789 -90.955

2-3 103° 50’ N76°10’ W 139.80 +33.426 -135.745

3-4 36° 58’ S36°58’ W 186.15 -148.731 -111.941

4-5 338° 43’ S21°17’ E 157.05 -146.339 57.006

5-1 251° 12’ N71°12’ E 297.50 +95.874 281.628

SUM 969.60 0.019 - 0.007

Solution:
CL = + 0.019 LINE AZIMUTH BEARING
LENGTH,
m.
LATITUDE
DEPARTUR
E
CD = - 0.007
1-2 151° 15’ N28°45’W 189.10 +165.789 -90.955
LEC = (𝐶𝐿 )2 +(𝐶𝐷 )2
= (0.019)2 +(0.007)2 2-3 103° 50’ N76°10’W 139.80 +33.426 -135.745

LEC = 0.020 m.
3-4 36° 58’ S36°58’ W 186.15 -148.731 -111.941

− (𝐶𝐷 )
Tan θ =
− (𝐶𝐿 ) 4-5 338° 43’ S 21°17’ E 157.05 -146.339 57.006

− (−0.007)
=
− (0.019) 5-1 251° 12’ N 71°12’ E 297.50 +95.874 281.628

= S 20⁰ 13’ 29” E SUM 969.60 0.019 - 0.007

D = 969.60 m.
0.020 𝟏
=
𝐿𝐸𝐶
RP =
969.6
=
𝐷 𝟒𝟖,𝟓𝟎𝟎
TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
-The procedure of computing the linear error of closure
and applying corrections to the individual latitudes and
departures for the purpose of providing a
mathematically closed figure.

APPROXIMATE METHODS OF TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT

1. ARBITRARY METHOD
2. THE COMPASS RULE
3. TRANSIT RULE
4. LEAST SQUARE METHOD
5. CRANDALL METHOD
6. GRAPHICAL METHOD
7. COORDINATE METHOD
1. ARBITRARY METHOD
-The method of traverse adjustment based solely on
the estimation and personal judgment of the
surveyor. Latitudes and departures are adjusted in
a discretionary manner according to the surveyor’s
assessment of the conditions surrounding the
survey.
One traverse line for example is measured over
rugged and difficult terrain, it can be possible that
applying all or most of the correction into this line
will balance the survey satisfactorily without
adjusting the other remaining traverse lines. This
method can be as good, if not better than any of the
conventional methods of adjustment.
2. COMPASS RULE

-This method is based on the assumption

that all lengths were measured with equal
care and all angles taken with
approximately the same precision. It is
also assumed that the errors in the
measurement are accidental and that the
total error in any side of the traverse is
directly proportional to the total length of
the traverse.
COMPASS RULE
𝑑 𝑑
cl = CL ( ) and cd = CD ( )
𝐷 𝐷
Where:
cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of
any course
cd = correction to be applied to the departure
of any course
CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic
sum of the north and south latitudes
CD = total closure in departure or the
algebraic sum of the east and west
departures
d = length of any course
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse
COMPASS RULE
All computed corrections should be added
to check whether their respective sums equal the
closure in latitude and departure. It will be observed
that during the process of adjustment a discrepancy
of 0.001 may result when rounding off computed
values. This imbalance is usually eliminated by
applying an arbitrary correction such as revising one
of the computed corrections.
To determine the adjusted latitude (or departure) of
any course, the sign of the correction for latitude (or
departure) is made opposite the sign of the closure
error in latitude (or departure) and is added to the
computed latitude (or departure) of the course.
ADJUSTED LENGTHS AND DIRECTIONS
𝑫𝒆𝒑′
L’ = 𝐋𝐚𝐭 ′ 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐞𝐩′ 𝟐 and Tan α =
𝑳𝒂𝒕′

Where:
L’ = adjusted length of course
Lat’ = adjusted latitude of a course
Dep’ = adjusted departure of a course
α = adjusted horizontal angle between the reference
meridian and the course
Note: the adjusted length and bearing of each course
seldom differs significantly from the original
values. It may either be greater or less than the
original values.
Example Problems:
1. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the
observed data for a traverse obtained from a
transit tape survey. Determine the latitudes and
departures of each course, the linear error of
closure, bearing of the side of error and relative
precision. Adjust the traverse using compass
rule and compute also the adjusted lengths and
bearings after applying correction to the
latitudes and departures. Tabulate values
accordingly.
Traverse Data
LINE DISTANCE, m. AZIMUTH
AB 495.85 185° 25’

