ME1211E-Fluid mechanics and machinery

Tutorial:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Questions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and
running at 1000 r.p.m. works against a total head of 40 m . The velocity of flow through the
impeller is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of 40∘ at
outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500 mm and width at outlet is 50 mm ,
determine :
(i) Vane angle at inlet, (ii) Work done by impeller on water per second, and
(iii) Manometric efficiency.

2. A centrifugal pump discharges 0.15 m3 /s of water against a head of 12.5 m , the speed of
the impeller being 600r. p. m. The outer and inner diameters of impeller are 500 mm and
250 mm respectively and the vanes are bent back at 35∘ to the tangent at exit. If the area of
flow remains 0.07 m2 from inlet to outlet, calculate :
(i) Manometric efficiency of pump, (ii) Vane angle at inlet, and
(iii) Loss of head at inlet to impeller when the discharge is reduced by 40% without changing
the speed.

3. The internal and external diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump which is running at
1000 r.p.m., are 200 mm and 400 mm respectively. The discharge through pump is
0.04 m3 /s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.0 m/s. The diameters of the
suction and delivery pipes are 150 mm and 100 mm respectively and suction and delivery
heads are 6 m (abs.) and 30 m (abs.) of water respectively. If the outlet vane angle is 45∘ and
power required to drive the pump is 16.186 kW , determine :
(i) Vane angle of the impeller at inlet, (ii) The overall efficiency of the pump, and
(iii) Manometric efficiency of the pump.

4. A centrifugal pump with 1.2 m diameter runs at 200 r.p.m. and pumps 1880 litres /s, the
average lift being 6 m . The angle which the vanes make at exit with the tangent to the
impeller is 26∘ and the radial velocity of flow is 2.5 m/s. Determine the manometric
efficiency and the least speed to start pumping against a head of 6 m , the inner diameter of
the impeller being 0.6 m .
5. A single-stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 30 cm rotates at 2000 r.p.m. and
lifts 3 m3 of water per second to a height of 30 m with an efficiency of 75%. Find the
number of stages and diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage pump to lift 5 m3 of
water per second to a height of 200 metres when rotating at 1500 r.p.m.
6. The diameter of a centrifugal pump, which is discharging 0.03 m3/s of water againsts atotal
head of 20 m is 0.4m .The pump is running at 1500 rpm. Find the head, discharge and ratio
of powers of a geometrically similar pump of diameter 0.25 m when it is running at 3000
rpm.
7. A centrifugal pump rotating at 1000 r.p.m. delivers 160 litres/s of water against a head of 30
m. The pump is installed at a place where atmospheric pressure is 1 × 105 𝑃𝑎 (𝑎𝑏𝑠.)𝑎𝑛𝑑
vapour pressure of water is 3 kPa (abs.). The head loss in suction pipe is equivalent to 0.2 m
of water. Calculate :
(i) Minimum NPSH, and
(ii) Maximum allowable height of the pump from free surface of water in the sump.
8. The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is 150mm and its
stroke is 300 mm. The pump runs at 50 rpm, and lifts water through a height of 25 m.
The delivery pipe is 22 m long and 100 mm in diameter. Find the theoretical discharge
and theoretical power required to run the pump. If the actual discharge is 4.2 liters/s,
find the percentage slip. Also determine the acceleration head at the beginning and
middle of the delivery stroke.
9. A single-acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of 10 cm diameter and a stroke of length
200 mm . The centre of the pump is 4 m above the water level in the sump and 14 m below
the level of water in a tank to which water is delivered by the pump. The diameter and
length of suction pipe are 40 mm and 6 m while of the delivery pipe are 30 mm and 18 m
respectively. Determine the maximum speed at which the pump may be run without
separation, if separation occurs at 7.848 N/cm2 below the atmospheric pressure. Take
atmospheric pressure head = 10.3 m of water.
10. The diameter and stroke length of a single-acting reciprocating pump are 12 cm and 20 cm
respectively. The lengths of suction and delivery pipes are 8 m and 25 m respectively and
their diameters are 7.5 cm . If the pump is running at 40 r.p.m. and suction and delivery
heads are 4 m and 14 m respectively, find the pressure head in the cylinder :
(i) at the beginning of the suction and delivery stroke,
(ii) in the middle of suction and delivery stroke, and
(iii) at the end of the suction and delivery stroke.
Take atmospheric pressure head = 10.30 metres of water and 𝑓 = .009 for both pipes.
11. Find the maximum speed of a single-acting reciprocating pump to avoid separation, which
occurs at 3.0 m of water (abs.) The pump has a cylinder of diameter 10 cm and a stroke
length of 20 cm .The pump draws water from a sump and delivers to a tank. The water level
in the sump is 3.5 m below the pump axis and in the tank the water level is 13 m above the
pump axis. The diameter and length of the suction pipe are 4 cm and 5 m while of delivery
pipe the diameter and length are 3 cm, 20 m respectively. Take atmospheric pressure head
= 10.3 m of water.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Solutions)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.

