worksheet

Date : 27-06-2025 STD 12 Science Maths Total Marks : 407

Que 1 (A) Answer the following question. [60]

1. Let f(x) = x3 -6x2 +15x + 3. Then:

a. f(x) > 0 for all x ∈ R.
b. f(x) > 0 for all x ∈ R.
c. f(x) is invertible.
d. None of these.
Ans :
c. f(x) is invertible
Solution:
f(x) = x3 - 6x2 +15x + 3
f'(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 15
= 3(x2 - 4x + 5)
= 3(x2 - 4x + 4 + 1)
2 1
= 3(x − 2) + > 0
3

Therefore, f(x) is strictly increasing function.

⇒ f -1(x) exists.
Hence, f(x) is an invertible function.
2. If the function f(x) = 2x2 - kx + 5 is increasing on [1, 2], then k lies in the interval:
a. (−∞, 4)

b. (4, ∞)

c. (−∞, 8)

d. (8, ∞)

Ans :
a. (−∞, 4)

Solution:
f(x) = 2x2 - kx + 5
f'(x) = 4x - k
f(x) is increasing
4x - k < 0 on [1, 2]
k < 4x
Minimum value of k is 4.
k<4
k ∈ (−∞, 4)

3.
is monotonically increasing when:
−1
−−
2
−−−
f(x) = 2x − tan − log {x + √x + 1 }

Page 1
 a. x > 0

b. x < 0

c. x ∈ R

d. x ∈ R − {0}

Ans :
c. x ∈ R

Solution:
−1
−−−−−
2
f(x) = 2x − tan − log {x + √x + 1 }

′ 1 1 2x
⇒ f (x) = 2 − 2
− (1 + )
1+x 2 2
x+ √x +1 2 √x +1

′ 1 1
⇒ f (x) = 2 − 2
−
1+x √x2 +1

2
′ 1+2x 1
⇒ f (x) = 2
−
1+x √x2 +1

2 2
1+2 x − √x +1
′
⇒ f (x) = 2
1+x

Function is increasing monotonically.

2 2
1+2 x − √x +1
⇒ 2
> 0
1+x

2
−−−−−
2
⇒ 1 + 2x − √x + 1 > 0

2
−−−−−
2
⇒ 1 + 2x > √x + 1

Squaring on both sides,

2 2
⇒ (1 + 2x ) > x +1

4 2
⇒ 4x + 3x > 0

For all x ∈ R

4. The function f(x) = cot

−1
x+x increases in the interval:
a. (1, ∞)

b. (−1, ∞)

c. (−∞, ∞)

d. (0, ∞)

Ans :
c. (−∞, ∞)

Solution:
−1
f(x) = cot x+x

′ −1
f (x) = 2
+1
1+x

f(x) is increasing,
−1
⇒ 2
+1 > 0
1+x

2
x
⇒ 2
> 0
1+x

Hence, f(x) is increasing on (−∞, ∞).

5. If the function f(x) = x2 - kx + 5 is increasing on [2, 4], then:

Page 2
 a. k ∈ (2, ∞)

b. k ∈ (−∞, 2)

c. k ∈ (4, ∞)

d. k ∈ (−∞, 4)

Ans :
d. k ∈ (−∞, 4)

Solution:
f(x) = x2 - kx + 5
f'(x) = 2x - k
Given: f(x) is increasing on [2, 4].
⇒ f'(x) > 0
⇒ 2x - k > 0
⇒ k < 2x
∵ x ∈ [2, 4], maximum value of k is 4, k < 4.
∴ k ∈ (−∞, 4)

6. Function f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 29 is monotonically decreasing when:

a. x<2
b. x>2
c. x>3
d. 1<x<2
Ans :
d. 1<x<2
Solution:
f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 29
⇒ f'(x) = 6x2 - 18x + 12
⇒ f'(x) = 6(x2 - 3x + 2)
⇒ f'(x) = 6(x - 1)(x - 2)
For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have
f'(x) < 0
⇒ 6(x - 1)(x - 2) < 0
⇒ (x - 1)(x - 2) < 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6(x - 1)(x - 2) < 0 ⇒ (x - 1)(x - 2) < 0]
⇒1<x<2
So, f(x) is decreasing for 1 < x < 2.
7.
The interval of increase of the function x
f(x) = x − e + tan (
2π

7
) is:
a. (0, ∞)

b. (−∞, 0)

c. (1, ∞)

Page 3
 d. (−∞, 1)

Ans :
b. (−∞, 0)

Solution:
x 2π
f(x) = x − e + tan ( )
7

f'(x) = 1 - ex
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 1 - ex > 0
⇒ ex < 1
⇒x<0
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 0)

So, f(x) is increasing on (−∞, 0).

8. Function f(x) = ax is increasing on R, if:

a. a>0
b. a<0
c. 0<a<1
d. a>1
Ans :
d. a>1
Solution:
x
f(x) = a

′ x
f (x) = a log a

Given: f(x) is increasing on R.

′
⇒ f (x) > 0

x
⇒ a log a > 0

x
⇒ a > 0

(Logarithmic function is defined for positive value of a)

We know,
x
⇒ a log a > 0

It can be possible when a > 0 and log a > 0 or a < 0 and log a < 0
x x

(Not possible, logarithmic function is defined for positive value of a)

⇒ log a > 0

⇒ a > 1

So, f(x) is increasing when a > 1.

9. If the function f(x) = 2 tan x + (2a + 1) log e | sec x| + (a − 2)x is increasing on R, then:

a. a ∈ (
1

2
, ∞)

Page 4
 b. a ∈ ( −
1

2
,
1

2
)

c. a =
1

d. a ∈ R

Ans :
c. a =
1

Solution:
f(x) = 2 tan x + (2a + 1) log e | sec x| + (a − 2)x

If sec x > 0

′ 2 1
⇒ f (x) = 2 sec x + (2a + 1) sec x tan x + (a − 2)
sec x

′ 2
⇒ f (x) = 2 sec x + (2a + 1) tan x + (a − 2)

Function is increasing
2
= 2 sec x + (2a + 1) tan x + (a − 2) > 0

2
⇒ 2(1 + tan x) + (2a + 1) tan x + (a − 2) > 0

2
⇒ 2 tan x + (2a + 1) tan x + a > 0

2
⇒ (2a + 1) − 4 × 2a < 0

⇒ (2a − 1)
2
< 0 which is not possible.
2
⇒ (2a − 1) = 0

1
⇒ a =
2

10. The Function f(x) =

λ+sin x+2 cos x
is increasing, if:
sin x+cos x

a. λ < 1

b. λ > 1

c. λ < 2

d. λ > 2

Ans :
d. λ > 2

Solution:
λ+sin x+2 cos x
f(x) =
sin x+cos x

2 2
⇒ f(x) = (λ − 2) sin x + (λ − 2) cos x > 0

Using identity ⇒ λ−2 > 0

⇒ λ > 2

11. The function f(x) = 2 log(x − 2) − x 2

+ 4x + 1 increases on the interval:
a. (1, 2)
b. (2, 3)
c. (1, 3)
d. (2, 4)
Ans :
b. (1, 3)

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 Solution:
Given, f(x) = 2 log(x − 2) − x 2
+ 4x + 1

Domain of f(x) is (2, ∞).

′ 2
f (x) = − 2x + 4
x−2

2
2−2 x +4x+4x−8
=
x−2

2
−2 x +8x−6
=
x−2

2
−2(x −4x+3)
=
x−2

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

′
f (x) > 0

2
−2(x −4x+3)
⇒ > 0
x−2

2
⇒ x − 4x + 3 < 0 [∵ x(x − 2) > 0 & − 2 < 0]

⇒ (x − 1)(x − 3) < 0

⇒ 1 < x < 3

⇒ x ∈ (1, 3)

Also, the domain of f(x) is (2, ∞).

⇒ x ∈ (1, 3) ∩ (2, ∞)

⇒ x ∈ (1, 3)

12. Function f(x) = log a

x is increasing on R, if:
a. 0<a<1
b. a>1
c. a<1
d. a>0
Ans :
b. a>1
Solution:
log x
f(x) = log a x =
log a

′ 1
f (x) =
x log a

Given: f(x) is increasing on R.

′
⇒ f (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

1
⇒ > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
x log a

⇒ a > 1

13. If the function f(x) = kx3 - 9x2 + 9x + 3 is monotonically increasing in

every interval, then:
a. k < 3k < 3

b. k ≤ 3k ≤ 3

c. k > 3k > 3

d. k ≥ 3

Page 6
 Ans :
c. k > 3k > 3
Solution:
f(x) = kx3 - 9x2 + 9x + 3
f'(x) = kx2 - 27
= 3(x2 - 9)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 3(x2 - 9) > 0
⇒ (x2 - 9) > 0 [Since, 3 > 0, 3(x2 - 9) > 0 ⇒ (x2 - 9) > 0]
⇒ (x + 3)(x - 3) > 0
⇒ x < -3 or x > 3
⇒ |x| > 3
14. Function f(x) = x3 - 27x + 5 is monotonically increasing when:
a. x < −3

b. |x| > 3

c. x ≤ −3

d. |x| ≥ 3

Ans :
b. |x| ≥ 3

Solution:
f(x) = 3x2 - 27x
⇒ f'(x) = x3 - 27x + 5
⇒ f'(x) = 3(x2 - 9)
Function is increasing,
2
3(x − 9) ≥ 0

2
⇒ x ≥ 9

⇒ |x| ≥ 3

15. Let f(x) = x

3 2
+ ax + bx + 5 sin
2
x be an increasing function on R. Then, a and b
satisfy:
a. a2 - 3b - 15 > 0
b. a2 - 3b + 15 > 0
c. a2 - 3b + 15 < 0
d. a < 0 and b > 0
Ans :
c. a2 - 3b + 15 < 0

Page 7
 Solution:
3 2 2
f(x) = x + ax + bx + 5 sin x

′ 2
f (x) = 3x + 2ax + (b + 5 sin 2x)

Given, f(x) is increasing on R.