BC 847.62 226° 08’

CD 855.45 292° 21’

DE 1,020.87 347° 30’

EF 1,117.26 83° 52’

FA 660.08 124° 49’

Solution:
292° 21’
C
855.45 m.
847.62 m. 347⁰ 30’
D

N
226⁰ 08’

B LINE DISTANCE, m. AZIMUTH

AB 495.85 185° 25’

495.85 m.
1,020.87 m. BC 847.62 226° 08’

185⁰ 25’ CD 855.45 292° 21’

A DE 1,020.87 347° 30’

EF 1,117.26 83° 52’

660.80 m. E
FA 660.08 124° 49’
1,117.26 m. 83⁰ 52’
124⁰ 49’
F
Solution:
Line Distance, m. Azimuth Bearing Latitude Departure
AB 495.85 185° 25’ N05° 25’E +493.636 + 46.807

BC 847.62 226° 08’ N46° 08’E +587.386 +611.095

CD 855.45 292° 21’ S67° 39’E -325.296 +791.187

DE 1,020.87 347° 30’ S12° 30’E -996.671 +220.957

EF 1,117.26 83° 52’ S83° 52’W -119.371 -1,110.865

FA 660.08 124° 49’ N55° 11’W +376.874 -541.915

σ = 4,997.13 m. σ= + 16.558 + 17.266
Solution cont’d:
CL = + 16.558
CD = + 17.266
LEC = (𝐶𝐿 )2 +(𝐶𝐷 )2
= (16.558)2 +(17.266)2
LEC = 23.922 m.
− (𝐶𝐷 )
Tan θ =
− (𝐶𝐿 )
− (17.266)
θ= Tan-1 ( )
− (16.558)

= S 46⁰ 11’ 57” W

D = 4,997.13 m.
𝐿𝐸𝐶 23.922 𝟏
RP = = =
𝐷 4997.13 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Solution cont’d:
𝒅 𝟒𝟗𝟓.𝟖𝟓
Correction for latitude, cl = CL ( ) = +16.558 ( )
𝑫 𝟒,𝟗𝟗𝟕.𝟏𝟑
Correction for latitude, cl = 1.643
𝒅 𝟒𝟗𝟓.𝟖𝟓
Correction for departure, cd = CD ( ) = +17.266 ( )
𝑫 𝟒,𝟗𝟗𝟕.𝟏𝟑
Correction for departure cd = 1.713

Adjusted latitude, Lat’ = Lat ± cl = +493.636 – 1.643

Adjusted latitude, Lat’ = +491.993

Adjusted departure, Dep’ = Dep ± cl = +46.807 – 1.713

Adjusted departure, Dep’ = +45.094
Solution cont’d:
Line Distance Correction Correction Adjusted Adjusted
for Latitude for Departure Latitude Departure

AB 495.85 -1.643 -1.713 +491.993 + 45.094

BC 847.62 -2.809 -2.929 +584.577 +608.166
CD 855.45 -2.834 -2.956 - 328.130 +788.231
DE 1,020.87 -3.383 -3.527 -1,000.054 +217.430
EF 1,117.26 -3.702 -3.860 - 123.073 -1,114.725
FA 660.08 -2.187 -2.281 +374.687 -544.196

σ = 4,997.13 -16.558 -17.266 0 0

Solution cont’d:
Line Distance,m. Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted
Latitude Departure Length, m. Bearing

