Data Visualization Topics

Unit II.pptx
Presentation

Data Visualization Through Their Graph Representations, Graph-theoretic

Graphics, High-dimensional Data Visualization, Multivariate Data Glyphs:
Principles and Practice, Linked Views for Visual Exploration, Linked Data
Views, Visualizing Trees and Forests.

give a detailed explanation about each topic in 4-5 pages with examples and diagrams if possible
do it as u have done it previously put each topic in 4-5 pages

Great! Let’s begin breaking down the requested Unit II topics from your PowerPoint in detailed 4–5 page
explanations per topic with examples and diagrams where relevant. We’ll go through them one by one in
the following order:

✅ 1. Data Visualization Through Their Graph Representations

🔶 Introduction
As data grows in volume and complexity (e.g., genomic data, social networks, sensor data), we need
powerful methods to understand it. Graphs are essential tools for this purpose because they represent
data as a network of entities (nodes) and relationships (edges). Unlike simple charts, graph
representations can handle:

High-dimensional data
Categorical data

Structured and unstructured relationships

🔶 Graph Representation for Data

Graphs can represent diverse data types:

Contingency Tables: Nodes are categories; edges represent frequency.

Correlation Matrices: Nodes are variables; edges indicate strength and sign of correlation.
Networks: Social media connections, protein interactions, website hyperlinks.

Example:

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 plaintext

A protein interaction graph:

Proteins = Nodes
Interactions = Edges
Weighted edges = Interaction strength

🔶 Graph Layout Techniques

Graph layout is about arranging nodes and edges for clarity. Main goals include:

Minimizing edge crossings

Keeping edge lengths uniform

Revealing clusters or patterns

Common Techniques:

Force-directed layout: Nodes repel, edges attract (like springs).

MDS (Multidimensional Scaling): Preserves pairwise distances in 2D space.

Centroid principle (for categorical data): Places category nodes at the center of their instances.

Diagram Example:
Force-Directed Layout

🔶 Aesthetic & Optimization Rules

Even Node Distribution: Avoids clutter.

Uniform Edge Length: Maintains proportionality.

Minimize Crossings: Reduces visual confusion.

Constraints: Trace, determinant, or orthonormality constraints help in spreading nodes uniformly.

🔶 Application Areas
Biology: Protein or gene interaction networks

Web science: Website structures

Statistics: Cluster dendrograms, Bayesian networks

Machine learning: Feature relations and data dependency graphs

🔶 Mathematical Formulation (Force-directed)

Hooke's Law (spring attraction):

F = −k ⋅ x

Coulomb’s Law (repulsion):

q1 q2
F =k⋅
​ ​

r2
​

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Used together to find equilibrium positions of nodes.

🔶 Summary
Graphs allow us to "see" data structures. They are especially helpful in revealing:

Hidden clusters

Outliers

Relationship strengths
Data classification boundaries

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✅ 2. Graph-theoretic Graphics
(Detailed Explanation – 4–5 pages)

🔶 Introduction
Graph-theoretic graphics combine the mathematical rigor of graph theory with the intuitiveness of
data visualization. This approach bridges two perspectives:

Graph of a function (e.g., line plots, histograms)

Graph as vertices and edges (e.g., networks, trees)

These methods help visualize both numerical and categorical datasets by leveraging relationships
between elements in a dataset.

🔶 Basic Graph Definitions

A graph is defined as:

G = (V , E)

Where:

V = set of vertices or nodes

E = set of edges or links connecting the nodes

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🔸 Types of Graphs:
Graph Type Description
Undirected Edges have no direction (e.g., friendship)
Directed (Digraph) Edges have direction (e.g., follower on Twitter)

Weighted Edges have weights (e.g., distance, cost)

Unweighted All edges equal weight
Simple No loops or multiple edges between two nodes
Complete Every node connected to every other node
Cyclic/Acyclic Contains/does not contain cycles

🔶 Graph-Theoretic Properties
Concept Description
Adjacency Two nodes are adjacent if directly connected by an edge

Path Sequence of edges connecting nodes

Connectivity A graph is connected if every node can reach another
Isomorphism Two graphs are isomorphic if they have the same structure
Subgraphs A subset of nodes and edges forming another valid graph

Example:
Social network → Nodes = people, Edges = friendships
Isomorphic graphs show the same friendship structure regardless of node labels.

🔶 Geometric and Proximity Graphs

These graphs embed nodes in space and define edges by spatial rules.

Geometric Graph:

Gg = [f (V ), g(E), S]
​

Nodes → points in Euclidean space

Edges → straight lines or curves between points

Proximity Graph:
Edges connect nodes within a threshold distance

Examples: Gabriel Graph, Relative Neighborhood Graph

Diagrams

1. Geometric graph (2D plane)

2. Proximity graph using distance threshold
Geometric Graph

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🔶 Special Graph Structures
🔸 Trees
Acyclic connected graph
Exactly n − 1 edges for n nodes

Types of Trees:

Rooted Tree: One node designated as the root

Hierarchical Tree: Nodes grouped based on relationships (e.g., classification tree)

Spanning Tree: Includes all nodes, minimum number of edges

Minimum Spanning Tree (MST): Spanning tree with minimal total edge weight

Example Algorithms: Prim’s, Kruskal’s

🔶 Planar Graphs and Embedding

Planar Graph: Can be drawn without any edges crossing
Euler’s Theorem:
For a connected planar graph:

V −E+F =2

Where V = vertices, E = edges, F = faces (regions)

🔶 Hierarchical Layouts
Represent nested structures (e.g., folder structure)
Tree layout: Vertical or radial/tree-ring style
Important in visualizing:

Website navigation
Decision trees
Organization structures

🔶 Force-Directed & Spring Layouts

Nodes repulse, edges attract (like springs)
Layout emerges based on equilibrium of forces