′
⇒ f (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

2
⇒ 3x + 2ax + (b + 5 sin 2x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

Since, the quadratic function is > 0, its discriminant is < 0.

2
⇒ (2a) − 4(3)(b + 5 sin 2x) < 0

2
⇒ 4a − 12b − 60 sin 2x < 0

2
⇒ a − 3b − 15 sin 2x < 0

We know that the minimum value of sin 2x is -1.

2
∴ a − 3b − 15 < 0

16. If f(x) = tan −1

(g(x)), where g(x) is monotonically increasing for 0 < x <
π
. Then,
2

f(x) is:
a. Increasing on (0,
π

2
)

b. Decreasing on (0,
π

2
)

c. Increasing on (0,
π

4
) and decreasing on (
π

4
,
π

2
)

d. None of these.
Ans :
a. Increasing on (0,
π

2
)

Solution:

Given: g(x) is increasing on (0,

π

2
). Then,
π
x1 < x2 , ∀ x1 < x2 ∈ (0, )
2

⇒ g(x1 ) < g(x2 )

Taking tan
−1
on both sides, we get
−1 −1
⇒ tan (g(x1 )) < tan (g(x2 ))

π
⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, )
2

So, f(x) is increasing on (0,

π

2
).

17. Function f(x) = |x| - |x - 1| is monotonically increasing when:

a. x<0
b. x>1
c. x<1
d. 0<x<1
Ans :
d. 0<x<1

Page 8
 Solution:
f(x) = |x| - |x - 1|
Case I:
Let x < 0
If x < 0, then |x| = -x
⇒ |x - 1| = -(x - 1)
Now,
f(x) = |x| - |x - 1|
= -x - (-x + 1)
= -x + x - 1
= -1
f'(x) = 0
So, f(x) is not monotonically increasing when x < 0.
Case II:
Let x < 0 < 1
Here,
|x| = x
⇒ |x - 1| = -(x - 1)
Now,
f(x) = |x| - |x - 1|
= x + x -1
= 2x - 1
18. The function f(x) =
x

1+|x|
is:
a. Stritcly increasing.
b. Stritcly decreasing.
c. Neither increasing nor decreasing.
d. None of these.
Ans :
a. Stritcly increasing.
Solution:
x
f(x) =
1+|x|

Case I:
When x > 0, |x| = x
x
f(x) =
1+|x|

x
=
1+x

(1+x)1−x(1)
′
⇒ f (x) = 2
(1+x)

1
= 2
> 0, ∀ x ∈ R
(1+x)

So, f(x) is strictly increasing when x > 0.

Case II:

Page 9
 When x < 0, |x| = -x
x
f(x) =
1+|x|

x
=
1+x

(1−x)1−x(−1)
′
⇒ f (x) = 2
(1−x)

1
= 2
> 0, ∀ x ∈ R
(1−x)

So, f(x) is strictly increasing when x < 0.

Thus, f(x) is strictly increasing on R.
19. If the function f(x) = x3 - 9kx2 + 27x + 30 is increasing on R, then:
a. −1 ≤ k ≤ 1

b. k < -1 or k > 1
c. 0<k<1
d. -1 < k < 0
Ans :
a. −1 ≤ k ≤ 1

Solution:
f(x) = x3 - 9kx2 + 27x + 30
⇒ f'(x) = 3x3 - 18kx + 27
⇒ 3(x2 - 6kx + 9)
Function is always increasing on R.
3(x2 - 6kx + 9) > 0
x2 - 6kx + 9 > 0
In ax2 + bx + c = 0 if a > 0 ⇒ b2 - 4ac < 0
36k2 - 36 < 0
k2 - 1 < 0
(k + 1)(k - 1) < 0
⇒ -1 < k < 1
20. The function f(x) = x2e-x is monotonic increasing when:
a. x ∈ R − [0, 2]

b. 0 < x < 2

c. 2 < x < ∞

d. x < 0

Ans :
b. 0 < x < 2

Solution:
f(x) = x2e-x
⇒ f'(x) = -x2e-x + 2xe-x

Page 10
 ⇒ f'(x) = -e-xx(x - 2)
Given that function is monotonically increasing.
-e-xx(x - 2) > 0
x(x - 2) < 0
0<x<2
21. Let ϕ(x) = f(x) + f(2a − x) and f'(x) > 0 for all x ∈ [0, a]. Then, ϕ(x) :
a. Increases on [0, a]
b. Decreases on [0, a]
c. Increases on [-a, 0]
d. Decreases on [a, 2a]
Ans :
b. Decreases on [0, a]
Solution:
ϕ(x) = f(x) + f(2a − x)

′ ′ ′
ϕ (x) = f (x) − f (2a − x)

′′
f (x) > 0 as ′
f (x) > 0

Considering x ∈ [0, a]

x ≤ 2a − x

′
f (x) ≤ f(2a − x)

Also, ϕ(x) = f (x) − f (2a − x)

′ ′

ϕ(x) is decreasing on [0, a]

22. In the interval (1, 2), function f(x) = 2|x - 1| + 3|x - 2| is:
a. Monotonically increasing.
b. Monotonically decreasing.
c. Not monotonic.
d. Constant.
Ans :
b. Monotonically decreasing.
Solution:
f(x) = 2|x - 1| + 3|x - 2|
x ∈ (1, 2)

x > 1 and x < 2

⇒ x - 1 > 0 and x - 2 < 0
⇒ f(x) = 2|x - 1| + 3|x - 2|
⇒ f(x) = 2(x - 1) - 3(x - 2)
⇒ f(x) = 2x - 2 - 3x + 6
⇒ f(x) = -x + 4
⇒ f'(x) = -1
Hence, function is monotonically decreasing.

Page 11
23. The function f(x) = x9 + 3x7 + 64 is increasing on:
a. R

b. (−∞, 0)

c. (0, ∞)

d. R0

Ans :
a. R

Solution:
9 7
f(x) = x + 3x + 64

′ 8 6
f (x) = 9x + 21x > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

So, f(x) is increasing on R.

24. In the interval (1, 2), function f(x) = 2|x - 1| + 3|x - 2| is:
a. Increasing.
b. Decreasing.
c. Constant.
d. None of these.
Ans :
b. Decreasing.
Solution:
f(x) = 2|x - 1| + 3|x - 2|
In the interval (1, 2)
⇒ |x -1| = x - 1 and |x - 2| = -(x - 2)
⇒ f(x) = 2(x - 1) - 3(x - 2)
⇒ f(x) = -x + 4
⇒ f'(x) = -1
⇒ function is decreasing on (1, 2).
25. The function f(x) = xx decreases on the interval:
a. (0, e)
b. (0, e)

c. (0,
1

e
)

d. None of these
Ans :

c. (0,
1

e
)

Solution:
Given, f(x) = x x

Applying log with base e on both sides, we get

log(f(x)) = x log e x

Page 12
 ′
f (x)
= 1 + log e x
f(x)

′
f (x) = f(x)(1 + log e x)

x
= x (1 + log e x)

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

′
f (x) < 0

x
⇒ x (1 + log e x) < 0

Here, logarithmic function is defined for positive values of x.

x
⇒ x > 0

⇒ 1 + log e x < 0

x
[Since x (1 + log e x) < 0 ⇒ 1 + log e x < 0]

⇒ log e x < −1

−1 N
⇒ x < e [ ∵ log a x < N ⇒ a for a > 1]

Here,
e > 1

⇒ log e x < −1

−1
⇒ x < e

−1
⇒ x ∈ (0, e )

So, f(x) is decreasing on (0,

1

e
).

26. Function f(x) = cos x − 2λx is monotonic decreasing when:

a. λ >
1

b. λ <
1

c. λ < 2

d. λ > 2

Ans :
c. λ >
1

Solution:
f(x) = cos x − 2λx

′
f (x) = − sin x − 2λ

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

′
f (x) < 0

⇒ − sin x − 2λ < 0

⇒ sin x + 2λ > 0

⇒ 2λ > − sin x

We know that the maximum value of − sin x is 1.

⇒ 2λ > 1

1
⇒ λ >
2

27. −−−−−
The function f(x) = log e ( x
3 6
+ √x + 1 ) is of the following type:

Page 13
 a. Even and increasing.
b. Odd and increasing.
c. Even and decreasing.
d. Odd and decreasing.
Ans :
b. Odd and increasing.
Solution:
3
−−−−−
6
f(x) = log e ( x + √x + 1 )

3
−−−−−
6
⇒ f(−x) = log e ( − x + √x + 1 )

3 6 3 6
(− x + √x +1)( x + √x +1)

= log e { }
3 6
x + √x +1

6 6
x +1− x
= log e ( )
3 6
x + √x +1

1
= log e ( )
3 6
x + √x +1

3
−−−−−
= − log e ( x + √x6 + 1 )

= −f(x)

Hence, f(-x) = -f(x)

Therefore, it is an odd function.
3
−−
6
−−−
f(x) = log e ( x + √x + 1 )

d 1 2 1 5
{f(x)} = ( ) × (3x + × 6x )
dx 3 6 6
x + √x +1 2 √x +1

2 6 5
6 x √x +1+6 x
1
= ( ) ×( )
3 6 6
x + √x +1 2 √x +1

2 6 3
6 x ( √x +1+ x )
1
= ( ) ×{ }
3 6 6
x + √x +1 2 √x +1

2
6x
= ( ) > 0
6
2 √x +1

Therefore the given function is an increasing function.