Given :

𝑁 = 1000r. p. m.
𝐻𝑚 = 40 m
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 2.5 m/s
𝜙 = 40∘
𝐷2 = 500 mm = 0.50 m
𝐷2 0.50
𝐷1 = = = 0.25 m
2 2
𝐵2 = 50 mm = 0.05 m

Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are

𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋×0.50×1000
and 𝑢2 = 60
= 60
= 26.18 m/s.
Discharge is given by,
𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝐵2 × 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝜋 × 0.50 × .05 × 2.5 = 0.1963 m3 /s.
(i) Vane angle at inlet ( 𝜃 ).
𝑉𝑓1 2.5
From inlet velocity triangle tan 𝜃 = 𝑢1
= 13.09 = 0.191
∴ 𝜃 = tan−1 .191 = 10.81∘ or 𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟖 . Ans. ∘ ′

(ii) Work done by impeller on water per second is given as

𝑊 𝜌×𝑔×𝑄
= × 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 = × 𝑉𝑤2 × 𝑢2
𝑔 𝑔
But from outlet velocity triangle, we have
𝑉𝑓2 2.5
tan 𝜙 = =
𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑤2 (26.18 − 𝑉𝑤2 )
2.5 2.5
∴ 26.18 − 𝑉𝑤2 = = = 2.979
tan 𝜙 tan 40∘
∴ 𝑉𝑤2 = 26.18 − 2.979 = 23.2 m/s.
Substituting this value of 𝑉𝑤2 in equation (i), we get the work done by impeller as
 1000 × 9.81 × 0.1963
= × 23.2 × 26.18
9.81
= 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟗 𝐍𝐦/s. Ans.

(iii) Manometric efficiency ( 𝜂man )

𝑔𝐻𝑚 9.81 × 40
𝜂man = = = 0.646 = 64.4%. Ans.
𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 23.2 × 26.18

2.

Given :

𝑄 = 0.15 m3 /s
𝐻𝑚 = 12.5 m
𝑁 = 600r. p. m.
𝐷2 = 500 mm = 0.50 m
𝐷1 = 250 mm = 0.25 m
𝜙 = 35∘
= 0.07 m2

As area of flow is constant from inlet to outlet, then velocity of flow will be constant from
inlet to outlet.
Discharge
= Area of flow × Velocity of flow
or
0.15 = 0.07 × Velocity of flow
3.

0.15
∴ Velocity of flow = = 2.14 m/s.
0.07
∴ 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 2.14 m/s.
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are
and
 𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋 × 0.25 × 600
𝑢1 = = = 7.85 m/s
60 60
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋 × 0.50 × 600
𝑢2 = = = 15.70 m/s
60 60
𝑉𝑓2 2.14
From outlet velocity triangle, 𝑉𝑤2 = 𝑢2 − tan 𝜙 = 15.70 − tan 35∘ = 12.64 m/s
(i) Manometric efficiency of the pump
𝑔×𝐻𝑚 9.81×12.5
we have 𝜂man = = = 0.618 or 𝟔𝟏. 𝟖%. Ans.
𝑉𝑤2 ×𝑢2 12.64×15.7
(ii) Vane angle at inlet (𝜃)
𝑉𝑓1 2.14
From inlet velocity triangle, tan 𝜃 = = = 0.272
𝑢1 7.85

∴ 𝜃 = tan−1 0.272 = 𝟏𝟓∘ 𝟏𝟐′ . Ans.

(iii) Loss of head at inlet to impeller when discharge is reduced by 40% without changing the speed.
When there is an increase or decrease in the discharge from the normal discharge, a loss of head
occurs at entry due to shock. In this case, discharge is reduced by 40%. Hence the new discharge is
given by,

𝑄 ∗ = 0.6 × 𝑄

where 𝑄 = 0.15 m3 /s
As area of flow is constant, hence new velocity of flow (𝑉𝑓∗1 ) will be given by,

𝑄∗
𝑉𝑓∗1 =
Area of flow
0.6 × 𝑄 0.6 × 0.15
= = = 1.284 m/s
0.07 0.07
Figure shows the velocity triangle at inlet corresponding to normal discharge and reduced discharge.
𝐴𝐵𝐶 is the velocity triangle due to normal discharge. Triangle 𝐵𝐷𝐸 is corresponding to reduced
discharge 𝐵𝐷 = 1.284 m/s and 𝐷𝐸 is parallel to 𝐴𝐶.

The blade angle 𝜃 at inlet cannot change and hence 𝐷𝐸 will be parallel to 𝐴𝐶.
There will be a sudden change in the tangential velocity from 𝐴𝐵 to 𝐵𝐸. Hence due to this shock,
there will be a loss of head at inlet.

( change in tangential velocity at inlet )2

∴ Head lost at inlet =
2𝑔
2
𝑉𝑓∗
(𝑢1 − tan1𝜃 ) 1.284 2
(𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐸)2 (7.85 − )
= = = tan 15.2∘ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝐦. Ans.
2𝑔 2𝑔 2 × 9.81

3.

