Chapter 1: Units and Measurement

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. b) 3

2. b) [MLT⁻²]

3. a) Work and Energy

4. b) Js

5. c) Force

6. d) Atomic clock

7. a) kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹

8. d) km/h/min

9. b) [ML⁻¹T⁻²]

10. b) 1 J = 1 N m

11. b) Kinetic energy

12. b) Energy and power

13. d) 1 N = 1 kg m/s (Incorrect, correct is kg·m/s²)

14. d) May or may not be physically same

15. a) Strain

16. a) 5

17. d) 0.02 mm

18. a) [M⁻¹L³T⁻²]

19. b) [ML²T⁻¹]

20. c) Mass

Section B: Assertion and Reason Questions

21. A - True, R - True, and R is the correct explanation of A

22. A - False, R - False

23. A - True, R - True, and R is the correct explanation of A

24. A - False, R - False

25. A - True, R - False

26. A - True, R - True, and R is the correct explanation of A

27. A - False, R - False

28. A - True, R - False

29. A - False, R - False

30. A - True, R - False

Section C: Very Short Answer Questions

31. Significant figures are the digits in a number that are known reliably plus the first uncertain
digit.

32. SI unit of energy is Joule (J).

33. Dimension of impulse: [MLT⁻¹]

34. Example: Strain (it is a dimensionless quantity)

35. Least count of screw gauge = 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm

36. Used to check the dimensional correctness of physical equations.

37. One radian is the angle subtended at the center by an arc equal in length to the radius.

38. Parallax error is the error due to change in observation angle of scale.

39. Force has dimensional formula [MLT⁻²].

40. Systematic error is a consistent, repeatable error associated with faulty equipment or a
flawed experiment design.
Section D: Short Answer Questions

41. Fundamental quantities are those which cannot be derived from any other quantity.
Examples: Length (m), Mass (kg), Time (s).
Derived quantities are those which are derived from fundamental quantities.
Examples: Velocity (m/s), Force (kg·m/s²).

42. Precision means closeness of repeated measurements with each other.

Accuracy means closeness of a measurement to the actual (true) value.
A measurement can be precise but not accurate.

43. To find the dimensions of a physical quantity, write its formula using other known quantities.
Then substitute dimensional formulas of each quantity and simplify.
Example: Force = mass × acceleration = [M] × [LT⁻²] = [MLT⁻²].

44. Least count is the smallest measurement an instrument can read accurately.
It shows the precision of the instrument.
Smaller least count means more precision.

45. Dimensional consistency means all terms in an equation must have the same dimensions.
Example: In s = ut + ½at², each term has dimensions of length [L], so the equation is
dimensionally consistent.

46. Random errors occur irregularly. Can be reduced by averaging multiple

46. Random errors are those which occur irregularly and vary in magnitude and direction.
To reduce them: take multiple readings, average the values, and use better instruments.

47. Applications of dimensional analysis:

1) To check the correctness of equations.
2) To derive formulas when functional dependence is known.
3) To convert units from one system to another.

48. The physical quantity with unit kg·m²/s² is Energy or Work (Joule).

49. In multiplication/division, the result must have the same number of significant figures as the
quantity with the least significant figures.

50. Limitations of dimensional analysis:

- Cannot give dimensionless constants.
- Cannot be used when quantity depends on more than three variables.
- Cannot distinguish between vector and scalar quantities.
51. Dimensional formula of G:
G = [M⁻¹L³T⁻²]

52. A meter scale can cause systematic error if the zero mark is damaged or misaligned,
causing every measurement to be consistently off.

53. Scalar quantities have only magnitude (e.g., Mass, Time).

Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction (e.g., Force, Velocity).

54. Dimensions:
Force = [MLT⁻²]
Pressure = [ML⁻¹T⁻²]

55. π is dimensionless because it is the ratio of two lengths (circumference/diameter), and their
units cancel out.

56. Dimensional analysis is the method of using dimensions to analyze physical quantities.
Uses:
- Check dimensional consistency of equations.
- Derive relations like T ∝ √(l/g) for pendulum.
- Convert units.

57. Types of errors:

- Systematic: Due to faulty instruments or method.
- Random: Due to unpredictable variations.
- Gross: Human mistakes like reading wrong values.

58. Least Count of Vernier Caliper = 1 MSD – 1 VSD.

Example: If 10 VSD = 9 mm, then LC = 1 mm – 0.9 mm = 0.1 mm.