28. If the function f(x) = cos |x| − 2ax + b increases along entire number scale, then:
a. a = b

b. a =
1

2
b

c. a ≤ −
1

d. a > −
3

Ans :
c. a ≤ −
1

Solution:
Given:

Page 14
 f(x) = cos |x| − 2ax + b

Now, |x| = {
x, x ≥ 0

−x, x < 0

And
cos(x), x ≥ 0
cos |x| = {
cos(−x) = cos(x), x < 0

∴ cos |x| = cos x, ∀ x ∈ R

∴ f(x) = cos x − 2ax + b

′
⇒ f (x) = − sin x − 2a

It is given that f(x) is increasing.

′
⇒ f (x) ≥ 0

⇒ − sin x − 2a ≥ 0

⇒ sin x + 2a ≤ 0

⇒ 2a ≤ − sin x

The least value of − sin x is -1.

⇒ 2a ≤ −1

−1
⇒ a ≤
2

29.
If the function f(x) =
−x

2
+ sin x defined on [
−π

3
,
π

3
] is:
a. Increasing.
b. Decreasing.
c. Constant.
d. None of these.
Ans :
a. Increasing.
Solution:

f(x) =
−x

2
+ sin x defined on [
−π

3
,
π

3
]

′ −1
∴ f (x) = + cos x
2

′ −π π
⇒ f (x) ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ [ , ]
3 3

−π −π 1
[ ∵ for x ∈ [ , ], cos ≥ ]
3 3 2

Hence, the given function is increasing.

30. Every invertible function is:
a. Monotonic function.
b. Constant function.
c. Identity function.
d. Not necessarily monotonic function.
Ans :
a. Monotonic function.
Solution:

Page 15
 We know that "every invertible function is a monotonic function".

Que 2 (A) Solve the following Question [38]

31.
Show that f(x) = sin x is an increasing function on (
−π

2
,
π

2
).

Ans : f(x) = sin x

′ −π π
f (x) = cos x > 0 ∀ x ∈ ( , )
2 2

[∵ Cos function is positive in first and fourth quadrant]

So, f(x) is increasing on (

−π

2
,
π

2
).

32.
Show that f(x) = x
2
− x sin x is an increasing function on (0,
π

2
).

Ans : We have,
2
f(x) = x − x sin x

′
∴ f (x) = 2x − sin x − x cos x

Now,
π
x ∈ (0, )
2

⇒ 0 ≤ sin x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ cos x ≤ 1

⇒ 2x − sin x − x cos x > 0

′
⇒ f (x) ≥ 0

So, f(x) is strictly increasing function on (0,

π

2
).

33. Show that f(x) = x + cos x − a is an increasing function on R for all values of a.
Ans : We have,
f(x) = x + cos x − a

2
′ 2 cos x
∴ f (x) = 1 − sin x =
2

Now,
x ∈ R

2
cos x
⇒ > 0
2

2
2 cos x
⇒ > 0
2

′
⇒ f (x) > 0

Hence, f(x) is an increasing function for x ∈ R.

34. Show that f(x) = log a x, 0 < a < 1 is a decreasing function for all x > 0.
Ans : f(x) = log a x

log x
=
log a

′ 1
f (x) =
x log a

Since, 0 < a < 1 and ′

f (x) =
1

x log a
< 0.

Hence, f(x) is decreasing function for all x > 0.

Page 16
35. Prove that the function f(x) = cos x is:
Neither increasing nor decreasing in (0, 2π)

Ans : f(x) = cos x

′
f (x) = − sin x

′
⇒ f (x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ (0, π) . . . . (1)

′
⇒ f (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ (π, 2π) . . . . (2)

From eqs. (1) and (2), we get

f(x) is strictly decreasing on (0, π) and is strictly increasing on (π, 2π).

So, f(x) Neither increasing nor decreasing on (0, 2π).

36. Prove that the following function are increasing on R.

f(x) = 3x5 + 40x3 + 240x

Ans : f(x) = 3x5 + 40x3 + 240x

f'(x) = 15x4 + 120x2 + 240
= 15(x4 + 8x2 +16)
2 2 2 2
= 15(x + 4) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R [∵ 15 > 0 and (x + 4) > 0]

So, f(x) increasing on R.

37. Let f defined on [0, 1] be twice differentiable such that ′
|f (x)| ≤ 1 for all
x ∈ [0, 1]. If f(0) = f(1), then show that ′
|f (x)| < 1 for all x ∈ [0, 1].

Ans : If a function is continuous and differentiable and f(0) = f(1) in given domain
x ∈ [0, 1],

Then by Rolle's theorem:

f'(x) = 0 for some x ∈ [0, 1]

Given: |f (x)| ≤ 1
′

On integrating boty sides we get,

′
|f (x)| ≤ x

Now, within interval x ∈ [0, 1]

We get, |f (x)| < 1. ′

38. Show that f(x) = x3 - 15x2 + 75x - 50 is an increasing function for all x ∈ R.

Ans : f(x) = x3 - 15x2 + 75x - 50

f'(x) = 3x2 - 30x + 75
= 3(x2 - 10x + 25)
= 3(x − 5)
2
Square of any function is always greater than zero]
> 0, ∀ x ∈ R [∵

So, f(x) is an increasing function for all x ∈ R.

39. State whether f(x) = tan x − x is increasing or decreasing its domain.
Ans : f(x) = tan x − x

Page 17
 ′ 2
f (x) = sec x−1

2
tan x ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ [0, 2π]

So, f(x) is increasing in its domain.

40. If g (x) is a decreasing function on R and f(x) = tan
−1
[g(x)]. State whether f(x) is
increasing or decreasing on R.
Ans : Given: g(x) is decreasing on R.
⇒ x1 < x2

⇒ g(x1 ) > g(x2 )

Applying tan
−1
on both sides we get,
−1 −1
⇒ tan {g(x1 )} > tan {g(x2 )}

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 )

41. Prove that the function f(x) = cos x is:

Strictly decreasing in (0, π).

Ans : f(x) = cos x

′
f (x) = − sin x

Here,
0 < x < π

⇒ sin x > 0 [∵ sine function is positive in first and second quadrent]

⇒ − sin x < 0

′
⇒ f (x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ (0, π)

So, f(x) is strictly decreasing on (0, π).

42. Prove that the following function are increasing on R.

f(x) = 4x3 + 18x2 + 27x - 27

Ans : f(x) = 4x3 + 18x2 + 27x - 27

⇒ f'(x) = 12x2 + 36x + 27
⇒ f'(x) = 3(4x2 - 12x +9)
′ 2
⇒ f (x) = 3(2x − 3) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

So, f(x) increasing on R.

43. Show that f(x) = tan x is an increasing function on (
−π
,
π
).
2 2

Ans : We have,
f(x) = tan x

′ 2
∴ f (x) = sec x

Now,
−π π
x ∈ ( )
2 2

2
⇒ sec x > 0

Page 18
 ′
⇒ f (x) > 0

Hence, f(x) is increasing function on (

−π

2
,
π

2
).

44. Prove that the function f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 12x - 18 is increasing on R.

Ans : f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 12x - 18

f'(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 12
= 3(x2 - 4x + 4)
2 2
= 3(x − 2) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ R [3 > 0 &(x − 2) ≥ 0]

So, f(x) is increasing on R.

45. Find the value(s) of a for which f(x) = x3 - ax is an increasing function on R.

Ans : f(x) = x3 − ax
f'(x) = 3x2 − a
Given: f(x) is increasing on R.
′
⇒ f (x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R

2
⇒ 3x −a ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R

2
⇒ a ≤ 3x ∀ x ∈ R

The least value of 3x2 is 0.

∴ a ≤ 0

46. Prove that the function f(x) = cos x is:

Strictly increasing in (π, 2π)

Ans : f(x) = cos x

′
f (x) = − sin x

Here,
π < x < 2π

⇒ sin x < 0 [∵ sine function is negative in third and fourth quadrent]

⇒ − sin x > 0

′
⇒ f (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ (π, 2π)

So, f(x) is strictly decreasing on (π, 2π).

47. Prove that the function f(x) = log e x is increasing on (0, ∞).

Ans : Let x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞) such that x1 < x2. Then

x1 < x2
Implies that log e
x1 < log e x2

Implies that f(x1) < f(x2)

∴ x1 < x2 Implies that f(x1 ) < f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞)

Therefore, f(x) is increasing on (0, ∞)

Page 19
48. Write the set of values of a for which the function f(x) = ax + b is decreasing for
all x ∈ R.
Ans : f(x) = ax + b
f'(x) = a
For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have
f'(x) < 0
⇒a<0
⇒ a ∈ (−∞, 0)

49. Find the values of b for which the function f(x) = sin x − bx + c is a decreasing
function on R.
Ans : f(x) = sin x − bx + c

′
f (x) = cos x − b

Given: f(x) is decreasing on R.

′
⇒ f (x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ R

⇒ cos x − b < 0 ∀ x ∈ R

⇒ cos x < b, ∀ x ∈ R

⇒ b ≥ 1 [∵ − 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1]

Que 3 (A) Solve the following Question [99]

50. Show that f(x) = e

1

x ,x ≠ 0 is a decreasing function for all x ≠ 0.

Ans : We have,
1

f(x) = e x ,x ≠ 0

1
′ −1
f (x) = e x ×( 2
)
x

′ e x
∴ f (x) = − 2
x

Now,
x ∈ R, x ≠ 0

1
1
⇒ 2
> 0 and e x > 0
x

e x
⇒ 2
> 0
x

e x
⇒ − 2
< 0
x

′
⇒ f (x) < 0

Hence, f(x) is decreasing function for all x ≠ 0.