Given

𝑁 = 1000r. p. m.
𝐷1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
𝐷2 = 400 mm = 0.4 m
𝑄 = 0.04 m3 /s
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 2.0 m/s
𝐷𝑠 = 150 mm = 0.15 m
𝐷𝑑 = 100 mm = 0.10 m
ℎ𝑠 = 6 m( abs. )
ℎ𝑑 = 30 m( abs. )
𝜙 = 45∘
Power required to drive the pump, 𝑃 = 16.186/kW
(i) Vane angle of the impeller at inlet ( 𝜃 ).
𝑉𝑓1 2.0 𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋×0.2×1000
From inlet velocity, we have tan 𝜃 = 𝑢1
= 𝑢1
, where 𝑢1 = 60
= 60
= 10.47 m/s
2.0 −1
∴ tan 𝜃 = = 0.191 or 𝜃 = tan .191 = 𝟏𝟎∘ 𝟒𝟖. Ans.
10.47
(ii) Overall efficiency of the pump (𝜼𝑜 ).
𝑊𝐻𝑚
( )
1000
Using equation (19.10), we have 𝜂𝑜 = S.P.
where S.P. = Power required to drive the pump and equal to 𝑃 here.

𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝑄 × 𝐻𝑚
( 1000 ) 𝜌𝑔 × 𝑄 × 𝐻𝑚
𝜂𝑜 = =
𝑃 1000 × 𝑃

𝑝𝑜 𝑉𝑜2 𝑝𝑖 𝑉𝑖2
𝐻𝑚 = ( + + 𝑍𝑜 ) − ( + + 𝑍𝑖 )
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑝𝑜
where 𝜌𝑔
= Pressure head at outlet of pump = ℎ𝑑 = 30 m

𝑉𝑜2 𝑉𝑑2
= Velocity head at outlet of pump =
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑝𝑖
= Pressure head at inlet of pump = ℎ𝑠 = 6 m
𝜌𝑔
𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑠2
= Velocity head at inlet of pump =
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑍𝑜 and 𝑍𝑖 = Vertical height at outlet and inlet of the pump from datum line.
If 𝑍𝑜 = 𝑍𝑖 then equation (𝑖𝑖) becomes as

𝑉𝑑2 𝑉𝑠2
𝐻𝑚 = (30 + ) − (6 + )
2𝑔 2𝑔

Now

Discharge 0.04 . 04
𝑉𝑑 = =𝜋 =𝜋 = 5.09 m/s
Area of delivery pipe (𝐷𝑑 )2 ×. 1 2
4 4

And

. 04 . 04 . 04
𝑉𝑠 = =𝜋 =𝜋 = 2.26 m/s
Area of suction pipe 2 2
4 𝐷𝑠 4 ×. 15

Substituting these values in equation (iii), we get

5.092 2.262
𝐻𝑚 = (30 + ) − (6 + )
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
= (30 + 1.32) − (6 + .26) = 31.32 − 6.26 = 25.06 m.
Substituting the value of ' 𝐻𝑚 '

𝜂𝑜 = .02424 × 25.06 = 0.6074 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟕𝟒%. Ans.

(iii) Manometric efficiency of the pump (𝜂man ).

Tangential velocity at outlet is given by

𝜋𝐷2 × 𝑁 𝜋 × 0.4 × 1000

𝑢2 = = = 20.94 m/s
60 60

From outlet velocity triangle, we have

𝑉𝑓2 2.0
tan 𝜙 = =
𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑤2 20.94 − 𝑉𝑤2
2.0 2.0
∴ 20.94 − 𝑉𝑤2 = = = 2.0
tan 𝜙 tan 45
∴ 𝑉𝑤2′ = 20.94 − 2.0 = 18.94.

𝑔𝐻𝑚 9.81 × 25.06

ηman = = = 0.6198 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟖%. Ans.
𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 18.94 × 20.94

4.

Given :

𝐷2 = 1.2 m
𝑁 = 200 r.p.m.
𝑄 = 1880 litres /s = 1.88 m3 /s
𝐻𝑚 = .6 m
𝜙 = 26∘
𝑉𝑓2 = 2.5 m/s
𝐷1 = 0.6 m
 (i) Manometric efficiency (𝜂man )
𝑔𝐻𝑚
𝜂man =
𝑉𝑤2 × 𝑢2

𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋 × 1.2 × 200

𝑢2 = = = 12.56 m/s
60 60
and
𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑓2 2.5
tan 𝜙 = or 𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑤2 = = = 5.13
𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑤2 tan 𝜙 tan 26∘
∴ 𝑉𝑤2 = 𝑢2 − 5.13 = 12.56 − 5.13 = 7.43 m/s.
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
9.81 × 6.0
𝜂man = = 0.63 = 63%. Ans.
7.43 × 12.56
(ii) Least speed to start the pump :