AB 495.85 +491.993 + 45.094 494.055 N05°14’ 13”E

BC 847.62 +584.577 +608.166 843.561 N46° 07’ 59”E

CD 855.45 - 328.130 +788.231 853.802 S67° 23’ 55”E

DE 1,020.87 -1,000.054 +217.430 1,023.418 S12° 15’ 58”E

EF 1,117.26 - 123.073 -1,114.725 1,121.498 S83°41’ 59”W

FA 660.08 +374.687 -544.196 660.711 N55° 27’07”W

σ= 4,997.13 0 0
3. TRANSIT RULE
-This method is based on the assumption that the
total error in any side of the traverse is directly
proportional to the length of the latitude and
departure of the course.
The transit rule may be stated as follows: The
correction to be applied to the latitude (or
departure) of any course is equal to the latitude (or
departure) of the course multiplied by the ratio of
the total closure in latitude (or departure) to the
arithmetic sum (absolute values) of all the latitudes
(or departures) of the traverse.
TRANSIT RULE
𝐿𝑎𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑝
cl = (𝐶𝐿) σ 𝐿𝑎𝑡
and cd = (𝐶𝐷) σ 𝐷𝑒𝑝
Where:
cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of
any course
cd = correction to be applied to the departure
of any course
CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic
sum of the north and south latitudes
CD = total closure in departure or the algebraic
sum of the east and west departures
σ 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = summation of north and south latitude
σ 𝐷𝑒𝑝= summation of east and west departure
Example Problem:
1. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the
observed data for a traverse obtained from a
transit tape survey. Determine the latitudes and
departures of each course, the linear error of
closure, bearing of the side of error and relative
precision. Adjust the traverse using transit rule
and compute also the adjusted lengths and
bearings after applying correction to the
latitudes and departures. Tabulate values
accordingly.
Traverse Data
LINE DISTANCE, m. AZIMUTH
AB 495.85 185° 25’

BC 847.62 226° 08’

CD 855.45 292° 21’

DE 1,020.87 347° 30’

EF 1,117.26 83° 52’

FA 660.08 124° 49’

Solution:
Line Distance, m. Azimuth Bearing Latitude Departure
AB 495.85 185° 25’ N05° 25’E +493.636 + 46.807

BC 847.62 226° 08’ N46° 08’E +587.386 +611.095

CD 855.45 292° 21’ S67° 39’E -325.296 +791.187

DE 1,020.87 347° 30’ S12° 30’E -996.671 +220.957

EF 1,117.26 83° 52’ S83° 52’W -119.371 -1,110.865

FA 660.08 124° 49’ N55° 11’W +376.874 -541.915

σ = 4,997.13 m. σ= + 16.558 + 17.266

σ= 2,899.234 3,322.826
Solution cont’d:
CL = + 16.558
CD = + 17.266
LEC = (𝐶𝐿 )2 +(𝐶𝐷 )2
= (16.558)2 +(17.266)2
LEC = 23.922 m.
− (𝐶𝐷 )
Tan θ =
− (𝐶𝐿 )
− (17.266)
θ = Tan-1 ( )
− (16.558)

= S 46⁰ 11’ 57” W

D = 4,997.13 m.
𝐿𝐸𝐶 23.922 𝟏
RP = = =
𝐷 4997.13 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Solution cont’d:
𝑳𝒂𝒕 493.636
Correction for latitude,cl = CL (σ ) = +16.558 (2,899.234)
𝑳𝒂𝒕
Correction for latitude, cl = 2.819
𝑫𝒆𝒑 𝟒𝟔.𝟖𝟎𝟕
Correction for departure, cd = CD (
σ 𝑫𝒆𝒑
) = +17.266 (𝟑,𝟑𝟐𝟐.𝟖𝟐𝟔)
Correction for departure, cd = 0.243

Adjusted latitude, Lat’ = Lat ± cl = +493.636 – 2.819

Adjusted latitude, Lat’ = +490.817

Adjusted departure, Dep’ = Dep ± cl = +46.807 – 0.243

Adjusted departure, Dep’ = +46.564
Solution cont’d:
Line Distance Correction Correction Adjusted Adjusted
for Latitude for Departure Latitude Departure

AB 495.85 -2.819 - 0.243 + 490.817 + 46.564

BC 847.62 -3.355 - 3.175 + 584.031 + 607.920

CD 855.45 -1.858 - 4.111 - 327.154 + 787.076

DE 1,020.87 -5.692 - 1.148 - 1,002.363 + 219.809

EF 1,117.26 -0.682 - 5.773 - 120.053 -1,116.638

FA 660.08 -2.152 - 2.816 +374.722 - 544.731

σ = 4,997.13 -16.558 -17.266 0 0

Solution cont’d:
Line Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted
Distance Bearing Latitude Departure