51. Find the set of values of 'a' for which f(x) = x + cos x + ax + b is increasing on R.
Ans : f(x) = x + cos x + ax + b

′
f (x) = 1 − sin x + a

For f(x) to be increasing we must have

′
f (x) > 0

Page 20
 ⇒ 1 − sin x + a > 0

⇒ sin x < 1 + a

We know that the maximum value of sin x is 1.

⇒ 1+a > 1

⇒ a > 0

⇒ a ∈ (0, ∞)

52. Show that the function f given by f(x) = 10

x
is increasing for all x.
Ans : We have,
x
f(x) = 10

′ x
∴ f (x) = 10 × log 10

Now,
x ∈ R

x
⇒ 10 > 0

x
⇒ 10 log 10 > 0

′
⇒ f (x) > 0

Hence, f(x) in an increasing function for all x.

53. Show that f(x) = tan
−1
x−x is a decreasing function on R.

Ans : f(x) = tan

−1
x−x

′ 1
f (x) = 2
−1
1+x

2
1−1−x
= 2
1+x

2
−x
= 2
1+x

We know,
2 2
x ≥ 0, 1 + x > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

2
−x
∴ 2
< 0, ∀ x ∈ R
1+x

′
⇒ f (x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ R

Hence, f(x) is decreasing on R.

54. Show that f(x) = (x - 1)ex + 1 is an increasing function for all x > 0.

Ans : f(x) = (x - 1)ex + 1

f'(x) = (x - 1)ex + ex
= xex - ex + ex
= xex
Given: x > 0
We know,
ex > 0
⇒ xex > 0

Page 21
 ⇒ f'(x) > 0, for all x > 0
So, f(x) is increasing on for all x > 0.
55. Find the values of 'a' for which hte function f(x) = sin x − ax + 4 is increasing
function on R.
Ans : f(x) = sin x − ax + 4

′
f (x) = cos x − a

Given: f(x) is increasing on R.

′
⇒ f > cos x − a

⇒ cos x > a

We know,
cos x ≥ −1, ∀ x ∈ R

⇒ a < −1

⇒ a ∈ (−∞, −1)

56.
Show that f(x) = cos
2
x is a decreasing function on (0,
π

2
).

Ans : We have,
2
f(x) = cos x

′
∴ f (x) = 2 cos x(− sin x)

′
⇒ f (x) = −2 sin x cos x

′
⇒ f (x) = − sin 2x

Now,
π
x ∈ (0, )
2

⇒ 2x ∈ (0, π)

⇒ sin 2x > 0 when 2x ∈ (0, π)

⇒ − sin 2x < 0

′
⇒ f (x) < 0

So, f(x) is decreasing function on (0,

π

2
).

57. Prove that the function f(x) = log e x is increasing on (0, ∞) if a > 1 and decreasing
on (0, ∞) if 0 < a < 1.
Ans : Case I:
When a > 1

Let x 1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞)

We have
x1 < x2

⇒ log a x1 < log a x2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

Thus, f(x) is increasing on (0, ∞)

Case II:

Page 22
 When 0 < a < 1

log x
f(x) = log a x =
log a

When a < 1 ⇒ log a

< 0

Let x < x
1 2

⇒ log x1 < log x2

log x1 log x2
⇒ > [∵ log a < 0]
log log
a a

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 )

So, f(x) is increasing on (0, ∞).

58.
Write the interval in which f(x) = sin x + cos x, x ∈ [0,
π

2
] is increasing.

Ans : f(x) = sin x + cos x, x ∈ [0,

π

2
]

′
f (x) = cos x − sin x

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

′
f (x) > 0

⇒ cos x − sin x > 0

⇒ sin x < cos x

sin x
⇒ < 1
cos x

⇒ tan x < 1

π
⇒ x ∈ [0, )
4

59. Write the set of values of k for which f(x) = kx − sin x is increasing on R.
Ans : f(x) = kx − sin x

′
f (x) = k − cos x

For, f(x) to be increasing, we must have

′
f (x) > 0

⇒ k − cos x > 0

⇒ cos x < k

We know that the maximum value of cos x is 1.

Since cos x < k, the minimum value of k is 1.
⇒ k ∈ (1, ∞)

60. Show that f(x) = x − sin x is increasing for all x ∈ R.

Ans : f(x) = x − sin x

′
f (x) = 1 − cos x

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

′
f (x) > 0

⇒ 1 − cos x > 0

′
⇒ f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R [∵ cos x ≤ 1]

So, f(x) is increasing for all x ∈ R.

Page 23
61.
Show that f(x) = log sin x is increasing on (0,
π

2
) and decreasing on (
π

2
, π).

Ans : f(x) = log sin x

′ 1
f (x) = cos x = cot x
sin x

In interval (0,
π

2
′
), f (x) = cot x > 0.

∴ f is strictly increasing in (0,

π

2
).

In interval (
π

2
′
, π), f (x) = cot x < 0.

∴ f is strictly decreasing in (
π

2
, π).

62. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 6+ 12x + 3x2 - 2x3

Ans : f(x) = 6+ 12x + 3x2 - 2x3

f'(x) = 12 + 6x - 6x2
= -6(x2 - x - 2)
= -6(x - 2)(x + 1)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ -6(x - 2)(x + 1) > 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x + 1) < 0
[Since, -6 < 0, -6(x - 2)(x + 1) > 0 ⇒ (x - 2)(x + 1) < 0]
⇒ -1 < x < 2
⇒ x ∈ (−1, 2)

So, f(x) is increasing on (-1, 2).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,
f'(x) < 0
⇒ -6(x - 2)(x + 1) < 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x + 1) < 0
[Since, -6 < 0, -6(x - 2)(x + 1) > 0 ⇒ (x - 2)(x + 1) > 0]
⇒ x < -1 or x > 2
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (2, ∞)

So, f(x) is decreasing on (−∞, −1) ∪ (2, ∞).

63. Prove that the function f given by f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x is strictly increasing on R.

Ans : f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x

f'(x) = 3x2 - 6x + 4
= 3(x2 - 2x) + 4
= 3(x2 - 2x + 1) - 3 + 4

Page 24
 2
= 2(x − 1) + 1 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

Hence, f(x) is strictly increasing on R.

64. Prove that the function f given by f(x) = x - [x] is increasing in (0, 1).
Ans : f(x) = x - [x]
Let x1 , x2 ∈ (0, 1) such that x1 < x2. Then
[x1] = [x2] = 0 ....(1)
Now,
x1 < x2
⇒ x1 - [x1] < x2 - [x2] [From eq. (1)]
⇒ f(x1) < f(x2)
∴ x1 < x2
⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, 1)

Hence, f(x) is increasing on (0, 1).

65. Write the set of values of a for which 2
f(x) = cos x + a x + b is strictly increasing
on R.
Ans : f(x) = cos x + a x + b
2

′ 2
f (x) = a − sin x

Given: f(x) is strictly increasing on R.

′
⇒ f (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

2
⇒ a − sin x > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

2
⇒ a > sin x, ∀ x ∈ R

We know that the maximum value of sin x is 1.

Since, a 2
> sin x, a
2
is always greater than 1.
2
⇒ a > 1

2
⇒ a −1 > 0

⇒ (a + 1)(a − 1) > 0

⇒ a ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)

66. Without using the derivative, show that the function f(x) = |x| is
a. Strictly increasing in (0, ∞)

b. Strictly decreasing in (−∞, 0)

Ans : We have,
x, x > 0
f(x) = |x| = {
-x, x < 0

a. Let x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞) and x1 > x2

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 )

So, f(x) is increasing in (0, ∞).

b. Let x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 0) and x1 > x2

Page 25
 ⇒ −x1 < −x2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

So, f(x) is decreasing on (−∞, 0).

67.
Determine whether is a increasing or decreasing on
−π −π π
f(x) = + sin x ( , ).
2 3 3

Ans : f(x) =
−π

2
+ sin x

′ −1
f (x) = + cos x
2

Here,
−π π
< x <
3 3

1
⇒ cos x >
2

−1
⇒ + cos x > 0
2

′ −π π
⇒ f (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ ( , )
3 3

So, f(x) is increasing on (

−π

3
,
π

3
).

68. Without using the derivative show that the function f(x) = 7x - 3 is strictly
increasing function on R.
Ans : Here,
f(x) = 7x − 3

Let x1 , x2 ∈ R such that x1 < x2 . Then,

x1 < x2

⇒ 7x1 < 7x2 [∵ 7 > 0]

⇒ 7x1 − 3 < 7x2 − 3

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

∴ x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ R

So, f(x) is strictly increasing on R.

69. Prove that f(x) = ax + b, where a, b are constants and a < 0 is an decreasing
function on R.
Ans : Here,
f(x) = ax + b
Let x , x ∈ R such that x1 < x2.
1 2

Then,
x1 < x2
⇒ ax1 > ax2 (∵ a < 0)

⇒ ax1 + b > ax2 + b

⇒ f(x1) > f(x2)
Thus, x1 < x2
⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ R

So, f(x) is decreasing on R.

Page 26
70. Find the intervals in which f(x) is increasing or decreasing:
f(x) = x|x|, x ∈ R

Ans : f(x) = x|x|, x ∈ R

Case I:
When x ≥ 0

2
f(x) = x|x| = x(x) = x

′
⇒ f (x) = 2x ≥ 0 ∀ x ≥ 0

So, f(x) is increasing for x ≥ 0.

Case II:
When x < 0

2
f(x) = x|x| = x(−x) = −x

′
⇒ f (x) = −2x ≥ 0 ∀ x < 0

So, f(x) is increasing for x < 0.