Least speed to start the pump is given by

𝑢22 𝑢12
− = 𝐻𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔
where 𝑢2 and 𝑢1 are the tangential velocities of the vane at outlet and inlet respectively,
corresponding to least speed of the pump.
But 𝑢2 = 𝜔 × 𝑟2 and 𝑢1 = 𝜔 × 𝑟1
Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get
(𝜔 × 𝑟2 )2 (𝜔 × 𝑟1 )2 𝜔2 2
− = 𝐻𝑚 = 6.0 or [𝑟 − 𝑟12 ] = 6.0
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 2
𝜔2 𝐷2 1.2 𝐷1 0.6
[0.62 − 0.32 ] = 6.0 (∵ 𝑟2 = = = 0.6 m and 𝑟1 = = = 0.3 m)
2 × 9.81 2 2 2 2
6.0 × 2.0 × 9.81 2𝜋𝑁
∴ 𝜔2 = = 436 ∴ 𝜔 = √436 = 20.88 =
0.36 − .09 60
60 × 20.88
∴ 𝑁= = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 r.p.m. Ans.
2×𝜋
5.
𝐷1 = 30 cm = 0.30 m
𝑁1 = 2000r. p. m.
𝑄1 = 3 m3 /s
𝐻𝑚1 = 30 m
𝜂man = 75% = 0.75.

Let the height per stage

𝑄2 = 5 m3 /s
= 200 m
= 𝐻𝑚2
𝑁2 = 1500 r.p.m.
= 𝐷2
 Specific speed should be same. Hence,
𝑁√𝑄 𝑁√𝑄
( 3/4 ) = ( 3/4 )
𝐻𝑚 1 𝐻𝑚 2
𝑁1 √𝑄1 𝑁2 √𝑄2 2000 × √3 1500 × √5
∴ 3 = 3 or 3 = 3
4
𝐻𝑚 4
𝐻𝑚2 304 4
𝐻𝑚
1 2
3
3
4
1500 × √5 × 304 1500 5
∴ 𝐻𝑚 = = × √ × 12.818 = 12.411
2
2000 × √3 2000 3
4
∴ 𝐻𝑚2 = (12.411)3 = 28.71 m
∴

Total head
Number of stages = = 6.96 ≃ 7. Ans
28.71
√𝐻𝑚1 √𝐻𝑚2 √30 √28.71
= or =
𝐷1 𝑁1 𝐷2 𝑁2 0.30 × 2000 𝐷2 × 1500
𝐷2 = 391.3 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

6. Given
𝑚3
𝑄1 = 0.03
𝑠
𝐻𝑚1 = 20 𝑚
𝐷1 = 0.4𝑚

𝑁1 = 1500 r.p.m.

Geometrically similar pump,

Diameter,
𝐷2 = 0.25 m
Speed,

𝑁2 = 3000 r.p.m.

Let Head on similar group = 𝐻𝑚2

Discharge on similar pump = 𝑄2
𝑄 𝑄
Using equation (19.21), (𝐷3 𝑁) = (𝐷3 𝑁)
1 2

𝑄1 𝑄2
∴ =
𝐷13 𝑁1 𝐷23 𝑁2
. 03 𝑄2
=
. 403 × 1500 0.253 × 3000
. 03 ×. 253 × 3000 . 25 3
∴ 𝑄2 = = .03 × ( ) × 2.0 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟓 𝐦3 /𝐬. 𝐀𝐧𝐬.
. 403 × 1500 . 40
Using equation (19.20), we have
or

√𝐻𝑚 √𝐻𝑚
( ) =( )
𝐷𝑁 1 𝐷𝑁 2 √20 √𝐻𝑚2
∴ =
√𝐻𝑚1 √𝐻𝑚2 0.40 × 1500 0.25 × 3000
=
𝐷1 𝑁1 𝐷2 𝑁2

or

√20 × 0.25 × 3000

√𝐻𝑚2 = = 5.59
0.40 × 1500

∴ 𝐻𝑚2 = (5.59)2 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦. Ans.

𝑃 𝑃
( 5 3) = ( 5 3)
𝐷 𝑁 1 𝐷 𝑁 2
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃1 𝐷15 𝑁13 𝐷1 5 𝑁1 3
∴ 5 3 = 5 3 or = 5 3 = ( ) ×( )
𝐷1 𝑁1 𝐷2 𝑁2 𝑃2 𝐷2 𝑁2 𝐷2 𝑁2
5 3
0.40 1500
=( ) ×( ) = 10.485 × .125 = 1.31. Ans.
0.25 3000

