QUARTER 4: WEEK 1

DAY 1: Discuss how digestive organs

work together to carry out
digestion of food and
assimilation of nutrient.
 FACT OR BLUFF
• The stomach is a muscle.
• Most of the digestion takes place in the
small intestine.
• Digestion ends in your anus.
• Digestion begins in your stomach.
• There is no digestion happens
in the large intestine.
food break
stomach
mouth chew
DIGESTION
process
grind
nutrients teeth
taste
DIGESTION
is the process by which food is broken down
into smaller components that the body can absorb
to nourish its cell.
MASTICATION
Process wherein food is cut and chewed
into smaller pieces with the use of teeth.
DEGLUTITION
the act of swallowing.
DEFECATION
bowel movement.

EXCRETION
eliminating indigestible substances and certain
wastes through the anus.

GASTROENTEROLOGY
deals with the study of the digestive system and
its diseases.
 PHASES OF DIGESTION
MECHANICAL
food is broken into smaller pieces in the
process known as chewing or mastication.

❖Chew
❖Tear
❖Grind
❖Mash
❖Mix
 PHASES OF DIGESTION
CHEMICAL
food is acted upon
by chemical substances
called enzymes
ENZYMES
organic catalyst; hasten the
digestion/ breaking down of food.
 Parts of the
Digestive System
Salivary
Mouth glands

Esophagus
Liver

Gall stomach
bladder pancreas
Large Small
intestine intestine
anus Rectum
MOUTH
(oral cavity) serves as entrance to the digestive
system.
PHARYNX
(Greek: “throat”)
cone-shaped
passageway leading
from the oral and
nasal cavities in the
head to the
esophagus and
larynx.
ESOPHAGUS
it is a moist muscular
tube that connects the
pharynx to the
stomach, 25 cm long.
It is composed of
involuntary muscles
that contract regularly
to cause a wavelike
process called
peristalsis.
BOLUS → ball shaped mass of
food/chewed food
.
Epiglottis- a flap of cartilage in the throat that keeps
food from entering the windpipe and the lungs.
 swallowing

Breathing
•STOMACH →
is the J- shaped, expandable organ where
the esophagus empties food through a
muscular valve called esophageal
sphincter.

→ Can accommodate 1-1.5 liters of

food, usually empty 3-4 hours
After each meal.
→ secretes gastric juices and
mucus
•Esophageal
sphincter – valve
between esophagus and
stomach. Esophagus
empties food to the
stomach.
•Pyloric sphincter –
valve between stomach and
small intestine that Prevents
the backflow of food from
the small intestine to the
stomach
•Gastric juice – is composed of water, hydrochloric acid
(HCI) and digestive enzymes, rennin and pepsin.
•Rennin – helps digest milk protein.
•Pepsin - breaks down other proteins: amino acids
and peptides.
•Hydrochloric acid → a strong acid that softens fibrous
foods and kills most of the microorganisms present in
them. It has a pH between 1 and 2.
•Rugae → folds in the stomach
→ increase the surface area to accommodate
food.
•Chyme → when food is mixed with the gastric juice, a
semi- liquid mass.
•SMALL
INTESTINE
→ about 7-8
meters long
and is about
4 cm wide.
3 PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
•Duodenum - the first 30 cm; region devoted
solely to digestion and
neutralization of the acidic
chyme.

➢ Final digestion takes place,

receives digestive juice from the
pancreas, and bile from the liver and
gall bladder.
•Jejunum - freely movable. 3-m
•Ileum - longest, final and highly coiled; 4-m.
➢Both help in the absorption of nutrients.
 VILLUS→ tiny fingerlike projection in the
epithelial lining of the intestinal wall.
•Capillaries - tiny blood vessels at the center
of each villus.
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Amino acids
•Lymph vessel called lacteal - absorbed the fatty
acids and glycerol and are brought to
lymphatic circulation.
Excess are deposited in various
parts of the body.
•LARGE INTESTINE
→ also known as
colon. The
undigested
materials pass from
the small intestine
into the large
intestine. Shorten
than small intestine
but wider in
diameter. 2 m long
and 7 cm wide.
•RECTUM AND ANUS
RECTUM – warehouse for the undigested food.
ANUS – end part of the rectum that functions as
the exit point for fecal materials.
 Parts of the
Digestive System
Salivary
Mouth glands

Esophagus
Liver

Gall stomach
bladder pancreas
Large Small
intestine intestine
anus Rectum
ACCESORY PARTS:
SALIVARY GLANDS
– secretes juice; saliva - that moistens food and
makes it slippery to facilitate in the swallowing.