Hence f(x) is increasing for x ∈ R.
71. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = x3 - 6x2 - 36x + 2

Ans : f(x) = x3 - 6x2 - 36x + 2

∴ f'(x) = 3x2 - 12x - 36
Critical point
f'(x) = 0
⇒ 3(x2 - 4x - 12) = 0
⇒ (x - 6)(x + 2) = 0
⇒ x = 6, -2
Clearly, f'(x) > 0 if x < -2 and x > 6
f'(x) < 0 if -2x < x < 6
Thus, f(x) increases in (−∞, −2) ∪ (6, ∞), decreases in (-2, 6).
72. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = x8 + 6x2
Ans : We have
f(x) = x8 + 6x2
∴ f'(x) = 8x7 + 12x
Critical points
f'(x) = 0
⇒ 8x7 + 12x = 0
⇒ 4x(2x6 + 3) = 0
⇒x=0
Clearly, f'(x) > 0 if x < 0

Page 27
 f'(x) < 0 if x < 0
Thus, f(x) increases in (0, ∞), decreases in (−∞, 0).

73. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x - 5
Ans : We have,
f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x - 5
∴ f'(x) = 6x2 - 18x + 12
Critical points
f'(x) = 0
⇒ 6(x2 - 3x + 2) = 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x - 1) = 0
⇒ x = 2, 1
Clearly, f'(x) > 0 if x < 1 and x > 6
f'(x) < 0 if 1 < x < 2
Thus, f(x) increases in (−∞, 1) ∪ (2, ∞), decreases in (1, 2).
74. Find 'a' for which f(x) = a(x + sin x) + a is increasing on R.
Ans : f(x) = a(x + sin x) + a

′
f (x) = a(1 + cos x)

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

′
f (x) > 0

⇒ a(1 + cos x) > 0 . . . . (1)

We know,
−1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1, ∀ x ∈ R

⇒ 0 ≤ (1 + cos x) ≤ 2, ∀ x ∈ R

∴ a > 0 [From eq. (1)]

⇒ a ∈ (0, ∞)

75. Prove that f(x) = ax + b, where a, b are constants and a > 0 is an increasing
function on R.
Ans : Here,
f(x) = ax + b
Let x1 , x2 ∈ R such that x1 < x2. Then,
x1 < x2
⇒ ax1 < ax2 [∵ a > 0]

⇒ ax1 + b < ax2 + b

⇒ f(x1) < f(x2)
∴ x1 < x2

Page 28
 ⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ), ∀x1 , x2 ∈ R

So, f(x) is increasing on R.

76. Find the intervals in which f(x) is increasing or decreasing:
f(x) = sin x + | sin x|, 0 < x ≤ 2π

Ans : f(x) = sin x + | sin x|, 0 < x ≤ 2π

Case I:
When x ∈ (0, π)

f(x) = sin x + sin x = 2 sin x

′
⇒ f (x) = 2 cos x

As, cos x > 0 for x ∈ (0,

π

2
) and cos x < 0 for x ∈ (
π

2
, π)

So, f (x) > 0 for

′
x ∈ (0,
π

2
) and ′
f (x) < 0 for x ∈ (
π

2
, π)

∴ f(x) is increasing on (0,

π

2
) and f(x) is decreasing on (
π

2
, π).

Case II:
When x ∈ (π, 2π)

f(x) = sin x − sin x = 0

′
⇒ f (x) = 0

∴ f(x) is neither increasing nor decreasing on (π, 2π).

77. State when a function f(x) is said to be increasing on an interval [a, b]. Test
whether the function f(x) = x2 - 6x + 3 is increasing on the interval [4, 6].
Ans : A function f(x) is said to be increasing on an interval [a, b] if it is increasing at
x = a and x = b.
Here,
f(x) = x2 - 6x + 3
f'(x) = 2x - 6
f'(x) = 2(x - 3)
Now, f'(4) = 2(4 - 3)
=2
∴ f'(4) > 0
So, f(x) is increasing on x = 4
f'(6) = 2(6 - 3)
=6
∴ f'(6) > 0
So, f(x) is increasing on x = 6
Hence, f(x) is increasing on [4, 6].
78. Show that f(x) =
1
is decreasing function on (0, ∞).
x

Ans : We have,
1
f(x) =
x

Page 29
 Let, x 1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞) and x1 > x2

1 1
⇒ <
x1 x2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

Thus, x 1 > x2 ⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

So, f(x) is decreasing function.

79. Find the set of values of 'b' for which f(x) = b(x + cos x) + 4 is decreasing on R.
Ans : f(x) = b(x + cos x) + 4

′
f (x) = b(1 − sin x)

Given: f(x) is decreasing on R.

′
⇒ f (x) < 0

⇒ b(1 − sin x) < 0 . . . . (1)

We know,
sin x ≤ 1

⇒ 1 − sin x ≥ 0

⇒ b < 0 [Since (1 − sin x) ≥ 0, b(1 − sin x) < 0 ⇒ b < 0]

⇒ b ∈ (−∞, 0)

80. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 - 12x + 1

Ans : f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 - 12x + 1

f'(x) = -6x2 - 18x - 12
Critical points
f'(x) = 0
⇒ -6x2 - 18x - 12 = 0
⇒ x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
⇒ (x + 2)(x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = -2, -1
Clearly, f'(x) > 0 if x < -1 and x > -2
f'(x) < 0 if -2 < x < -1
Thus, f(x) increasing in (-2, -1) decreasing in (−∞, −2) ∪ (−1, ∞).

81. Show that f(x) = e2x is increasing on R.

Ans : f(x) = e2x

f'(x) = 2e2x
Now,
x ∈ R

Since the value of e2x is always positive for any real value of x, e2x > 0.
⇒ 2e2x > 0
 ⇒ f'(x) > 0
So, f(x) is increasing on R.
82. Show that f(x) = x9 + 4x7 + 11 is an increasing function for all x ∈ R. .

Ans : f(x) = x9 + 4x7 + 11

f'(x) = 9x8 + 28x6
= x6(9x2 + 28)
Now,
x ∈ R

⇒ x6 > 0 and 9x2 + 28 > 0

⇒ x6(9x2 + 28) > 0
⇒ f'(x) > 0
So, f(x) is increasing on function for x ∈ R.

Que 4 (A) Solve the following Question [210]

83. What are the values of 'a' for which f(x) = ax is decreasing on R?

Ans : f(x) = a
x

′ x
f (x) = a log a

Given: f(x) is decreasing on R.

′
⇒ f (x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ R

x
⇒ a log a < 0, ∀ x ∈ R

Here, logarithmic function is not defined for negative values of a.

x
⇒ a > 0

x
∴ a log a < 0

It can be possible when log a < 0, ∀ x ∈ R.

⇒ 0 < a > 1

84. Show that f(x) =

1
2
is decreases in the interval [0, ∞) and increases in the
1+x

interval (−∞, 0].

Ans : Here,
1
f(x) = 2
1+x

Case 1:
Let x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞) such that x1 < x2 . Then,
x1 < x2

2 2
⇒ x < x
1 2

2 2
⇒ 1+x < 1+x
1 2

1 1
⇒ 2
> 2
1+x 1+x
1 2

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 ) ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞)

So, f(x) is decreasing on (0, ∞).

 Case 2:
Let x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞] such that x1 < x2 . Then,
x1 < x2

2 2
⇒ x > x
1 2

2 2
⇒ 1+x < 1+x
1 2

1 1
⇒ 2
< 2
1+x 1+x
1 2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ) ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞]

So, f(x) is increasing on (0, ∞].

85. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 3x4 - 4x3 - 12x2 + 5
Ans : Consider the given function
f(x) = 3x4 - 4x3 - 12x2 + 5
⇒ f'(x) = 12x3 - 12x2 - 24x
⇒ f'(x) = 12x(x2 - x - 2)
⇒ f'(x) = 12x(x + 1)(x- 2)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have,
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 12x(x + 1)(x- 2) > 0
⇒ x(x + 1)(x- 2) > 0
⇒ −1 < x < 0 or 2 < x < ∞

⇒ x ∈ (−1, 0) ∪ (2, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on (−1, 0) ∪ (2, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 12x(x + 1)(x- 2) < 0
⇒ x(x + 1)(x- 2) < 0
⇒ −∞ < x < −1 or 0 < x < 2

⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (0, 2)

So, f(x) is decreasing in (−∞, −1) ∪ (0, 2).

86. Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log cos x is strictly increasing on
( −
π

2
, 0) and strictly decreasing on (0,
π

2
).

Ans : We have,
f(x) = log cos x

′ 1
∴ f (x) = (− sin x) = − tan x
cos x

In interval (0,
π

2
), tan x > 0 ⇒ − tan x < 0.

′ π
∴ f (x) < 0 on (0, )
2
 ∴ f is strictly decreasing on (0,
π

2
).

In interval (
π

2
, π), tan x < 0 ⇒ − tan x > 0.

′ π
∴ f (x) > 0 on ( , π)
2

∴ f is strictly increasing on ( −
π

2
, 0).

87. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = (x - 1)(x - 2)2

Ans : f(x) = (x - 1)(x - 2)2

= (x - 1)(x2 - 4x + 4)
= x3 - 5x2 + 8x - 4
f'(x) = 3x2 - 10x + 8
= 3x2 - 6x - 4x + 8
= (x - 2)(3x - 4)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ (x - 2)(3x - 4) > 0
4
⇒ x < or x > 2
3

4
⇒ x ∈ ( − ∞, − ) ∪ (2, ∞)
3

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ ( − ∞, −

4

3
) ∪ (2, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

f'(x) < 0
⇒ (x - 2)(3x - 4) < 0
4
⇒ < x < 2
3

4
⇒ x ∈ ( , 2)
3

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (

4

3
, 2).