7.
𝑁 = 1000 r.p.m.; 𝑄 = 160 litres /s = 0.16 m3 /s. ; 𝐻𝑚 = 30 m
𝑝𝑎 = 1 × 105 Pa( abs. ) = 1 × 105 N/m2 ( abs. ); 𝑝𝑣 = 3kPa( abs. ) = 3 × 103 N/m2 ( abs. )
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = 0.2 m.
(i) Minimum NPSH
NPSH
𝜎=
𝐻𝑚
From the above equation, it is clear that NPSH is directly proportional to Thoma's cavitation
factor (𝜎). NPSH will be minimum when 𝜎 is minimum. But the minimum value of 𝜎 for no
cavitation is 𝜎𝑐 . Hence when 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑐 then NPSH will be minimum.
(NPSH)min
∴ 𝜎𝑐 =
𝐻𝑚
(NPSH)min = 𝐻𝑚 × 𝜎𝑐
or
Now the critical value of 𝜎 i.e., 𝜎𝑐 is given by equation (19.35) as
4/3
𝜎𝑐 = 1.03 × 10−3 × 𝑁𝑠
𝑁√𝑄
where 𝑁𝑠 = Specific speed of pump = 3/4
𝐻𝑚
√0.16
= 1000 × (∵ 𝑁 = 1000 r.p.m., 𝑄 = 0.16 m3 /s and 𝐻𝑚 = 30 m)
303/4
Substituting the value of 𝑁𝑠 in equation (ii), we get
 4/3
−3
1000 × √0.16
𝜎𝑐 = 1.03 × 10 × [ ]
303/4
10004/3 × 0.162/3 1.03 × 10−3 × 104 × 0.2947
= 1.03 × 10−3 × =
30 30
= 0.1012
Substituting the value of 𝜎𝑐 in equation (i), we get
(NPSH)min. = 𝐻𝑚 × 0.1012
= 30 × 0.1012 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝐦. . Ans. (∵ 𝐻𝑚 = 30 m)
(ii) Maximum allowable height of the pump from free surface of water in the sump (i.e., ℎ𝑠 )
Let (ℎ𝑠 )max = Max. allowable height of pump from free surface of water.
Using equation (19.33)
NPSH = 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑣 − ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓𝑠
From the above equation, it is clear that for a given value of atmospheric pressure head
⋯ 𝑝𝑣
(𝐻𝑎 = ), given vapour pressure head (𝐻𝑣 = ) and given loss of head due to friction
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
(ℎ𝑓𝑠 ), the value of suction head (ℎ𝑠 ) will be maximum if NPSH is minimum.
∴ (NPSH)min = 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑣 − (ℎ𝑠 )max − ℎ𝑓𝑠
∴ (ℎ𝑠 )max = 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑣 − ℎ𝑓𝑠 − (NPSH)min
Now
𝑝𝑎 1 × 105
𝐻𝑎 = = = 10.193 m of water
𝜌𝑔 1000 × 9.81
𝑝𝑣 3 × 103
𝐻𝑣 = = = 0.305 m of water
𝜌𝑔 1000 × 9.81
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = 0.2 m and (NPSH)min = 3.036 m

Substituting the values of 𝐻𝑎 , 𝐻𝑣 , ℎ𝑓𝑠 and (NPSH) min. in equation (iii), we get

(ℎ𝑠 )max = 10.193 − 0.305 − 0.2 − 3.036

= 6.652 𝐦. 𝐀𝐧𝐬.

8. Dia. of cylinder,
𝐷 = 150 mm = 0.15 m
∴ Area,
𝜋
𝐴 = ( ) × 0.152 = 0.01767 m2
4
𝐿 = 300 mm = 0.3 m
𝑁 = 50r. p. m.
Stroke,
Speed of pump,
Total height through which water is lifted,
𝐻 = 25 m
Length of delivery pipe, 𝑙𝑑 = 22 m
Diameter of delivery pipe, 𝑑𝑑 = 100 mm = 0.1 m
Actual discharge,
4.2
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4.2 litres /s = m3 /s = 0.0042 m3 /s
1000
 (i) Theoretical discharge (𝑄𝑡ℎ )
Theoretical discharge for a single-acting reciprocating pump is given by
𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁 0.01767 × 0.3 × 50
𝑄th = = = 0.0044175 m3 /s
60 60
= 0.0044175 × 1000 litres /s = 4.4175 litres /s. Ans.
(ii) Theoretical power (𝑃𝑡 )
(Theoretical weight of water lifted /s)× Total height
Theoretical power is given by, 𝑃𝑡 =
1000
𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝑄𝑡ℎ × 𝐻
=
1000
1000 × 9.81 × 0.0044175 × 25 (∵ 𝑄𝑡ℎ = 0.0044175 m3 /s)
=
1000
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐖. Ans.
(iii) The percentage slip
The percentage slip is given by,
𝑄𝑡ℎ − 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 4.4175 − 4.2
% slip = ( ) × 100 = ( ) × 100 = 4.92%. Ans
𝑄𝑡ℎ 4.4175
(iv) Acceleration head at the beginning of delivery stroke.