AB 493.020 N 05° 25’ 10”E + 490.817 + 46.564

BC 843.006 N 46° 08’ 43”E + 584.031 + 607.920

CD 852.360 S 67° 25’ 46”E - 327.154 + 787.076

DE 1,026.181 S 12° 22’ 07”E - 1,002.363 + 219.809

EF 1,123.073 S 83° 51’ 49”W - 120.053 -1,116.638

FA 661.172 N 55° 28’ 33”W +374.722 - 544.731

σ = 4,997.13 0 0
Assignment:
1. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the
observed data of a closed traverse. If the azimuth
from north of line 3-4 is 205⁰ 54’, compute the
following:
a. Interior angle, and deflection angle at every
station;
b. bearing and azimuth from north of all the
traverse lines;
c. latitude and departure of each course;
d. linear error of closure, bearing of the side of
error and relative precision;
e. Adjust the traverse using transit rule and
compute also the adjusted lengths and
bearings after applying the correction to the
latitude and departure.
Tabulate all values accordingly.
Traverse Data
Line Distance, m. Azimuth(North) Angle to the right
1-2 380.50 85° 11’
2-3 519.60 115° 16’
3-4 693.85 205° 54’ 89° 48’
4-5 418.00 109° 26’
5-6 403.95 78° 07’
6-1 249.10 242° 12’
4. GRAPHICAL METHOD

-This method is the application of compass rule in

graphical form. It provides a simple graphical
means of making traverse adjustments. In this
method each traverse point is moved in a
direction parallel to the error of closure by an
amount proportional to the distance along the
traverse from the initial point to the given point.
5. RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
-The two horizontal and vertical distances measured
to a point from a pair of mutually perpendicular axes
are referred to as the rectangular coordinates of a
point. All coordinate values are computed from an
origin fixed by the intersection of an x-axis and a y-
axis. The x-axis is a reference line which runs along
an east-west direction and the y-axis runs along a
north-south direction. If latitudes and departures have
been computed and adjusted, and if the coordinates
of one point are known, the coordinates of all other
points can be determined by adding successive
departures to the previous X coordinates and
successive latitudes to the previous Y coordinates.
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
-The two horizontal and vertical distances measured to a
point from a pair of mutually perpendicular axes are referred
to as the rectangular coordinates of a point. All coordinate
values are computed from an origin fixed by the intersection
of an x-axis and a y-axis. The x-axis is a reference line which
runs along an east-west direction and the y-axis runs along a
north-south direction. If latitudes and departures have been
computed and adjusted, and if the coordinates of one point
are known, the coordinates of all other points can be
determined by adding successive departures to the previous
X coordinates and successive latitudes to the previous Y
coordinates.
Figure:
Y – Axis (North – South Line)

X3 C

B Lat B-C N
X2

Y3 Lat A-B

Y2
X1 A

Y1

X – Axis (East – West Line)

ORIGIN Dep A-B Dep B-C

Example Problem:
1. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the
observed data for a traverse obtained from a transit
tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures
of each course, the linear error of closure, bearing
of the side of error and relative precision. Adjust the
traverse using compass rule and compute also the
adjusted lengths and bearings after applying
correction to the latitudes and departures. If
coordinates are XA = 6,000.0 m. and YA = 7,000.0 m.,
calculate the coordinates of all the stations.
Tabulate values accordingly.
Traverse Data
LINE DISTANCE, m. AZIMUTH
AB 495.85 185° 25’

BC 847.62 226° 08’

CD 855.45 292° 21’

DE 1,020.87 347° 30’

EF 1,117.26 83° 52’

FA 660.08 124° 49’

Plotting:
292° 21’
C
855.45 m.
847.62 m. 347⁰ 30’
D

N
226⁰ 08’

B LINE DISTANCE, m. AZIMUTH

AB 495.85 185° 25’

495.85 m.
1,020.87 m. BC 847.62 226° 08’

185⁰ 25’ CD 855.45 292° 21’