59. Dimensional formula:

Energy = Force × Distance = [ML²T⁻²]
Power = Energy / Time = [ML²T⁻³]

60. Steps for measuring length with a meter scale:

- Place object parallel to scale.
- Avoid parallax error.
- Note initial and final readings.
- Subtract and apply least count or zero correction if needed.

61. Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement. More significant figures mean
more accurate data.
62. To find acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum:
Use formula T = 2π√(l/g)
⇒ g = 4π²l / T²

63. Importance of units: They standardize measurement and allow comparison.

SI vs CGS units:
Length – meter (SI), centimeter (CGS)
Mass – kilogram (SI), gram (CGS)
Force – newton (SI), dyne (CGS)

64. s = ut + ½at²
Dimensions of s, ut, and ½at² are all [L], so the equation is dimensionally correct.

65. Physical quantities are classified as:

- Fundamental quantities: e.g., Mass, Length, Time
- Derived quantities: e.g., Speed, Force, Energy

Chapter 2: Motion in a Straight Line

Section A: Assertion-Reason Questions

1. True, True, R explains A

2. True, True, R explains A

3. True, True, R explains A

4. True, True, R explains A

5. True, True, R explains A

6. True, True, R explains A

7. False, True

8. True, True, R explains A

9. True, True, R explains A

10. True, True, R explains A

Section B: Multiple Choice Questions

1. b) 3 m/s

2. b) 20 m/s²

3. a) -0.5 m/s²

4. b) -4 m/s²

5. a) Velocity

6. c) Displacement

7. a) 17 m/s²

8. b) Particle moves out and returns

9. a) 18 m

10. c) Increasing acceleration

11. a) 36 m/s²
12. c) 7.07 s

13. b) Straight line

14. b) Acceleration

15. b) At rest and about to move backward

16. c) m/s²

17. c) Deceleration

18. b) da/dt

19. a) vT

20. c) Speed is constant

Section C: Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Instantaneous acceleration is the rate of change of velocity at a particular instant. It is given

by a(t) = dv/dt.

2. Given x = 2t² + 3t. Velocity v = dx/dt = 4t + 3. At t = 2 s, v = 11 m/s.

3. Area under acceleration-time graph represents the change in velocity.

4. When the object moves with uniform velocity, average velocity equals instantaneous velocity.

5. v = 3t² - 2t + 4. So, a = dv/dt = 6t - 2. At t = 1 s, a = 4 m/s².

6. Yes, it is possible. At the highest point in projectile motion, velocity is zero but acceleration
due to gravity is not zero.

7. Displacement is obtained by finding the area under the velocity-time graph between two time
points.

8. Jerk is the rate of change of acceleration. Jerk = da/dt. Its SI unit is m/s³.

9. If acceleration is zero, the velocity remains constant.

10. Dimensional formula of acceleration is [L T⁻²].

Section D: Short Answer Type Questions

1. Given x(t) = t³ - 3t² + 2

Velocity v = dx/dt = 3t² - 6t
Acceleration a = dv/dt = 6t

2. Given a(t) = 6t
Velocity v = ∫a dt = ∫6t dt = 3t² + C
Given v = 0 at t = 0 ⇒ C = 0
So, v(t) = 3t²

3. For triangular v–t graph (starting from zero):

Displacement = Area = ½ × base × height
So, s = ½ × t × v

4. Yes, zero displacement with non-zero average speed is possible.

Example: A particle goes 5 m forward and comes back to the same point. Displacement = 0, but
total distance = 10 m ⇒ average speed ≠ 0.

5. Given x = 2 sin t
Velocity v = dx/dt = 2 cos t
Acceleration a = dv/dt = -2 sin t

6. The slope of a position-time graph gives velocity.

Straight line → constant velocity

Curved graph → changing velocity

Example: x = t² has increasing slope ⇒ increasing velocity

7. Given v(t) = t³ - 3t² + 2

Acceleration a = dv/dt = 3t² - 6t
At t = 2 s, a = 3(4) - 12 = 12 - 12 = 0 m/s²

8. Area under a–t graph gives change in velocity.

Example: a = constant, triangle shape → Δv = ½ × base × height

9. For constant acceleration:

v–t graph is a straight line

x–t graph is a parabola (curve)

10.