The acceleration head in the delivery pipe is given by

𝑙𝑑 𝐴 2
ℎ𝑎𝑑 = × 𝜔 𝑟 × cos 𝜃
𝑔 𝑎𝑑
𝜋
where 𝑎𝑑 = Area of delivery pipe = 4 × (0.1)2 = 0.007854

2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋 × 50
𝜔 = Angular speed = = = 5.236
60 60
𝐿 0.3
𝑟 = Crank radius = = = 0.15 m
2 2
22 0.01767
∴ ℎ𝑎𝑑 = × × 5.2362 × 0.15 × cos 𝜃 = 20.75 × cos 𝜃
9.81 0.007854

At the beginning of delivery stroke, 𝜃 = 0∘ and hence cos 𝜃 = 1

∴ ℎ𝑎𝑑 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐦. 𝐀𝐧𝐬.

(v) Acceleration head at the middle of delivery stroke.

At the middle of delivery stroke, 𝜃 = 90∘ and hence cos 𝜃 = 0.

∴ ℎ𝑎𝑑 = 20.75 × 0 = 𝟎. Ans.

9.
𝐷 = 100 mm = 0.10 m
𝐿 = 200 mm = 0.20 m
𝐿 0.20
𝑟= = = 0.10 m
2 2
ℎ𝑠 = 4 m
ℎ𝑑 = 14 m
𝑑𝑠 = 40 mm = 0.04 m
𝑙𝑠 = 6 m
 Dia. of delivery pipe, 𝑑𝑑 = 30 mm = .03 m
Length of delivery pipe, 𝑙𝑑 = 18 m
7.848𝑁 7.848×104
Separation pressure, 𝑝sep = cm2
= m2
𝑝sep 7.848×104
∴ Separation pressure head, ℎsep = 𝜌𝑔
= 1000×9.81
= 8.0 m below atmosphere

= (𝐻atm − 8.0) absolute = (10.3 − 8.0) = 2.3 m (abs. )

where 𝐻atm = Atmospheric pressure head = 10.3 m.
(i) Speed of pump without separation during suction stroke. During suction stroke, possibility
of separation is only at the beginning of the stroke. The pressure head in the cylinder at the
beginning of suction stroke
= (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑎𝑠 )m below atmospheric pressure head
= 10.3 − (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑎𝑠 )m(abs. ) ) = 10.3 − (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑎𝑠 ).
∴ ℎsep

But ' ℎ𝑎𝑠 ' at the beginning of suction stroke is given by,
𝜋 2
𝑙𝑠 𝐴 6 𝐷
2
ℎ𝑎𝑠 = × × 𝜔 𝑟 = ×4 × 𝜔2 × .10
𝑔 𝑎𝑠 9.81 𝜋 𝑑𝑠2
4

Equating the values of ℎ𝑎𝑠 given by equations (i) and (ii),

4
4 = 0.3822𝜔2 = 3.235rad/s
. 382
∴ 𝜔
But 𝜔 is also

60 × 𝜔 60 × 3.235
∴ 𝑁= = = 30.89 r.p.m.
2𝜋 2𝜋

∴ Maximum speed of the pump without separation during suction stroke only is 30.89 r.p.m.
(ii) Speed of pump without separation during delivery stroke. During delivery stroke, the
possibility of separation is only at the end of the delivery stroke. The pressure head in the
cylinder at the end of the delivery stroke from Fig. 20.6

= (𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ℎ𝑑 ) − ℎ𝑎𝑑 m(abs. ) = (10.3 + 14) − ℎ𝑎𝑑 .

If separation is to be avoided this pressure should be equal to separation pressure head.

∴ ℎsep = (10.3 + 14) − ℎ𝑎𝑑 or 2.30 = (10.3 + 14) − ℎ𝑎𝑑

∴ ℎ𝑎𝑑 = 10.3 + 14.0 − 2.30 = 22.0 m

But ' ℎ𝑎𝑑 ' is given by the relation

 𝑙𝑑 𝐴
ℎ𝑎𝑑 = × × 𝜔2 × 𝑟
𝑔 𝑎𝑑
𝜋 2
18.0 4 𝐷 18.0 𝐷 2
∴ 22.0 = ×𝜋 × 𝜔2 × 𝑟 = × × 𝜔2 × 𝑟
9.81 𝑑 2 9.81 𝑑𝑑2
4 𝑑
18.0 .1 2
= × ( ) × 𝜔2 × 0.10 = 2.04𝜔2
9.81 . 03
22.0
∴ 𝜔=√ = 3.284rad/s.
2.04
But
2𝜋𝑁
𝜔=
60
60 × 𝜔 60 × 3.284
∴ N= = = 31.36 r.p.m.
2𝜋 2×𝜋