88. Show that the function x2 - x + 1 is neither increasing nor decreasing on (0, 1).

Ans : f(x) = x2 - x + 1
f'(x) = 2x - 1
For, f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 2x - 1 > 0
⇒ 2x > 1
1
⇒ x >
2

1
⇒ x ∈ ( , 1)
2
 So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (
1

2
, 1).

For, f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 2x - 1 < 0
⇒ 2x < 1
1
⇒ x <
2

1
⇒ x ∈ (0, )
2

So, f(x) is increasing on (0,

1

2
)

Since, f(x) is increasing on (

1

2
, 1) and decreasing on (0,
1

2
), f(x) is neither
increasing nor decreasing on (0, 1).
89. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
3 4 4 3 2 36
f(x) = x − x − 3x + x + 11
10 5 5

Ans : f(x) =
10
3
x
4
−
4

5
3
x − 3x
2
+
36

5
x + 11

4 3 2
3 x −8 x −30 x +72x+110
=
10

3 2
′ 12 x −24 x +60x+72
f (x) =
10

12 3 2
= (x − 2x − 5x + 6)
10

2
(x−1)(x −x−6)
=
10

12
= (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3)
10

Here, 1, 2, 3 are the Critical points.

The possible intervals are (−∞, −2), (−2, −1), (1, 3) and (3, ∞).

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

′
f (x) > 0

12
⇒ (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) > 0
10

⇒ (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) > 0

⇒ x ∈ (−2, 1) ∪ (3, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (−2, 1) ∪ (3, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have
′
f (x) < 0

12
⇒ (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) < 0
10

⇒ (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) < 0

⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (1, 3)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (1, 3).

90.
Show that the function f(x) = sin (2x +
π

4
) is decreasing on (
3π

8
,
5π

8
).
 Ans : f(x) = sin (2x +
π

4
)

′ π
f (x) = 2 cos (2x + )
4

Here,
3π 5π
< x <
8 8

3π 5π
⇒ < 2x <
4 4

π 3π
⇒ π < 2x + <
4 2

⇒ cos (2x +
π

4
) < 0 [∵ Cos function is negative in third quadrent]
π
⇒ 2 cos (2x + ) < 0
4

′ 3π 5π
⇒ f (x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ ( , )
8 8

So, f(x) is decreasing on (

3π

8
,
5π

8
).

91. Show that f(x) =

1
2
is neither increasing nor decreasing on R.
1+x

Ans : Here,
1
f(x) = 2
1+x

R can be divided into two intervals 0, ∞ and (−∞, 0].0,

Case 1:
Let x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞) such that x1 < x2 . Then,
x1 < x2

2 2
⇒ x < x
1 2

2 2
⇒ 1+x < 1+x
1 2

1 1
⇒ 2
> 2
1+x 1+x
1 2

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 ) ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞)

So, f(x) is decreasing on (0, ∞).

Case 2:
Let x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 0] such that x1 < x2 .

Then, x 1 < x2

2 2
⇒ x > x
1 2

2 2
⇒ 1+x > 1+x
1 2

1 1
⇒ 2
< 2
1+x 1+x
1 2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ) ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 0]

So, f(x) is increasing on (−∞, 0].

Here, f(x) is decreasing on (0, ∞) and increasing on (−∞, 0].

Thus, f(x) is neither increasing nor decreasing on R.

92. Write the set of values of 'a' for which f(x) = log a x is increasing in its domain.
 Ans : f(x) = log a x

Let, x 1 , x2 such that x1 < x2.

∈ (0, ∞)

Since given function is logorithmic, either a > 1 or 0 < a < 1.

Case I:
Let a > 1
Here,
x1 < x2

⇒ log a x1 < log a x2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

∴ x1 < x2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞)

Thus, for a > 1, f(x) is increasing on (0, ∞).

Case II:
Let 0 < a < 1
Here,
x1 < x2

⇒ log a x1 > log a x2

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 )

∴ x1 < x2

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞)

Thus, for a > 1, f(x) is increasing in its domain.

93. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = x2 + 2x - 5
Ans : We have,
f(x) = x2 + 2x - 5
∴ f'(x) = 2x + 2

Now.
f'(x) = 0 ⇒ x = -1
Point x = -1 divides the real line into two disjoints intervals i.e., (−∞, −1) and
(−1, ∞).

In interval (−∞, −1), f'(x) = 2x + 2 < 0.

∴ f is strictly decreasing in interval (−∞, −1).

Thus, f is strictly decreasing for x < -1.

In interval (−1, ∞), f'(x) = 2x + 2 > 0.
∴ f is strictly increasing in interval (−1, ∞).
Thus, f is strictly increasing for x > -1.
94. What are the values of 'a' for which f(x) = ax is increasing on R?

Ans : f(x) = a
x

′ x
f (x) = a log a
 Given: f(x) is increasing on R.
′
⇒ f (x) > 0

x
⇒ a log a > 0

Logarithmic function is defined for positive values of a.

⇒ a > 0

x
⇒ a > 0

We know,
x
a log a > 0

It can be possible when a

x
> 0 and log a > 0 or x
a < 0 and log a < 0.

⇒ log a > 0

⇒ a > 1

So, f(x) is increasing when a > 1.

95.
Show that f(x) = sin x is increasing on (0,
π

2
) and decreasing on (
π

2
, π) and
neither increasing nor decreasing in (0, π).

Ans : f(x) = sin x

Domain of sin x is (0, π).

′
f (x) = cos x

For, x ∈ (0, π

2
), cos x > 0 [∵ cos x is positive in first quadrant]
′
f (x) > 0

So, f(x) is increasing for (0,

π

2
).

For x ∈ (
π

2
, π), cos x < 0 [∵ cos x is negative in second quadrant]

So, f(x) is decreasing for (

π

2
, π).

Since, f(x) is increasing on (0,

π

2
) and decreasing on (
π

2
, π), f(x) is neither
increasing nor decreasing in (0, π).

96. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x + 15

Ans : f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x + 15

f'(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 9
= 3(x2 - 4x + 3)
= 3(x - 1)(x - 3)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 3(x - 1)(x - 3) > 0
⇒ (x - 1)(x - 3) > 0
[Since, 3 > 0, 3(x - 1)(x - 3) > 0 ⇒ (x - 1)(x - 3) > 0]
 ⇒ x < 1 or x > 3
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (−∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,
f'(x) < 0
⇒ 3(x - 1)(x - 3) < 0
⇒ (x - 1)(x - 3) < 0
[Since, 3 > 0, 3(x - 1)(x - 3) < 0 ⇒ (x - 1)(x - 3) < 0]
⇒1<x>3
⇒ x ∈ (1, 3)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (1, 3).

97. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 5x3 - 15x2 - 120x + 3.

Ans : f(x) = 5x3 - 15x2 - 120x + 3

f'(x) = 15x2 - 30x - 120
= 15(x2 - 2x - 8)
= 15(x - 4)(x + 2)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 15(x - 4)(x + 2) > 0
⇒ (x - 4)(x + 2) > 0
[Since, 15 > 0, 15(x - 4)(x + 2) > 0 ⇒ (x - 4)(x + 2) > 0]
⇒ x < -2 or x > 4
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (4, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∩ (4, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 6(x - 4)(x + 2) < 0
⇒ (x - 4)(x + 2) < 0
[Since, 15 > 0, 15(x - 4)(x + 2) > 0 ⇒ (x - 4)(x + 2) > 0]
⇒ -2 < x < 4
⇒ x ∈ (−2, 4)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−2, 4).

98. Show that f(x) = tan

−1
(sin x + cos x) is a decreasing function on the interval
π π
( , ).
4 2
 Ans : f(x) = tan
−1
(sin x + cos x)

′ 1
∴ f (x) = 2
(cos x − sin x)
1+(sin x+cos x)

1
= (cos x − sin x)
1+1+2 sin x cos x

(cos x−sin x)
=
2+sin 2x

Here,
π π
< x <
4 2
π
⇒ < 2x < π
2

⇒ sin 2x > 0

⇒ 2 + sin 2x > 0 . . . (1)

Also,
π π
< x <
4 2

cos x < sin x

⇒ cos x − sin x < 0 . . . . (2)

[From eqs. (1) and (2)]

′ (cos x−sin x) π π
f (x) = < 0, ∀ x ∈ ( , ).
2+sin 2x 4 2

Hence, f(x) is decreasing on (

π

4
,
π

2
).

99. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = {x(x - 2)}2

Ans : f(x) = {x(x - 2)}2

= (x2 - 2x)2
= x4 + 4x2 - 4x3
f'(x) = 4x3 + 8x - 12x2
= 4x(x2 - 3x + 2)
= 4x(x - 1)(x - 2)
Here, 0, 1 and 2 are the critical points.
The possible intervals are (−∞, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2) and (2, ∞).

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have,

f'(x) > 0
⇒ 4x(x - 1)(x - 2) > 0
⇒ x(x - 1)(x - 2) > 0
⇒ x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 4x(x - 1)(x - 2) < 0
⇒ x(x - 1)(x - 2) < 0
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2).

100. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 2x3 - 24x + 107

Ans : f(x) = 2x3 - 24x + 107

f'(x) = 6x2 - 24
= 6(x2 - 4)
= 6(x + 2)(x - 2)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 6(x + 2)(x - 2) > 0
⇒ (x + 2)(x - 2) > 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6(x + 2)(x - 2) > 0 ⇒ (x + 2)(x - 2) > 0]
⇒ x < -2 or x > 2
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,
f'(x) < 0
⇒ 6(x + 2)(x - 2) < 0
⇒ (x + 2)(x - 2) < 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6(x + 2)(x - 2) < 0 ⇒ (x + 2)(x - 2) < 0]
⇒ -2 < x < 2
⇒ x ∈ (−2, 2)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−2, 2).