Average velocity = total displacement / total time

Instantaneous velocity = dx/dt (velocity at a specific moment)

Example: x = t² ⇒ v = 2t (instantaneous), avg from t = 0 to t = 2 ⇒ (4 - 0)/2 = 2 m/s

Section E: Long Answer Type Questions (Solutions)

1. Given x(t) = 3t⁴ - 4t³ + t

(a) Velocity v = dx/dt = 12t³ - 12t² + 1
Acceleration a = dv/dt = 36t² - 24t
(b) Velocity = 0 ⇒ 12t³ - 12t² + 1 = 0 (solve cubic equation for t)
(c) Put value of t in acceleration formula to check whether a is positive or negative.
2. Given acceleration a = 2t
(a) Velocity v = ∫a dt = ∫2t dt = t² + C. Initial v = 0 ⇒ C = 0, so v(t) = t²
Displacement x = ∫v dt = ∫t² dt = (1/3)t³
(b) Displacement in first 5 seconds = (1/3)(5³) = 125/3 = 41.67 m

3. v–t graph: triangle with base = 10 s, height = 20 m/s

(a) Draw triangle with base 0–10 and peak at (10, 20)
(b) Displacement = Area = ½ × 10 × 20 = 100 m
(c) Average speed = Total displacement / Total time = 100 / 10 = 10 m/s

4.

v = dx/dt: velocity is the first derivative of position with respect to time

a = dv/dt: acceleration is the derivative of velocity

These are obtained using calculus (limits)

Instantaneous quantities: v = lim (Δx/Δt) as Δt → 0

5. Given v = 2t² - 3t + 4
(a) a = dv/dt = 4t - 3 ⇒ at t = 2, a = 4×2 - 3 = 5 m/s²
(b) Displacement = ∫v dt = ∫(2t² - 3t + 4) dt = (2/3)t³ - (3/2)t² + 4t
From t = 0 to t = 3:
s = (2/3)(27) - (3/2)(9) + 12 = 18 - 13.5 + 12 = 16.5 m
(c) At t = 1: v = 2 - 3 + 4 = 3 m/s, a = 4 - 3 = 1 m/s² ⇒ velocity increasing

6.

(i) Uniform acceleration → v–t graph is a straight line

Displacement = area under line = triangle or trapezium
(ii) Non-uniform acceleration → curve in v–t graph
Use integration to find displacement

7. a(t) = sin t
(a) v = ∫a dt = -cos t + C₁; x = ∫v dt = -sin t + C₁t + C₂
Given initial v = 0 ⇒ C₁ = 1, initial x = 0 ⇒ C₂ = 0
So: v = 1 - cos t; x = t - sin t
8. v(t) = 3t²
a(t) = dv/dt = 6t
x(t) = ∫v dt = t³
From t = 0 to t = 4: displacement = x(4) - x(0) = 64 - 0 = 64 m
Graphs:

v–t: upward parabola

a–t: straight line (6t)

x–t: steep curve (t³)

9.

v–t straight line (constant slope): constant acceleration

v–t curve opening upward: increasing acceleration

v–t curve flattening: decreasing acceleration

Draw all 3 types of graphs and explain shape

10. Given x = 2t³ - 3t² + t

(a) v = dx/dt = 6t² - 6t + 1
a = dv/dt = 12t - 6
(b) v minimum when dv/dt = 0 ⇒ 12t - 6 = 0 ⇒ t = 0.5 s
(c) a at t = 0.5 ⇒ a = 12(0.5) - 6 = 6 - 6 = 0 m/s²

Chapter 3: Motion in a Plane

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. d) 18 m/s

2. c) 90°

3. d) 2t
4. a) Uniform circular motion

5. b) Zero

6. d) Twice the magnitude

7. a) (5/13)i - (12/13)j

8. b) g downward

9. c) Displacement

10. a) 5 units

11. a) Their dot product is zero

12. b) 2i + 6j

13. b) Vector perpendicular to both

14. a) AB sin θ

15. c) Radially inward

16. a) 2

17. a) 12 m/s

18. b) 2i
19. b) 45°

20. d) Both a and c

Section B: Assertion and Reason Questions

1. A – True, R – True, R explains A

2. A – True, R – True, R explains A

3. A – True, R – True, R explains A

4. A – True, R – True, R explains A

5. A – True, R – True, R explains A

6. A – True, R – True, R explains A

7. A – False, R – True

8. A – True, R – True, R explains A

9. A – False, R – True

10. A – False, R – True

Section C: Very Short Answer Questions (Solutions)

1. Scalar quantities have only magnitude (e.g. speed, mass). Vector quantities have both
magnitude and direction (e.g. velocity, force).