It contains enzymes
called amylase/ptyalin –
breakdown
carbohydrates into
double sugar or
maltose.
•Liver and gall bladder –
Liver – largest organ/gland in the body.
Secretes/produces bile from bilirubin.
Bile - function: emulsification of fats and
neutralization of partly digested food.
Very alkaline.
Gall
bladder –
temporary
storage of
bile.
•Pancreas – secretes pancreatic
juice.
 FACT OR BLUFF
• The stomach is a muscle.
• Most of the digestion takes place in
the small intestine.
• Digestion ends in your anus.
• Digestion begins in your stomach.
• There is no digestion happens
in the large intestine.
Prepared by:

Jennifer J Cadiz
PCSHS
Suppose you eat a burger, what happens
to the burger as it passes down your
alimentary canal?
ENZYME
an organic
catalyst that speed
up the process of
digestion.

SALIVA
AMYLASE/PTYALIN
ENZYME
CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH
GASTRIC JUICES
GASTRIC JUICES contains water,
hydrochloric acid and enzymes.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH
Gastric Juices on protein

Protein Pepsin Small

polypeptides

Protein trypsin Polypeptide

dipeptides
 CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
(CARBOHYDRATES)
Pancreatic juice
CARBOHYDRATES PTYALIN/AMYLASE
DISACCHARIDES/DOUBLE SUGAR
Intestinal Glands
maltose Maltase Glucose + glucose

sucrose sucrase Glucose + fructose

lactose lactase Glucose + galactose

 CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE SMALL
INTESTINE (PROTEINS)

Small polypeptides Amino peptidases

Amino acids

dipeptides erepsin

Amino acids
CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE SMALL
INTESTINE (FATS)
FATS BILE (EMULSIFY FATS)

FATS PANCREATIC STEAPSIN

/LIPASE
FATTY ACIDS +
GLYCEROL
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
LIPIDS/FATS
VILLI
 GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE
CAPILLARIES GALACTOSE AMINO ACID

LACTEAL

FATTY ACIDS
AND
GLYCEROL
• Chemical digestion of
carbohydrates begins in the
mouth and ends in the small
intestine.
• Chemical digestion of
carbohydrates produces
glucose, fructose, and galactose
as the simple units.
• Chemical digestion of protein –
rich foods begins in the stomach
and ends in the small intestine.
• Chemical digestion of protein
produces amino acids as simple
products.
• Chemical digestion of fat – rich
foods begins and ends in the
small intestine.
• Chemical digestion of fats
produces fatty acids and
glycerol as the simplest
products.
Processes Carried Out by the
Digestive System
 Ingestion:
• Taking in of food into the body.
Mastication

Enzyme
• amylase

Double sugar
Absorption:
• Diffusion of food from small intestine into
the blood.
Assimilation:
• Components from food are taken into the
cells of the body.

villi

Blood
vessels

cells
Excretion:
Removal of metabolic waste products.

EGESTION – Discharge of
undigested material from a
cell (in case of unicellular
organism) and from the
digestive tract through anus
(in case of multicellular
organism).

• Large Intestine
• Rectum
• Anus
Excretion:
Removal of metabolic waste products.
kidneys

lungs

Cell

skin
QUARTER 4: WEEK 1

DAY 3: Describe common

diseases that result from
nutrient deficiency and
ingestion of harmful
substances and give their
prevention and
treatment.
Anemia
Symptoms: tiredness, weakness, a weakened
immune system, and impaired brain function
Nutrient Deficiency and
metabolic role: Iron - Binds
with hemoglobin and transport
oxygen
Food source: Red meat, shell
fish, beans, Dark
leafy greens
Possible causes of Anemia
GOITER
lack of iodine in the diet
endemic goiter - hypothyroidism - cretinism
Symptoms: enlarged thyroid gland, increase in
heart rate, shortness of breath, and weight gain,
stunted growth and neurodevelopmental deficits
Nutrient Deficiency and
metabolic role: Iodine -
Essential for normal
functioning of the thyroid
gland
Food source: Seaweed, fish,
dairy, eggs
OSTEOPOROSIS
•Low calcium intake
A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in
the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium
intake contributes to diminished bone density,
early bone loss and an increased risk of
fractures.
OSTEOPOROSIS
Symptoms: softer and fragile bones
Nutrient Deficiency and
metabolic role: Calcium -
bone maintenance -
signaling molecule
Food source: Boned fish,
Diary, Dark green
vegetables
NIGHT BLINDNESS
Symptoms: Eye dryness, dullness of the
cornea, appetite disorder, dry and rough
skin, hair damage, difficulty in wound
healing,
Nutrient Deficiency and metabolic role:
Vitamin A - Involved in immune function,
vision, cell growth and cell
communication
Food source: milk, eggs, sweet
potatoes, carrots, leafy vegetables
NIGHT BLINDNESS
SCURVY
Symptoms: fatigue, inflammation of the
gums, and weakened connective tissue
Nutrient Deficiency and metabolic role:
Vitamin C - Involved in the formation of
collagen, certain neurotransmitters, and
protein synthesis.
Food source: Citrus fruits, berries,
tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli,
cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, red
and green bell peppers, cabbage,
and spinach
RICKETS IN CHILDREN - OSTEOMALACIA
Symptoms: disturbed bone formation softness of
bones, fatigue, bone pain, mood changes, and
muscle aches or weakness.
Nutrient Deficiency and metabolic role:
Vitamin D - Promotes calcium absorption and
proper bone formation, - involved in cell growth,
immune function, and reduces inflammation

