Energy Conversion Lab Manual

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,

Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur
Contents

0.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
0.2 Open Circuit Test of a Single-phase Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.3 Short Circuit Test of a Single-phase Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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 BEGUM ROKEYA UNIVERSITY, RANGPUR
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

0.1 Introduction

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 BEGUM ROKEYA UNIVERSITY, RANGPUR
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

0.2 Open Circuit Test of a Single-phase Transformer

Objectives:

1. Determination of the core losses and no load current of a single-phase transformer

2. Determine the equivalent circuit parameters

Theory:
Single phase transformers are static devices that transform energy between circuits with
no direct electrical connection. They also transform power at the same frequency and
can increase or decrease voltage (Step-Up and Step-Down). There are 3 main parts to a
single phase transformer:

• Primary winding- Produces magnetic flux when connected to electrical power.

• Secondary winding – produces desired output voltage.

• Iron core – where flux can flow through creating a closed circuit between the primary
and secondary windings.

As flux changes amplitude and direction in the iron core a flux linkage is produced
closing the circuit and allowing induced current to flow through the second winding com-
pleting the transformation. Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction state that varying
flux will induce voltage into the secondary winding.

The purpose of this test is to determine no-load loss or core loss and no-load Io which
is used in finding Xo and Ro . One winding (usually high voltage) is left open and the other
is connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter, voltmeter, and
an ammeter are connected to the low side (now primary). With normal voltage applied,
normal flux sets up in the core and normal iron losses are recorded by the wattmeter. As
the Cu-loss is negligibly small in primary, the wattmeter reading represents practically
the core loss under no-load condition.

The no-load current I0 drawn during the open-circuit test has two components:

• Iµ = I0 sin φ0 : the magnetizing component, which is responsible for producing the

magnetic flux in the core. It is in quadrature (90° out of phase) with the applied
voltage.

• Iw = I0 cos φ0 : the core loss component, which accounts for hysteresis and eddy
current losses in the core. It is in phase with the applied voltage.

Using these components, we can determine:

V1 V1
X0 = = (1)
Iµ I0 sin φ0

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 BEGUM ROKEYA UNIVERSITY, RANGPUR
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
V1 V1
R0 = = (2)
Iw I0 cos φ0

W = V1 I0 cos φ0 (3)
where W is the wattmeter reading during the open-circuit test, representing the core
losses.

Equipment required:
• One single-phase transformer
• One AC voltmeter
• One AC ammeter
• One wattmeter
• One Variac
• Connecting wires, chords, clips, etc.
Experimental setup:

Figure 0.2.1: Open circuit test.

Procedure:
1. Complete connections as shown in the experimental setupm(fig.0.2.1).
2. Apply rated voltage across terminal 1 and terminal 2 of the transformer.
3. Note the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter.
Data Table:

Table 1: Open circuit test data table

No Load Input Power Resistance Reactance
Voltage
Current (I0 ) Power (Pin ) Factor (cosφ0 ) (R0 ) (X0 )

220V

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 BEGUM ROKEYA UNIVERSITY, RANGPUR
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Report:

1. Determine the equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer from the test data.

2. What are the approximations of the open-circuit tests?

3. Why is the open-circuit test performed on the high-tension side whereas the short-
circuit test is performed on the low-tension side?

4. Draw the exact and approximate equivalent circuits of a transformer. Define all the
parameters.

5. Draw the phasor diagram of a real transformer for resistive, inductive, and capacitive
loads.

Precautions:

• Do not switch on the supply until the concerned teacher checks the circuit.

• Do not touch any live part of the circuit.

• Be careful about the rated current for both primary and secondary windings.

• DO NOT make any connections with the power supply ON.

• Turn OFF the power supply after every measurement.

Results & Discussion:

1. Interpret the data/findings shown in Table.1 and determine the extent to which the
experiment was successful in meeting the initial goal.

2. Detect the variation between theoretical and experimental results, if any, and pro-
pose ways/procedures to overcome them.