2. A = 4i - 3j + 12k → Magnitude = √(16 + 9 + 144) = √169 = 13 → Unit vector = (4/13)i - (3/13)j

+ (12/13)k

3. |R| = √(A² + B² + 2AB cos θ)

4. Distance is total path length, displacement is the shortest path between initial and final
positions.

5. Dot product = A·B = AB cos θ; it gives the scalar projection of one vector over another.

6. Cross product = vector perpendicular to the plane of A and B; gives area of parallelogram.

7. x = ut cos θ × t; y = ut sin θ - ½gt² (Projectile motion)

8. Path followed by a projectile; it's a parabola.

9. R = u² sin(2θ)/g

10. Centripetal acceleration is acceleration directed toward the center of a circular path: a = v²/r

Section D: Short Answer Type Questions

1. Two vectors A = 3i + 4j and B = 5i - 2j. Find their resultant and the angle it makes with the
x-axis.
R = A + B = (3+5)i + (4+(-2))j = 8i + 2j
|R| = √(8² + 2²) = √(64 + 4) = √68 ≈ 8.25 units
θ = tan⁻¹(2/8) = tan⁻¹(0.25) ≈ 14.04° (angle with x-axis)

2. A projectile is launched with velocity 20 m/s at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. Calculate
the time of flight, maximum height, and range.
Given: u = 20 m/s, θ = 30°, g = 9.8 m/s²
Time of flight T = (2u sinθ)/g = (2×20×0.5)/9.8 = 20/9.8 ≈ 2.04 s
Maximum height H = (u² sin²θ)/(2g) = (400×0.25)/(2×9.8) = 100/19.6 ≈ 5.10 m
Range R = (u² sin2θ)/g = (400×sin60)/9.8 = (400×0.866)/9.8 ≈ 35.36 m

3. Find the velocity and acceleration of a particle whose position vector is given by r = (t²)i +
(3t)j.
r = (t²)i + (3t)j
Velocity v = dr/dt = 2t i + 3 j
Acceleration a = dv/dt = 2 i + 0 j

4. Using vector resolution, find the components of a vector of magnitude 15 making an angle
45° with the x-axis.
Ax = 15 cos 45° = 15 × (1/√2) = 10.6 units
Ay = 15 sin 45° = 15 × (1/√2) = 10.6 units
So, vector A = 10.6i + 10.6j

5. A particle moves along a path y = 4x². If x = t, find the velocity components at t = 2 s.

y = 4x² ⇒ if x = t, then y = 4t²
dx/dt = 1 ⇒ vx = 1
dy/dt = d(4t²)/dt = 8t ⇒ vy = 8t
At t = 2 s: vx = 1, vy = 16

6. Show that the dot product of vectors A = 2i + 3j and B = -3i + 4j is equal to |A||B|cosθ. Find θ.
A·B = (2)(-3) + (3)(4) = -6 + 12 = 6
|A| = √(2² + 3²) = √13
|B| = √(9 + 16) = √25 = 5
cosθ = 6 / (√13 × 5) = 6 / (5√13)
θ = cos⁻¹(6 / (5√13)) ≈ 59.04°

7. A vector A has components (4, -3, 0). Find its magnitude and unit vector.
|A| = √(4² + (-3)² + 0²) = √(16 + 9) = √25 = 5
Unit vector = (1/5)(4i - 3j + 0k) = (4/5)i - (3/5)j

8. A particle moves in a circle of radius 5 m with a speed of 10 m/s. Calculate the centripetal
acceleration.
Centripetal acceleration a = v²/r = (10²)/5 = 100/5 = 20 m/s²
9. Find the cross product of A = i + 2j + 3k and B = 4i - j + k.
A × B = |i j k|
|1 2 3|
|4 –1 1|
= i[(2×1)-(3×-1)] - j[(1×1)-(3×4)] + k[(1×-1)-(2×4)]
= i(2 + 3) - j(1 - 12) + k(-1 - 8)
= 5i + 11j - 9k

10. A body moves such that its position vector changes as r = 5cos t i + 5sin t j. Show that its
velocity is always perpendicular to its position vector.
Velocity v = dr/dt = -5sin t i + 5cos t j
r · v = (5cos t)(-5sin t) + (5sin t)(5cos t) = -25 sin t cos t + 25 sin t cos t = 0
⇒ r and v are perpendicular at all times.

