GOENKA & ASSOCIATES EDUCATIONAL TRUST

VASANT VIHAR HIGH SCHOOL & JR. COLLEGE

CHAPTER 3 : GENETICS – SOME BASIC FUNDAMENTALS
EVALUATION NOTES 2025 – 2026
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY GRADE : 10

Progress check. (textbook page 25)

1. True or False

i) False ii) False iii) True

2. Which of the following are established genetic traits?

ii) Curly hair, iii) Left handedness iv) Red- green colour blindness.

Progress check (textbook page 27)

1. Mention the following

i)23 ii)22

2.Zygote either possess XX(female) or XY(male) chromosome. If a couple has

only daughters this means that every time sperm possessing only X
chromosome of father fertilises the egg of female. Therefore, it doesn't mean
that the male does not produce Y bearing sperm.

Progress check (textbook page 32)

1.Gene is the basic unit of heredity.

2.Define the following terms.

– Every gene has two alternative forms for a character producing

i) Allele
different effects. These alternative forms are called the alleles.

ii) DominantGene – The kind of gene which expresses itself regardless of the
presence of anothervariant (allele) for a given gene.

iii) Genotype: The genetic constitution of an individual organism is known as its

genotype.

iv) Phenotype: The observable characteristics of an individual (expressed shown

characters) is calledphenotype.

v) Recessive gene: A gene whose expression is suppressed in the presence of

a dominant gene.3. i)23 ii)22

4. No, there cannot be a heterozygous recessive trait. The recessive trait is

expressed only in homozygous situations. Heterozygous means both the dominant
and the recessive alleles of the geneswill be present. In such a situation the
dominant allele expresses its character while the recessive remains unexpressed.

5. List of any four traits in humans which can be easily studied by observing and
making family charts are -eye colour, left handedness, ear lobes- attached or
free, Tongue- roller or non-roller.
Progress check (textbook Page 35)

1.Gregor John Mendel

2.Garden pea (Pisum Sativum).

3.Distingush between the following pairs -

i) Monohybrid cross – It is a cross between two pure breeding parent organisms with different
varieties taking into consideration the alternative trait of only one character.

Dihybrid cross- It is a cross between two pure breeding parent organisms with different
varieties taking into consideration the alternative trait of two characters. OR

A dihybrid cross is a cross between two different genes that differ in their observed traits. It is
a crossbetween two individuals that are heterozygous for two different traits.

ii) Genotype – Is the combination of genes, Phenotype – Is the expressed character

Character – Any inheritable feature of an organism. Trait – It is the alternative form of a

iii)
character

iv)Dominant Allele – The kind of allele which expresses itself regardless of the presence of
another allele/s for a given gene. Recessive Allele – The kind of allele whose expression is
suppressed in presence of a dominant allele for a given gene.

v) Autosomes – Kind of chromosomes which determine general body features like complexion,
height, etc. Sex Chromosomes – The kind of chromosomes that determine the sex of an
organism.

4.

Character Alternative traits

1.Flower colour Purple and white
2.Seed Colour Yellow and green

REVIEW QUESTIONS (Textbook page - 36)

A. Multiple choice type -

1. a. 3:1
2. a. alt all
3. c. independent assortment
4. c. Gs and gs
5. a. recessive X-linked disease
6. c. Phenotype
7. c. law of segregation
 8. d. 9:3:3:1
9. a. X and Y chromosomes
10. c. carrier
11. b. normal daughters and normal sons
Assertion Reason based questions –
12. c. (3)
13. b. (2)
14. d. (4)
15. a. (1)
16. b. (2)
B. Very short answer type –
1. Match the terms
(a) – (iii) Study of laws of inheritance of characters
(b) – (v) Chromosomes other than the pair of sex chromosomes
(c) – (iv) A gene that can express when only in a similar pair
(d) – (ii) The alternative forms of a gene
(e) – (i) Chromosomes similar in size and shape

Solution B.2.
Colour-blindness, Thalassaemia, Sickle cell anaemia and Haemophilia (Any two)

Solution B.3.
Homozygous dominant – RR Homozygous recessive – rr

C. Short answer type -

Solution C.1.

1.Rewrite the correct form of the statement by changing the first or the last word only.

a) Duplicated chromosomes remain attached at a point termed as centromere.

b) The full complement of DNA of an organism is termed as Genome.
c) The inheritable feature of an organism is termed as Character.
d) Axillary flower position is a dominant trait of Pea plant.
e) Alternative forms of a gene are called alleles.

Solution C.2.
The characteristics of a species such as physical appearance, body functions and behavior are not
onlythe outcome of chromosome number, but these depend on the genotype of every organism.
That meansthe set of genes present in the organisms may vary and therefore lion, tiger and
domestic cat have the same number of 38 chromosomes, their characteristics (like different
appearances) are the result of the genes located on the chromosomes.
Solution C.3.