101. Write the set of values of 'a' for which f(x) = log a x is decreasing in its domain.
Ans : Given:
f(x) = log a x

Domain of the given function is (0, ∞).

Let, x 1
, x2 ∈ (0, ∞) such that x1 < x2.
Since given function is logorithmic, either a > 1 or 0 < a < 1.
Case I:
Let a > 1
Here,
x1 < x2

⇒ log a x1 < log a x2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

∴ x1 < x2

⇒ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞)

So, for a > 1, f(x) is increasing on (0, ∞).

Case II:
Let 0 < a < 1
 Here,
x1 < x2

⇒ log a x1 > log a x2

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 )

∴ x1 < x2

⇒ f(x1 ) > f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ (0, ∞)

So, f(x) is decreasing on (0, ∞)

Thus, for 0 < a < 1, f(x) is decreasing in its domain.

102. Find the intervals in which f(x) = log(1 + x) −
x

1+x
is increasing or decreasing.
Ans : f(x) = log(1 + x) −
x

1+x

(1+x)−x
′ 1
f (x) = −( 2
)
1+x
(1+x)

1 1
= − 2
1+x
(1+x)

x
= 2
(1+x)

Critical points,
′
f (x) = 0

x
⇒ 2
= 0
(1+x)

⇒ x = 0, −1

Clearly, f'(x) > 0 if x > 0 and f'(x) < 0 if -1 < x < 0 or x < -1
Hence, f(x) increases in (0, ∞), decreases in (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 0).

103. Find the intervals in which f(x) = (x + 2)e-x is increasing or decreasing.

Ans : f(x) = (x + 2)e-x

f'(x) = -e-x(x + 2) + e-x
= -xe-x - 2e-x + e-x
= -xe-x - e-x
= e-x(-x - 1)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ e-x(-x - 1) > 0
⇒ -x - 1 > 0 [ ∵ e
−x
> 0, ∀ x ∈ R]

⇒ -x > 1
⇒ x < -1
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −1)

So, f(x) is increasing on (−∞, −1).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

f'(x) < 0
⇒ e-x(-x - 1) < 0
 ⇒ -x - 1 < 0 [ ∵
−x
e > 0, ∀ x ∈ R]

⇒ -x < 1
⇒ x < -1
⇒ x ∈ (−1, ∞)

So, f(x) is decreasing on (−1, ∞).

104. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 8 + 36x + 3x2 -2x3

Ans : f(x) = 8 + 36x + 3x2 -2x3

f'(x) = 36 + 6x - 6x2
= -6(x2 - x - 6)
= -6(x - 3)(x + 2)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ -6(x - 3)(x + 2) > 0
⇒ (x - 3)(x + 2) < 0
[Since, -6 > 0, -6(x - 3)(x + 2) > 0 ⇒ (x - 3)(x + 2) < 0]
⇒ -2 < x < 3
⇒ x ∈ (−2, 3)

So, f(x) is increasing on (-2, 3).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

f'(x) < 0
⇒ -6(x - 3)(x + 2) < 0
⇒ (x - 3)(x + 2) > 0
[Since, -6 < 0, -6(x - 3)(x + 2) < 0 ⇒ (x - 3)(x + 2) > 0]
⇒ x < -2 or x > 3
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (3, ∞)

So, f(x) is decreasing on (−∞, −2) ∪ (3, ∞).

105. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
3 4 3 2
f(x) = x − 4x − 45x + 51
2

Ans : f(x) =
3

2
4
x − 4x
3
− 45x
2
+ 51

f'(x) = 6x3 - 12x2 - 90x

= 6x(x2 - 2x - 15)
= 6x(x - 5)(x + 3)
Here, x = -3, x = 0 and x = 5 are the critical points.
The possible intervals are (−∞, −3), (−3, 0), (0, 5) and (5, ∞) . . . . (1)
 For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 6x(x - 5)(x + 3) > 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6x(x - 5)(x + 3) > 0 ⇒ x(x - 5)(x + 3) > 0]
⇒ x(x - 5)(x + 3) > 0
⇒ x ∈ (−3, 0) ∪ (5, ∞) [From eq. 1]
So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (−3, 0) ∪ (5, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 6x(x - 5)(x + 3) < 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6x(x - 5)(x + 3) < 0 ⇒ x(x - 5)(x + 3) < 0]
⇒ x(x - 5)(x + 3) < 0
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −3) ∪ (0, 5) [From eq. 1]
So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−∞, −3) ∪ (0, 5).

106. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = x4 - 4x3 - 4x2 + 15

Ans : f(x) = x4 - 4x3 - 4x2 + 15

f'(x) = 4x3 - 12x2 + 8x
= 4x(x2 - 3x + 2)
= 4x(x - 1)(x - 2)
Here, 0, 1 and 2 are the critical points.
The possible intervals are (−∞, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2) and (2, ∞) . . . . (1)

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

f'(x) > 0
⇒ 4x(x - 1)(x - 2) > 0
[Since, 4 > 0, 4x(x - 1)(x - 2) > 0 ⇒ x(x - 1)(x - 2) > 0]
⇒ x(x - 1)(x - 2) > 0
⇒ x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞) [From eq. (1)]
So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 4x(x - 1)(x - 2) < 0
[Since, 4 > 0, 4x(x - 1)(x - 2) < 0 ⇒ x(x - 1)(x - 2) < 0]
⇒ x(x - 1)(x - 2) < 0
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2) [From eq. (1)]
So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2).

107. Find the intervals in which f(x) = sin x − cos x, where 0 < x < 2π is increasing or
decreasing.
 Ans : f(x) = sin x − cos x, x ∈ (0, 2π)

′
f (x) = cos x + sin x

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

′
f (x) > 0

⇒ cos x + sin x > 0

⇒ sin x > − cos x

⇒ tan x > −1

3π 7π
⇒ x ∈ (0, ) ∪ ( , 2π)
4 4

So, f(x) is increasing on (0,

3π

4
) ∪ (
7π

4
, 2π).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

′
f (x) < 0

⇒ cos x + sin x < 0

⇒ sin x < − cos x

⇒ tan x < −1

3π 7π
⇒ x ∈ ( , )
4 4

So, f(x) is decreasing on (

3π

4
,
7π

4
).

108. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 2x2 - 24x + 7
Ans : We have
f(x) = 2x2 - 24x + 7
f'(x) = 6x2 - 24
Critical points
f'(x) = 0
⇒ 6x2 - 24 = 0
⇒ 6x2 = 24
⇒ x2 = 4
⇒ x = 2, -2
Clearly, f'(x) > 0 if x > -1 and x < -2
f'(x) < 0 if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2

Thus, f(x) increasing in (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞), decreasing in (-2, 2).
109. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 6 - 9x - x2
Ans : We have,
f(x) = 6 - 9x - x2
f'(x) = -2x - 9
 For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ -2x - 9 > 0
⇒ -2x > -9
−9
⇒ x <
2

−9
⇒ x ∈ ( − ∞, )
2

So, f(x) is increasing on ( − ∞,

−9

2
).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

f'(x) < 0
⇒ -2x - 9 < 0
⇒ -2x < -9
−9
⇒ x >
2

−9
⇒ x ∈ ( , ∞)
2

So, f(x) is decreasing on (

−9

2
, ∞).

110.
Show that the function f(x) = cot
−1
(sin x + cos x) is decreasing on (0,
π

4
) and

increasing on (
π

4
,
π

2
).

Ans : f(x) = cot

−1
(sin x + cos x)

′ 1
f (x) = 2
× (cos x − sin x)
1+(sin x+cos x)

′ (cos x−sin x)
f (x) = −
2+2 sin x cos x

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have f'(x) > 0

(cos x−sin x)
⇒ − > 0
2+2 sin x cos x

⇒ −(cos x − sin x) > 0

⇒ sin x > cos x

π π
⇒ x ∈ ( , )
4 2

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have f'(x) > 0

(cos x−sin x)
⇒ − < 0
2+2 sin x cos x

⇒ −(cos x − sin x) < 0

⇒ sin x < cos x

π
⇒ x ∈ (0, )
4

111. Show that f(x) = cos x is a decreasing function on (0, π), increasing in (−π, 0) and
neither increasing nor decreasing in (−π, π).

Ans : f(x) = cos x

Domain of cos x is (−π, π).

 ′
⇒ f (x) = − sin x

For x ∈ (−π, 0), sin x < 0

[∵ Sine function is negative in third and fourth quadrant]

⇒ − sin x > 0

′
⇒ f (x) > 0

So, cos x is increasing in (−π, 0).

For x ∈ (0, π), sin x > 0

[∵ Sine function is positive in first and second quadrant]

⇒ − sin x < 0

′
⇒ f (x) < 0

So, f(x) is decreasing on (0, π).

Thus, f(x) is neither increasing nor decreasing in (−π, π).

112. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 2x3 - 15x2 + 36x + 1

Ans : f(x) = 2x3 - 15x2 + 36x + 1

f'(x) = 6x2 - 30x + 36
= 6(x2 - 5x + 6)
= 6(x - 2)(x - 3)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 6(x - 2)(x - 3) > 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x - 3) > 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6 (x - 2)(x - 3) > 0 ⇒ (x - 2)(x - 3) > 0]
⇒ x < 2 or x > 3
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 6(x - 2)(x - 3) < 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x - 3) < 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6 (x - 2)(x - 3) < 0 ⇒ (x - 2)(x - 3) < 0]
⇒2<x<3
⇒ x ∈ (2, 3)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (2, 3).

113. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
4
x 2 3 5 2
f(x) = + x − x − 6x + 7
4 3 4

Ans :
4
x 2 3 5 2
f(x) = + x − x − 6x + 7
4 3 4

∴ f'(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 5x - 6
 Critical points
f'(x) = 0
⇒ x3 + 2x2 - 5x - 6 = 0
⇒ (x + 1)(x + 3)(x - 2) = 0
⇒ x = -1, -3, 2
Clearly, f'(x) > 0 if -3 x < -1 and x > 2
f'(x) < 0 if x < -3 and -1 < x < 2
Thus, f(x) increases in (−3, −1) ∪ (2, ∞), decreases in (−∞, −3) ∪ (−1, 2).

114. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 20

Ans : f(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 20

f'(x) = 6x2 + 18x + 12
= 6(x2 + 3x + 2)
= 6(x + 1)(x + 2)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 6(x + 1)(x + 2) > 0
⇒ (x + 1)(x + 2) > 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6(x + 1)(x + 2) > 0 ⇒ (x + 1)(x + 2) > 0]
⇒ x < -2 or x > -1
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (−1, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (−1, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 6(x + 1)(x + 2) < 0
⇒ (x + 1)(x + 2) < 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6(x + 1)(x + 2) < 0 ⇒ (x + 1)(x + 2) < 0]
⇒ -2 < x < -1
⇒ x ∈ (−2, −1)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−2, −1).

115. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 2x3 - 12x2 + 18x + 15

Ans : f(x) = 2x3 - 12x2 + 18x + 15

f'(x) = 6x2 - 24x + 18
= 6(x2 - 4x + 3)
= 6(x - 1)(x - 3)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
 ⇒ 6(x - 1)(x - 3) > 0
⇒ (x - 1)(x - 3) > 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6(x - 1)(x - 3) > 0 ⇒ (x - 1)(x - 3) > 0]
⇒ x < 1 or x > 3
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (3, ∞).

So, f(x) is increasing on (−∞, 0) ∪ (3, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 6(x - 1)(x - 3) < 0
⇒ (x - 1)(x - 3) < 0
[Since, 6 > 0, 6(x - 1)(x - 3) < 0 ⇒ (x - 1)(x - 3) < 0]
⇒ x < 1 or x < 3
⇒ x ∈ (1, 3)

So, f(x) is decreasing on (1, 3).

116. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 5 + 36x + 3x2 - 2x3

Ans : f(x) = 5 + 36x + 3x2 - 2x3

∴ f'(x) = 36 + 6x - 6x2
Critical point
f'(x) = 0
⇒ 36 + 6x - 6x2 = 0
⇒ -6(x2 - x - 6) = 0
⇒ (x - 3)(x + 2) = 0
∴ x = 3, -2
Clearly f'(x) > 0 if -2 < x < 3
Also f'(x) < 0 if x < -2 and x > 3
Thus increases if x ∈ (−2, 3), decreases if x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (3, ∞)

117. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = 10 - 6x - 2x2

Ans : f(x) = 10 - 6x - 2x2

f'(x) = -6 - 4x
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ -6 - 4x > 0
⇒ -4x > 6
 −3
⇒ x <
2

−3
⇒ x ∈ ( − ∞, )
2

So, f(x) is increasing on ( − ∞,

−3

2
).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

f'(x) < 0
⇒ -6 - 4x < 0
⇒ -4x < 6
−6
⇒ x >
4

−3
⇒ x >
2

−3
⇒ x ∈ ( , ∞)
2

So, f(x) is decreasing on (

−3

2
, ∞).

118. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = x4 - 4x

Ans : f(x) = x4 - 4x
f'(x) = 4x3 - 4
= 4(x3 - 1)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 4(x3 - 1) > 0
⇒ x3 - 1 > 0
⇒ x3 > 1
⇒x> 1
⇒ x ∈ (1, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on (1, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have

f'(x) < 0
⇒ 4(x3 - 1) < 0
⇒ x3 - 1 < 0
⇒ x3 < 1
⇒x< 1
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 1)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−∞, 1).

119.
Show that f(x) = sin x − cos x is an increasing function on ( −
π

4
,
π

4
).
 Ans : f(x) = sin x − cos x

′
∴ f (x) = cos x + sin x

– 1 1
= √2( cos x + sin x)
√2 √2

– sin π cos π
= √2( cos x + sin x)
4 4

– π
= √2 sin ( + x)
4

Now,
π π
x ∈ ( − , )
4 4

π π
⇒ − < x <
4 4

π π
⇒ 0 < < x <
4 2

∘ π π
⇒ sin 0 < sin ( + x) < sin
4 4

π
⇒ 0 < sin ( + x) < 1
4

– π
⇒ √2 sin ( + x) > 0
4

′
⇒ f (x) > 0

Hence, f(x) is increasing function on ( −

π

4
,
π

4
).

120. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
3 5

f(x) = 5x 2 − 3x 2 ,x > 0

Ans :
3 5

f(x) = 5x 2 − 3x 2 ,x > 0

1 3
′ 15 15
f (x) = x 2 − x 2
2 2

1
15
= x 2 (1 − x)
2

Here, 0, 1 are the roots.

The possible intervals are (−∞, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2) and (1, ∞) . . . . (1)

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

′
f (x) > 0

1
15
⇒ x 2 (1 − x) < 0
2

⇒ x ∈ (0, 1)

So, f(x) is increasing on (0, 1).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,
′
f (x) < 0

1
15
⇒ x 2 (1 − x) < 0
2

⇒ x ∈ (1, ∞)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (1, ∞).

121. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
f(x) = x3 - 12x2 + 36x + 17
 Ans : f(x) = x3 - 12x2 + 36x + 17
f'(x) = 3x2 - 24x + 36
= 3(x2 - 8x + 12)
= 3(x - 2)(x - 6)
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'(x) > 0
⇒ 3(x - 2)(x - 6) > 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x - 6) > 0
[Since, 3 > 0, 3(x - 2)(x - 6) > 0 ⇒ (x - 2)(x - 6) > 0]
⇒ x < 2 or x > 6
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (6, ∞)

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (6, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,
f'(x) < 0
⇒ 3(x - 2)(x - 6) < 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x - 6) < 0
[Since, 3 > 0, 3(x - 2)(x - 6) < 0 ⇒ (x - 2)(x - 6) < 0]
⇒2<x<2
⇒ x ∈ (2, 6)

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (2, 6).

122. Determine the values of x for which the function f(x) = x2 - 6x + 9 is increasing or

decreasing. Also, find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = x2 - 6x + 9

where the normal is parallel to the line y = x + 5.
Ans : We have,
f(x) = x2 - 6x + 9
∴ f'(x) = 2x - 6
Critical points
f'(x) = 0
⇒ 2(x - 3) = 0
⇒x=3
Clearly, f'(x) > 0 if x > 3
f'(x) < 0 if x < 3
Thus, f(x) is increases in (3, ∞), decreases in (−∞, 3)

II part:
The given equation of curves
y = x2 - 6x + 9 ....(i)
y = x + 5 ....(ii)
Slope of (i)
 dy
m1 = = 2x − 6
dx

Slope of (ii)
m2 = 1

Given that slope of normal to (i) is parallel to (ii)

−1
∴ = 1
2x−6

⇒ 2x − 6 = −1

5
⇒ x =
2

From (i)
25
y = − 15 + 9
4

25
= −6
4

1
=
4

Thus, the required point is (

5

2
,
1

4
).

123. Find the intervals in which f(x) is increasing or decreasing:

π
f(x) = sin x(1 + cos x), 0 < x <
2

Ans : Consider the function,

π
f(x) = sin x(1 + cos x), 0 < x <
2

′
⇒ f (x) = cos x + sin x(− sin x) + cos x(cos x)

′ 2
⇒ f (x) = cos x − sin x + cos x(cos x)

2 2
⇒ f(x) = cos x + ( cos x − 1) + cos x

′ 2
⇒ f (x) = cos x + 2 cos x−1

′ 2
⇒ f (x) = 2 cos x + cos x − 1

′ 2
⇒ f (x) = 2 cos x + 2 cos x − cos x − 1

′
⇒ f (x) = 2 cos x(cos x + 1) − 1(cos x + 1)

′
⇒ f (x) = (2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1)

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have,

′
f (x) > 0

′
⇒ f (x) = (2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) > 0

π
⇒ 0 < x <
3

π
⇒ x ∈ (0, )
3

So, f(x) is increasing in (0,

π

3
)

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

′
f (x) < 0

′
⇒ f (x) = (2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) < 0

π π
⇒ < x <
3 3

π π
⇒ x ∈ ( , )
3 2

So, f(x) is decreasing in (

π

3
,
π

2
)
124. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing.
2x
f(x) = log(2 + x) − ,x ∈ R
2+x

Ans : f(x) = log(2 + x) −

2x

2+x
,x ∈ R

′ [(2+x)2−2x]
1
f (x) = − 2
(2+x) (2+x)

(2+x)−[4+2x−2x]
= 2
(2+x)

2+x−4
= 2
(2+x)

(x−2)
= 2
, x ≠ −2
(2+x)

Here, x = 2 is the critical point.

The possible intervals are (−∞, 2) and (2, ∞) . . . . (1)

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have,

′
f (x) > 0

(x−2)
⇒ 2
> 0
(2+x)

⇒ x − 2 > 0, x ≠ −2

⇒ x > 2

⇒ x ∈ (2, ∞) [From eq. (1)]

So, f(x) is increasing on x ∈ (2, ∞).

For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have,

′
f (x) < 0

(x−2)
⇒ 2
< 0
(2+x)

⇒ x − 2 < 0, x ≠ −2

⇒ x < 2

⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 2) [From eq. (1)]

So, f(x) is decreasing on x ∈ (−∞, 2).

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