Section E: Long Answer Questions

1. Position vector r = (3t²)i + (4t)j

Velocity: v = dr/dt = 6t i + 4 j

Acceleration: a = dv/dt = 6 i (constant, along +x)

At t = 2 s: v = 12 i + 4 j, |v| = √(12²+4²)=√160 ≈ 12.65 m/s

a = 6 i, |a| = 6 m/s²

Vector diagram: draw v from origin to (12,4) and a along +x (6,0); angle between v and +x =
tan⁻¹(4/12)=18.4°.

2. Two vectors: |A| = 8, |B| = 15, θ = 60°

Resultant magnitude: R = √(A² + B² + 2AB cosθ) = √(64+225+120)=√409≈20.22

Direction: φ = tan⁻¹( B sinθ /(A + B cosθ) ) = tan⁻¹(15·0.866 /(8+15·0.5)) ≈ 48.4° from A.

3. Projectile u = 25 m/s, θ = 60°, g = 9.8 m/s²

Time of flight: T = 2u sinθ / g = 2·25·0.866/9.8 ≈ 4.42 s

Maximum height: H = u² sin²θ /(2g) = 625·0.75 /(19.6) ≈ 23.9 m

Range: R = u² sin2θ / g = 625·0.866 /9.8 ≈ 55.3 m

Velocity after 2 s: vx = u cosθ = 12.5 m/s (constant)

vy = u sinθ – g·t = 21.65 – 19.6 = 2.05 m/s
⇒ v = 12.5 i + 2.05 j, |v| ≈ 12.66 m/s.

4. Sum of perpendicular vectors A and B (|A|=a, |B|=b, A ⟂ B).

|A+B| = √(a² + b²)

Since both a and b > 0:

|A+B| > a and |A+B| > b (greater than either)

Also, √(a² + b²) < a + b (because for positive a,b: (a+b)² = a² + b² +2ab > a² + b² ).
Thus magnitude lies between the larger of a,b and their sum.

5. r = (t²)i + (2t)j

v = 2t i + 2 j

a = 2i + 0j

v ⟂ a when v·a = 0 ⇒ (2t)(2) + 2·0 = 0 ⇒ t = 0 s (only at the origin).

6. Rotate A = 3i + 4j by 90° CCW

Matrix rotation: (x',y') = (-y, x) ⇒ A' = -4 i + 3 j

|A'| = √((-4)²+3²) = 5 = |A|, magnitude unchanged.

7. Uniform circular motion r = 5cos ωt i + 5sin ωt j

v = dr/dt = -5ω sin ωt i + 5ω cos ωt j

a = dv/dt = -5ω² cos ωt i - 5ω² sin ωt j = -ω² r

⇒ acceleration is radial, directed toward origin (center).

8. Vectors A = 4i + 2j - k, B = i - 3j + 4k

Dot product: A·B = 4·1 + 2·(-3) + (-1)·4 = 4 -6 -4 = -6

|A| = √(16+4+1)=√21 ≈4.58, |B|=√(1+9+16)=√26≈5.10

Angle: cosθ = (A·B)/(|A||B|) = -6 /(4.58·5.10) ≈ -0.257 ⇒ θ ≈ 105°

Cross product: |i j k; 4 2 -1; 1 -3 4| = (2·4 - (-1)(-3))i - (4·4 - (-1)·1)j + (4·(-3) - 2·1)k = (8-3)i -
(16+1)j + (-12-2)k = 5i -17j -14k.

9. Projectile trajectory: Resolve u into u_x = u cosθ, u_y = u sinθ.

Horizontal: x = u_x t

Vertical: y = u_y t - ½ g t²
⇒ Eliminate t: t = x/(u cosθ)
⇒ y = x tanθ - (g x²)/(2u² cos²θ) — equation of a parabola.

Velocity components at time t: v_x = u cosθ (constant), v_y = u sinθ - g t.

10. v = 3t i + 4t² j

a = dv/dt = 3 i + 8t j

At t = 1 s: a = 3 i + 8 j

Position: r(t) = ∫v dt = (3/2) t² i + (4/3) t³ j + C.

If r(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0 ⇒ r(t) = 1.5 t² i + 1.333 t³ j.