∴ Maximum speed of the pump without separation during delivery stroke is 31.36 r.p.m.
Thus the maximum speed of the pump without separation during suction and delivery stroke is
the minimum of these two speeds, i.e., minimum of 30.89 and 31.36 r.p.m.
∴ Maximum speed = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 r.p.m. Ans.
20.8.3 Effect of Friction in Suction and Delivery Pipes on Indicator Diagram. The loss of head due
to friction in suction and delivery pipes is given by
2 2
4𝑓𝑙𝑠 𝐴 4𝑓𝑙𝑑 𝐴
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = × ( 𝜔𝑟sin 𝜃) and ℎ𝑓𝑑 = × ( 𝜔𝑟sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝑠 × 2𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑑 × 2𝑔 𝑎𝑑

It is clear from the above equations that the variation of ℎ𝑓𝑠 or ℎ𝑓𝑑 is parabolic with 𝜃.
During the suction or delivery stroke, the pressure head inside the cylinder will change as given
below :
(i) At the beginning of the suction or delivery stroke, 𝜃 = 0∘ and hence sin 𝜃 = 0. This means
ℎ𝑓𝑠 and ℎ𝑓𝑑 = 0.
(ii) At the middle of the suction or delivery stroke, 𝜃 = 90∘ and hence sin 𝜃 = 1. This means
2 2
4𝑓𝑙𝑠 𝐴 4𝑓𝑙𝑑 𝐴
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = × ( 𝜔𝑟) and ℎ𝑓𝑑 = × ( 𝜔𝑟) .
𝑑𝑠 × 2𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑑 × 2𝑔 𝑎𝑑

10. Diameter of cylinder,

𝐷 = 12 cm = 0.12 m
Stroke length,
𝐿 = 20 cm = 0.20 m
∴ Crank radius,
𝐿 . 20
𝑟= = = 0.10 m
2 2

Length of suction pipe, 𝑙𝑠 = 8 m

Length of delivery pipe, 𝑙𝑑 = 25 m
Dia. of suction pipe, 𝑑𝑠 = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
Dia. of delivery pipe, 𝑑𝑑 = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
Speed of pump,
Suction head,
𝑁 = 40 r.p.m.
Delivery head,

ℎ𝑠 = 4 m

ℎ𝑑 = 14 m
Atmospheric pressure head, 𝐻atm = 10.3 m of water
Co-efficient of friction, 𝑓 = .009.
2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋×40
We know that angular velocity, 𝜔 = 60
= 60
= 4.188rad/s.
Using equation (20.14), the pressure head due to acceleration in suction pipe is obtained as
𝜋 2
𝑙𝑠 𝐴 8 𝐷
ℎ𝑎𝑠 = × × 𝜔2 𝑟cos 𝜃 = ×4 × 4.1882 × 0.1 × cos 𝜃
𝑔 𝑎𝑠 9.81 𝜋 𝑑𝑠2
4
8 𝐷 2
= × ( ) × 4.1882 × 0.1 × cos 𝜃
9.81 𝑑𝑠
8 . 120 2
= ×( ) × 4.1882 × 0.1 × cos 𝜃 = 3.66 × cos 𝜃m
9.81 . 075

Similarly, the pressure head due to acceleration in delivery pipe is obtained from equation
(20.15) as

𝑙𝑑 𝐴
ℎ𝑎𝑑 = × × 𝜔2 𝑟cos 𝜃
𝑔 𝑎𝑑
25 𝐷2
= × 2 × 4.1882 × 0.1 × cos 𝜃
9.81 𝑑𝑑
25 . 120 2
= ×( ) × 4.1882 × 0.1 × cos 𝜃 = 11.44 × cos 𝜃m.
9.81 . 075

Using equation (20.18) for the loss of head due to friction in suction pipe,
2
4𝑓𝑙𝑠 𝐴
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = × ( 𝜔𝑟sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝑠 × 2𝑔 𝑎𝑠
2
𝜋 2
4 × .009 × 8 𝐷
= × (4
𝜋 2 × 4.188 × .1 × sin 𝜃)
. 075 × 2 × 9.81 𝑑
4 𝑠
2
4 × .009 × 8 . 122
= ×( × 4.188 × .1) × sin2 𝜃 = 0.225sin2 𝜃.
. 075 × 2 × 9.81 . 0752

Similarly, loss of head due to friction in delivery pipe is obtained from equation (20.19) as
 2
4 × 𝑓 × 𝑙𝑑 𝐴
ℎ𝑓𝑑 = × [ 𝜔𝑟sin 𝜃]
𝑑𝑑 × 2𝑔 𝑎𝑑
2
4 × .009 × 25 𝐷 2
= [ × 4.188 × 0.1 × sin 𝜃]
0.075 × 2 × 9.81 𝑑𝑑2
2
. 122
= 0.6116 [ × 4.188 × 0.1] × sin2 𝜃 = 0.703sin2 𝜃.
. 0752
(i) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of suction and delivery strokes (Fig. 20.8).
At the beginning of suction and delivery strokes, 𝜃 = 0∘ .

∴ ℎ𝑎𝑠 = 3.66cos 0∘ = 3.66 m

and ℎ𝑎𝑑 = 11.44cos 0∘ = 11.44 m

Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of suction stroke

= (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑎𝑠 ) below atmospheric pressure head

= 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 − (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑎𝑠 )m( abs. )
= 10.3 − (1 + 3.66) = 10.3 − 7.66 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 𝐦 (abs.) Ans.

Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of delivery stroke

= (ℎ𝑑 + ℎ𝑎𝑑 ) above atmospheric pressure head
= 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 + (ℎ𝑑 + ℎ𝑎𝑑 )m (abs.)
= 10.3 + (14 + 11.44) = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟒 𝐦 (abs.) Ans.
(ii) Pressure head in the cylinder in the middle of suction and delivery strokes. In the middle
of suction and delivery strokes, 𝜃 = 90∘ .
∴ ℎ𝑎𝑠 = 0, ℎ𝑎𝑑 = 0, ℎ𝑓𝑠 = 0.225sin2 90 = 0.225 m and

ℎ𝑓𝑑 = 0.703sin2 90 = 0.703 m.

Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of suction stroke

= (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑓𝑠 ) below the atmospheric pressure head
= 𝐻atm − (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑓𝑠 )m( abs. )
= 10.3 − (4 + 0.225) = 10.3 − 4.225 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝐦 (abs.) Ans.
Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of delivery stroke
= (ℎ𝑑 + ℎ𝑓𝑑 ) above atmospheric pressure head
= 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 + (ℎ𝑑 + ℎ𝑓𝑑 )m( abs. )
= 10.3 + (14 + 0.703) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝐦 (abs.) Ans.
(iii) Pressure head in the cylinder at the end of suction and delivery strokes. At the end of
suction and delivery strokes, 𝜃 = 180∘.

∴cos 𝜃 = −1 and sin 𝜃 = 0

∴ℎ𝑎𝑠 = 3.66 × (−1) = −3.66 m
and ℎ𝑎𝑑 = 11.44 × (−1) = −11.44 m.

Pressure head in the cylinder at the end of suction stroke

 = (ℎ𝑠 − 3.66) below the atmospheric pressure head
= 𝐻atm − (ℎ𝑠 − 3.66)m( abs. ) = 10.3 − (4 − 3.66) = 9.96𝐦 (abs.)

Pressure head in the cylinder at the end of delivery stroke

= (ℎ𝑑 − 11.44) above the atmospheric pressure head

= 𝐻atm + (ℎ𝑑 − 11.44)m( abs. )
= 10.3 + (14 − 11.44) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝐦 (abs.) Ans.

11. Separation pressure head, ℎsep = 3.0 m of water (abs.)

Dia. of cylinder,
𝐷 = 10 cm = 0.10 m
Stroke length,
𝐿 = 20 cm = 0.20 m
∴ Crank radius,

𝐿 0.20
𝑟= = = 0.10 m
2 3

Suction head,
ℎ𝑠 = 3.5 m
Delivery head,
ℎ𝑑 = 13 m
Dia. of suction pipe,
𝑑𝑠 = 4 cm = .04 m
Length of suction pipe,
𝑙𝑠 = 5 m
Dia. of delivery pipe,
𝑑𝑑 = 3 cm = .03 m
Length of delivery pipe,
𝑙𝑑 = 20 m
Atmos. pressure head,
𝐻atm = 10.3 m.
(a) Maximum speed during suction stroke without separation is obtained from the relation,
given by equation (iii),
𝑙𝑠 𝐴
𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 − ℎ𝑠 − ℎsep = × × 𝜔2 𝑟
𝑔 𝑎𝑠
or
𝜋 2
5 𝐷 𝜋 𝜋
10.3 − 3.5 − 3.0 = ×4𝜋 × 𝜔2 × 0.10 (∵ 𝐴 = 𝐷 2 , 𝑎𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠2 )
9.81 𝑑2 4 4
4 𝑠
or

5 . 1 × .1
3.8 = × × 𝜔2 × 0.1 = .3185𝜔2
9.81 . 04 × .04
 3.8
∴ 𝜔=√ = 3.454rad/s
. 3185

2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋𝑁
But 𝜔 = ∴ = 3.454
60 60
60 × 3.454
∴ 𝑁= = 32.98 r.p.m.
2𝜋
(b) Maximum speed during delivery stroke without separation is obtained from equation
(iv),
𝑙𝑑 𝐴
(𝐻atm + ℎ𝑑 ) − ℎsep = × × 𝜔2 × 𝑟
𝑔 𝑎𝑑
20 𝐷2 20 0.1 × .1
(10.3 + 13.0) − 3.0 = × 2 × 𝜔2 × .1 = × × 𝜔2 × .1
9.81 𝑑𝑑 9.81 . 03 × .03
20.3 = 2.265𝜔2
or
20.3
∴ 𝜔=√ = 2.994rad/s.
2.265
2𝜋𝑁
But 𝜔= = 2.994
60
60 × 2.994
∴ 𝑁= = 28.59 r.p.m.
2𝜋
∴ Maximum speed without separation = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟗 r.p.m. Ans.