Character Dominant Recessive

trait trait

Flower Colour Purple White

Seed Colour Yellow Green

Seed Shape Round Wrinkled

Pod Shape Inflated Constricted

Solution C.4.

• Colour-blindness is caused due to recessive genes which occur on the X chromosome.

• Males have only one X chromosome. If there is recessive gene present on X
chromosome, thenthe male will suffer from colour-blindness.
• Females have two X chromosomes. It is highly impossible that both the X chromosomes
carry abnormal gene. Hence, if one gene is abnormal and since it is recessive, its
expression will be masked by the normal gene present on the other X chromosome.
Females are unlikely to sufferfrom colour-blindness.

D. Descriptive type -
Solution D.1.

a) Pedigree Chart: A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance
or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the
next. Inthe pedigree chart, males are shown by squares and females by circles.

b) Variations: Variation can be defined as difference between the individuals in a species or

groupsof organisms of any species.

c) Mutation: Mutation is a sudden change in one or more genes, or in the number or in the
numberor in the structure of chrosomes.
Solution D.2.Textbook page 32 -3 points.

Mendel’s laws of inheritance are:

1. Law of Dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one is
able toexpress itself while the other remains suppressed. The one that expresses is the
dominant character and the one that is unexpressed is the recessive one.
2. Law of Segregation : The two members of a pair of factors separate during the
formation of gametes. The gametes combine together by random fusion at the time of
zygote formation. Thislaw is also known as ‘law of purity of gametes’.
3. Law of Independent Assortment: When there are two pairs of contrasting characters,
the distribution of the members of one pair into the gametes is independent of the
distribution of the other pair.

Solution D.3.
• The sex of the child depends on the father. The egg contains only one X chromosome,
but half of the sperms contain X-chromosome whereas the other half contains Y-
chromosome. Itis simply a matter of chance as to which category of sperm fuses with
the ovum and this determines whether the child will be male or female.
• If the egg fuses with X-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XX and the
resulting childis female.
• If the egg fuses with Y-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XY and the
resulting childis male.

Solution D.4.

a) Karyotype and Karyokinesis

Karyotype Karyokinesis

The complete set of chromosomes in the cells The division of nucleus during mitosis
of an organism is its karyotype. iscalled karyokinesis.
b) Autosomes and Sex chromosomes

Autosomes Sex chromosomes

Out of the 23 pairs of chromosomes The 23rd pair of chromosome in

in humans, the first 22 pairs are humans isknown as sex chromosome.
known asautosomes.

Autosomes determine the general Sex chromosomes determine the sex of

bodyfeatures like complexion, height anorganism.
etc

c) Homozygous and Heterozygous chromosomes

Homozygous Heterozygous

An organism having same alleles of a An organism having different allele of

gene.For eg TT represent homozygous gene. For eg Tt represents heterozygous
dominant condition
condition and tt represents having an allele of tallness and an allele
homozygousrecessive condition. ofdwarfness.

Phenotype is same as genotype. Phenotype is not same as genotype.

(Tall plant has TT and dwarf plant has tt) (Tall plant may have genotype Tt)

E. Structured / Application and skill type -

Solution E.1.

Solution E.2.
(a) Black
(b) No
Solution E.3.

Solution E.4.
(a) The shape of the seeds
(b) Round seeds is dominant.
(c) Phenotype – all round seeds, Genotype is Rr.

d) Following two Mendelian laws are shown in the above cross.

1. Lawof dominance _ out of a pair of contrasting characters present together only one is able to
expressitself while the other remains suppressed.

2. Law of segregation- The two members of a pair of factors separate during the formation of
gametes.
(e)
R r

R
RR Rr

r
Rr rr

f) Phenotypic ratio of F2 progeny is 3 round to 1 wrinkled.

g) Genotypic ratio of F2 progeny is 1:2:1

h) Two traits of seed colour are green and yellow. Yellow is dominant over green.

i)Pisum sativum

j) Two features of pea plant that made it suitable for hybridisation studies are:

1. Many varieties were available in alternative forms of a character.

2. Varieties wereavailable in pure forms that bred true ie. Produced the same type
generation aftergeneration.

Solution E.5.

a) RrYy
b)F1 offspring will be all round and yellow.
c)RY, Ry, rY, ry
d) Dihybrid phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1 where
9 are round yellow, 3 are round green, 3 are wrinkled yellow, 1 is wrinkled green.
e)Law of independent assortment : when there are two pairs of characters , the distribution of the
allelesof one character into the gametes is independent of the distribution of the alleles of the
other character.