Food source: Fortified milk,

cheese, and cereals; egg
yolks; salmon
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
Symptoms: Weak muscles, Numb or tingling feeling
in hands and feet, Trouble walking, Nausea,
Decreased appetite, Irritability, Fatigue
Nutrient Deficiency and metabolic role:
Vitamin B12 - aids the production of red blood
cells and DNA - improves neurotransmitter function

Food source: Beef, clams,

mussels, crabs, salmon,
poultry, and fortified foods
1. Colon or Rectal
Cancer often referred
to as Colorectal
Cancer. It begins as
small, noncancerous
(benign) clumps of
cells called
adenomatous polyps.
Over time some of
these polyps become
colon cancers.
Signs and symptoms of Colon Cancer:
• A change in your bowel habits, including
diarrhea or constipation or a change in the
consistency of your stool
• Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool
• Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as
cramps, gas or pain
• A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty
completely
• Weakness or fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss
2. Stomach or gastric cancer begins in the mucus-
producing cells on the inside lining of the stomach
(adenocarcinoma). Adenocarcinoma is the most
common type of stomach cancer.
Signs and symptoms :

• Fatigue Stomach pain Weight loss

• Feeling bloated after eating
• Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
• Heartburn that is severe and persistent
• Nausea that is persistent and unexplained
• Vomiting that is persistent
3. Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or
erosion of the lining of the stomach. It can occur
suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic). A
bacteria that lives in the mucous lining of the
stomach; without treatment, the infection can
lead to ulcer and in some people, stomach cancer.
It can be caused by irritation due to excessive
alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of
certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-
inflammatory drugs.
Symptoms of gastritis vary among
individuals, and in many people there are no
symptoms.
• Nausea or recurrent upset stomach
• Abdominal bloating and pain
• Burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach
between meals or at night
• Hiccups
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting blood
• Black, tarry stools
4. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop
on the inside lining of your esophagus,
stomach and the upper portion of your small
intestine. The most common symptom of a
peptic ulcer is abdominal pain. Peptic ulcers
include:
Gastric ulcer - inside the stomach
Esophageal ulcers - that occur inside the hollow
tube (esophagus)
Duodenal ulcers that occur on the inside of the
upper portion of your small intestine (duodenum)
5. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) is a chronic digestive disease.
GERD occurs when stomach acid or,
occasionally, stomach content, flows
back into your food pipe (esophagus).
The backwash (reflux) irritates the
lining of your esophagus and causes
GERD.
GERD signs and symptoms include:
• A burning sensation in your chest
(heartburn), sometimes spreading to your
throat, along with a sour taste in your
mouth
• Chest pain and dry cough
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• Hoarseness or sore throat
• Regurgitation of food or sour liquid (acid
reflux)
8. Diarrhea not a disease but a symptom that
describes loose, watery stools that occur
more frequently than usual. You may also
experience abdominal cramps and a greater
volume of stool.
Acute diarrhea usually lasts for a few days
and is typically caused by a bacterial, viral or
parasitic infection of some sort.
Chronic diarrhea persists longer than does
acute diarrhea, generally longer than three
weeks.
How will you replace the lost water
in your body when you experience
diarrhea?

Through REHYDRATION a process

wherein lost water (dehydration) to
the body tissues and fluids
restored. Prompt rehydration is
imperative whenever dehydration
occurs from diarrhea. It can be
done by oral route or
administration of fluids.
9. Appendicitis is an inflammation of the
appendix, The appendix doesn't seem to
have a specific purpose.
A blockage in the lining of the appendix that
results in infection is the likely cause of
appendicitis. The bacteria multiply rapidly,
causing the appendix to become inflamed,
swollen and filled with pus. If not treated
promptly, the appendix can rupture.
10. Food poisoning, also called foodborne
illness, is illness caused by eating
contaminated food. Infectious organisms —
including bacteria, viruses and parasites —
or their toxins are the most common causes
of food poisoning.
Infectious organisms or their toxins can
contaminate food at any point of processing
or production. Contamination can also occur
at home if food is incorrectly handled or
cooked.
Food poisoning symptoms, which can start within
hours of eating contaminated food, often include
nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. Most often, food
poisoning is mild and resolves without treatment.
But some people need to go to the hospital.
GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. Where does digestion begin?
2. What tube connects the mouth and the
stomach?
3. What organ twists, squeezed and mixes the food?
4. What organ is responsible for the absorption of
nutrients?
5. What organ absorbs water from waste?
6. What organ temporarily stores waste?
7. Where does waste leave the body?
Prepared by:

Jennifer J Cadiz
PCSHS