3. State the specific steps taken to overcome the deviations between theory and exper-
iment.

Conclusion:
Summarize the experiment and discuss briefly whether the objectives were achieved or
not.

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 BEGUM ROKEYA UNIVERSITY, RANGPUR
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

0.3 Short Circuit Test of a Single-phase Transformer

Objective:
1. Determination of the copper loss and efficiency of a single-phase transformer.
Theory:
This is an economical and convenient method for determining i) equivalent impedance
Z01 or Z02 , ii)leakage reactance X01 or X02 , and iii) total resistance R01 and R02 of the
transformer as referred to the winding in which the measuring instruments are placed.
Cu-loss at full load is also determined. This loss is used in calculating the efficiency of
the transformer.

In this test, one winding, usually the low voltage winding is solidly short circuited by
a thick conductor. A low voltage (about 5 to 10 % of normal primary voltage) at correct
frequency is applied to the primary and cautiously increased till full load currents are
flowing both in primary and secondary. Since low voltage is applied , flux is small and
hence core losses are also very small with the result that the wattmeter reading represents
the full load Cu-loss or I 2 R loss for the whole transformer i.e., both primary and secondary.

During the short circuit test of a transformer, the following quantities are used:

• Vsc : Voltage applied during short circuit test to circulate rated current.
• I1 : Rated current flowing through the winding during the test.
• W : Power measured by the wattmeter (mainly copper loss as core loss is negligible).
• Z01 : Equivalent impedance referred to the measuring side.
• R01 : Equivalent resistance.
• X01 : Equivalent reactance.

The formulas used for the calculations are as follows:

Vsc
Z01 = (4)
I1
This gives the equivalent impedance of the transformer.
W
W = I12 R01 ⇒ R01 = (5)
I12
From the power measured by the wattmeter, we calculate the equivalent resistance
R01 .
q
2 2
X01 = Z01 − R01 (6)
Using the Pythagorean relation, we compute the equivalent reactance X01
Equipment required:

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 BEGUM ROKEYA UNIVERSITY, RANGPUR
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

• Transformer in the Machine Lab cabinet.

• One single phase transformer

• One AC voltmeters

• One AC ammeters

• One Wattmeter.

• Connecting Wires & chords, clips, etc.

Experimental setup:

Figure 0.3.1: Short circuit test

Procedure:
1. Complete connections as shown in the experimental setup.

2. Gradually apply voltage across terminal 1 and terminal 2 of the transformer until
rated current flows through the ammeter.

3. Quickly take the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter.

Data Table (Short Circuit Test):

Table 2: Short circuit test data table

Short Circuit High Side Input
Power Resistance Reactance Impedance
Current Voltage Power
Factor (R01 ) (X01 ) (Z01 )
ISC V1 Pin

0.15 A
0.20 A
0.25 A

Report:
1. Determine the equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer from the test data.

2. What are the approximations of the short circuit tests?

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 BEGUM ROKEYA UNIVERSITY, RANGPUR
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

3. Why is the open circuit test performed on the high tension side, whereas the short
circuit test is performed on the low tension side?

4. Draw the exact and approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer. Define all the
parameters.

5. Draw the vector diagram of a real transformer for resistive, inductive, and capacitive
load.

Results & Discussion:

1. Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was
successful in complying with the goal that was initially set.

2. Detect the variation between theory and experimental result if any and propose the
ways/procedures to overcome the variations.

3. State the particular steps adopted to overcome the deviations between theory and
experiment.

Conclusion:
Summarize the experiment and discuss whether the objectives were fulfilled or not within
a short paragraph.
References:
Electric Machinery Fundamentals by Stephen J. Chapman
Knowledge Test Question:

• What is a transformer? How does it work?

• What is the short circuit test of a transformer?

• What is the purpose of the S.C. test of a transformer?

• Why is the short circuit test performed on the HV side of the transformer?

Caution!
High voltages are present in this experiment! Do not make any connections with the
power on! The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement.