MODULE – 4
1.) Define a) Centroid b) centre of gravity c) centroidal axis d) Axis of Reference
a) Centroid:
Centroid is the point where the whole area of the plane figure is assumed to be
concentrated. It is represented as ‘C.G’ or ‘ G’.
Fig. 1 Centroid of the plane figure.
b) Centre of gravity:
It is the point where the whole weight of the body is assumed to be concentrated. It
is the point on which the body can be balanced. It is the point through which the
weight of the body is assumed to act. This point is usually denoted by ‘C.G.’ or ‘G’.
c) Centroidal axis:
The axis which passes through the centroid of the given figure is known as centroidal
axis, such as the axis X -X and the axis Y -Y shown in Figure 2
Fig.2 Centroidal axis
d) Axis of Reference:
These are the axes with respect to which the centroid of a given figure is determined.
Fig. 3 Axis of Reference
2.) Define a) Moment of Inertia b) Radius of Gyration c) Polar moment of Inertia.
a) Moment of Inertia:
Figure 4. Irregular plane of lamina
Moment of area about the y-axis = first moment of area. If the first moment of area
is multiplied by the perpendicular distance x, it gives Ax2 known as the second
moment of area or moment of inertia.
b) Radius of Gyration
It is the distance from the given axis where the whole area of a plane figure is
assumed to be concentrated so as not to alter the moment of inertia about the given
axis. It is denoted as k.
𝐼
k=√
𝐴
Fig.4.1 Radius of gyration k
c) Polar moment of inertia
Fig.5 moment of inertia is calculated for an arbitrary shape about an axis
O Where ρ is the radial distance to the element dA
The polar moment of inertia, also known as second polar moment of area, is a quantity
used to describe resistance to torsional deformation (deflection), in cylindrical objects
(or segments of cylindrical object) with an invariant cross-section and no significant
warping or out-of-plane deformation.
Polar moment of inertia can be described as the summation of x and y planar moments
of inertia, Ix and Iy
J= IZ =Ix + Iy
3.) Derive an expression for centroid of
a) Rectangle
b) Triangle
c) Semicircle.
a) Rectangle:
Fig.6 Rectangular lamina
Let us consider a rectangular lamina of area b X d as shown in figure. Now consider a
horizontal elementary strip of area b X dy, which is at a distance y from the reference axis
AB.
Moment of area of elementary strip about AB = b X dy X y
Sum of moments of such elementary strips about AB is given by
By considering a vertical strip, similarly, we can prove that
b) Triangle
Consider a triangular lamina of area (1/2) x b x d as shown in figure 7
Figure 7. Triangular lamina
c)Semicircle
Fig. 8
Figure 8. Semicircular lamina
4. Derive an expression for a Moment of Inertia of
a) Rectangle
b) Triangle
c) Circle
d) Semicircle.
a) Rectangle
Let us consider a rectangular lamina of breadth b and depth d whose moment of inertia is
to be determined (Figure 9). Now consider an elementary strip of area b. dy at a distance
y from the centroidal x–x axis. The moment of inertia of the strip about the x–x axis =
bdy y2. Moment of inertia of the whole figure about the x–x axis
Fig. 9 Rectangular lamina
b) Triangle
Let us consider a triangular lamina of base b and depth d as shown in Figure 10. Let us
consider an elementary strip of area b1dy which is at a distance y from base AB. Using
the property of similar triangles,
Using the property of similar triangles,
Figure 10. Triangular lamina
c) Circle
Let us consider a circular lamina of radius R as shown in Fig. 11
Figure 11
d) Semicircle:
Let us consider a semicircular lamina of radius R as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Semicircular lamina
5. State and prove parallel axis theorem.
Figure 13: Illustration of parallel axis theorem for moment of inertia about an axis
parallel to x–x axis.
This theorem states that the moment of inertia of plane figure about an axis I1–1, parallel to the
centroidal axis, Ix is equal to sum of moment of inertia about centroidal axis, i.e. Ix and
the product of area of the plane figure and square of the distance between the two axes.
Proof: Let us consider a plane figure of total area A as shown in Figure 13. Let Ix be the moment of
inertia about the x-axis and I 1-1 be the moment of inertia as shown in Figure 1. Let Ix be the moment of
inertia about the x-axis and I1–1 the moment of inertia about 1–1 axis.
Let us choose an elemental strip of area da at a distance y from the centroidal axis. Moment of inertia of
the strip about x–x axis = da·y2
Moment of inertia of the total area about the x–x axis = Ix = Σda·y2
Moment of inertia of the strip about 1–1 axis = da(y + y)2
Moment of inertia of the total area about 1–1 axis
I1–1 = Σda(y2 + y2 + 2y y)
I1–1 = Σday2 + Σda y2 + 2 y(Σday)
As the distance of C.G. of whole area from the centroidal axis = 0, i.e. y = 0, we get
I1–1 = Ix + A y2
Similarly, the moment of inertia about an axis I2–2 as shown in Figure 14 is given by
I2–2 = Iy + Ax2
Figure 14: Illustration of parallel axis theorem for moment of inertia about an axis parallel to y – y
axis.
5. State and prove perpendicular axis theorem.
This theorem states that the moment of inertia of a plane figure about an axis which is perpendicular
to the plane of the figure is equal to sum of moment of inertia about two mutually perpendicular
axes.
Proof:
Let us consider an irregular figure of total area A as shown in Figure 10.5. Let us choose an
elemental strip of area da at a distance x from y-axis, y from x-axis and r from z-axis, respectively.
Then, r2 = x2 + y2
Figure 14. Illustration of perpendicular axis theorem.
Moment of inertia of the strip about x-axis = da × y2
Moment of inertia of the whole area about the x-axis = Ix = Σda·y2
Similarly, moment of inertia of the strip about y-axis = da × x2
Moment of inertia of the whole area about y-axis = Iy = Σda·x2
Moment of inertia of the strip about z-axis = da × r2
Moment of inertia of the whole area about z-axis = Σda·r2
= Σda(x2 + y2)
= Σda·x2 + Σda·y2
= Iy + Ix
That is, Iz = Ix + Iy