A DE 1,020.87 347° 30’

EF 1,117.26 83° 52’

660.80 m. E FA 660.08 124° 49’

1,117.26 m. 83⁰ 52’

124⁰ 49’
F
Solution:
Line Distance, m. Azimuth Bearing Latitude Departure
AB 495.85 185° 25’ N05° 25’E +493.636 + 46.807

BC 847.62 226° 08’ N46° 08’E +587.386 +611.095

CD 855.45 292° 21’ S67° 39’E -325.296 +791.187

DE 1,020.87 347° 30’ S12° 30’E -996.671 +220.957

EF 1,117.26 83° 52’ S83° 52’W -119.371 -1,110.865

FA 660.08 124° 49’ N55° 11’W +376.874 -541.915

σ = 4,997.13 m. σ= + 16.558 + 17.266

σ= 2,899.234 3,322.826
Solution:
CL = + 16.558
CD = + 17.266
LEC = (𝐶𝐿 )2 +(𝐶𝐷 )2
= (16.558)2 +(17.266)2
LEC = 23.922 m.
− (𝐶𝐷 )
Tan θ =
− (𝐶𝐿 )
− (17.266)
θ = Tan-1 ( )
− (16.558)

= S 46⁰ 11’ 57” W

D = 4,997.13 m.
𝐿𝐸𝐶 23.922 𝟏
RP = = =
𝐷 4997.13 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Solution:
𝑳𝒂𝒕 493.636
Correction for latitude,cl = CL (σ ) = +16.558 (2,899.234)
𝑳𝒂𝒕
Correction for latitude, cl = 2.819
𝑫𝒆𝒑 𝟒𝟔.𝟖𝟎𝟕
Correction for departure, cd = CD (
σ 𝑫𝒆𝒑
) = +17.266 (𝟑,𝟑𝟐𝟐.𝟖𝟐𝟔)
Correction for departure, cd = 0.243

Adjusted latitude, Lat’ = Lat ± cl = +493.636 – 2.819

Adjusted latitude, Lat’ = +490.817

Adjusted departure, Dep’ = Dep ± cl = +46.807 – 0.243

Adjusted departure, Dep’ = +46.564
Solution:
Line Distance Correction Correction Adjusted Adjusted
for Latitude for Departure Latitude Departure

AB 495.85 -2.819 - 0.243 + 490.817 + 46.564

BC 847.62 -3.355 - 3.175 + 584.031 + 607.920

CD 855.45 -1.858 - 4.111 - 327.154 + 787.076

DE 1,020.87 -5.692 - 1.148 - 1,002.363 + 219.809

EF 1,117.26 -0.682 - 5.773 - 120.053 -1,116.638

FA 660.08 -2.152 - 2.816 +374.722 - 544.731

σ = 4,997.13 -16.558 -17.266 0 0

Solution:
Line Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted
Distance Bearing Latitude Departure

AB 493.020 N 05° 25’ 10”E + 490.817 + 46.564

BC 843.006 N 46° 08’ 43”E + 584.031 + 607.920

CD 852.360 S 67° 25’ 46”E - 327.154 + 787.076

DE 1,026.181 S 12° 22’ 07”E - 1,002.363 + 219.809

EF 1,123.073 S 83° 51’ 49”W - 120.053 -1,116.638

FA 661.172 N 55° 28’ 33”W +374.722 - 544.731

σ = 4,997.13 0 0
Solution:
Line Adjusted Adjusted Sta. X Y
Latitude Departure Coordinates Coordinates

AB + 490.817 + 46.564 A 6,000.000 7,000.000

BC + 584.031 + 607.920 B 6,046.564 7,490.817

CD - 327.154 + 787.076 C 6,654.484 8,074.848

DE - 1,002.363 + 219.809 D 7,441.560 7,747.694

EF - 120.053 -1,116.638 E 7,661.369 6,745.331

FA +374.722 - 544.731 F 6,544.731 6,625.278

σ= 0 0 A 6,000.000 7,000.000
Assignment:

Problem set No. 7 of Elementary Surveying

by Juny Pilapil La Putt, all even numbers.
To be submitted on December 9, 2024.