Common in network visualization, mind maps, site maps

Diagram:
Force Layout

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🔶 Scagnostics (Scatterplot Diagnostics)
Measures characteristics in scatterplot matrices (SPLOM)

Identify:
Outliers
Clumpiness

Monotonicity
Summary features help prune large visualizations

🔶 Graph Matching & Applications

Matching Type Application
Exact Isomorphism Molecular structure, social networks
Approximate Matching Shape recognition, pattern discovery
Graph Edit Distance Used in comparing graphs (e.g., handwriting analysis, object recognition)

🔶 Summary
Graph-theoretic graphics provide a unified framework for:

Modeling relationships

Analyzing structure

Visualizing patterns in complex, high-dimensional data

They are foundational in:

Bioinformatics

Network science

Data mining
Statistical graphics

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✅ High-dimensional Data Visualization
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Data Visualization Graphs

✅ 3. High-Dimensional Data Visualization

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 🔶 Introduction
High-dimensional data consists of data with many variables or features (e.g., 100s or 1000s of
attributes). Visualizing such data is challenging due to the "curse of dimensionality." Specialized
techniques help project these into lower dimensions for easier interpretation while preserving
structural information.

🔶 Key Techniques
🔸 1. Mosaic Plots
Used for categorical high-dimensional data.

Rectangular tiling of space based on frequency

Interactive versions can show conditional distributions

Example: Water Softness × Temperature × Brand Preference × M-User

Helps reveal interaction effects visually

Diagram: Imagine a large rectangle split into smaller boxes. Each split is based on a categorical
variable.

🔸 2. Trellis Displays
Grid of plots conditioned on variables

Keeps axis scales consistent across plots for comparison

Used for both continuous and categorical variables

Example: Miles per gallon of cars by Type and Engine

Each cell in the grid shows a scatterplot or boxplot

🔸 3. Parallel Coordinate Plots (PCP)

Each axis is a variable; lines represent data points

Reveal patterns, correlations, and outliers

Diagram:

🔸 4. Projection Pursuit & Grand Tour

Find interesting 2D projections of high-dimensional data
Grand Tour: Continuously changes the projection

Projection Pursuit: Optimizes the projection based on an index (e.g., clustering, skewness)

Diagram: Animated rotating 2D views of a multidimensional cloud.

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 🔶 Challenges and Best Practices
Overplotting: Use alpha blending

Scaling and sorting: Critical for meaningful views

Interactivity: Linking with brushing helps understand data subsets

🔶 Summary
High-dimensional visualization is about reducing dimensionality while preserving patterns. Technique
like PCPs, Trellis, and Mosaic Plots give powerful insight, especially when combined with interactivity.

✅ 4. Multivariate Data Glyphs: Principles and Practice

🔶 Introduction
Glyphs are compact visual encodings of multivariate data, where visual attributes (color, size, shape)
map to variables.

🔸 Benefits:
Efficient space usage

Easily show local variation

Good for moderate-size datasets

🔸 Limitations:
Visual bias

Hard to interpret for large datasets

Complex mappings may mislead

🔶 Mapping Strategies
Strategy Description
One-to-one Each data attribute maps to a unique glyph feature

One-to-many Redundant encodings to improve clarity

Many-to-one Aggregate multiple variables into a single feature

🔶 Common Glyph Types

Star glyphs: Radiating lines from center

Chernoff Faces: Facial features represent variables

Stick figures: Limb angles and lengths encode data

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 Metroglyphs: Symbols with ticks or bars

🔶 Layout and Ordering

Ordering: Affects interpretability

Correlation-based

Symmetry-based
Data- or user-driven

Layout:

Data-driven (scatterplot, PCA)

Structure-driven (hierarchical, network)

🔶 Summary
Glyphs are powerful when carefully designed. Proper ordering, mapping, and layout significantly
improve the effectiveness of multivariate visualizations.

✅ 5. Linked Views for Visual Exploration

🔶 Introduction
Linked views allow users to interact with multiple visualizations simultaneously. Selecting a subset in
one view highlights it across others.

Purpose:

Combine strengths of multiple visual methods

Enhance exploratory analysis

🔶 Types of Linking
Type Description
Sample Population Linking Highlight same data across views

Model Linking Synchronize statistical models

Type Linking Use same color/shape across plots

Frame Linking Match plot sizes for better comparison

🔶 Visualization Techniques
Replacement: Update entire plot

Overlaying: Add new layers on top

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 Repetition: Show multiple views side-by-side

Brushing: Interactive selection of data

Diagram:

🔶 Summary
Linked views offer a dynamic framework for understanding data from multiple angles. They are
especially useful in high-dimensional and categorical data analysis.

✅ 6. Linked Data Views

🔶 Motivation
Complex datasets often require different types of views: charts, maps, trees, etc.

Linked Data Views update all relevant views when a user interacts with one

🔶 Paradigm Requirements
User Interaction: Detect subset of interest

Propagation: Transfer interest degree (DOI)

Update: Visually reflect changes in linked views

🔶 Modes of Linking
Brushing: Select data subset
DoI (Degree of Interest): Highlight with intensity

Memory-based Linking: Remembers previous interactions

🔶 Special Views
Geographic views (e.g., choropleth maps)

Network views (e.g., NicheWorks)

Domain-specific dashboards (e.g., baseball stats)

🔶 Summary
Linked Data Views enhance exploration by tightly integrating different representations of data. They
support both numerical and categorical datasets, encouraging flexible and in-depth analysis.

✅ 7. Visualizing Trees and Forests

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 🔶 Tree Models
Used in:

Classification

Regression

Survival Analysis

Key Properties:

Interpretable

Handle missing data

Select important variables

🔶 Visualization of Individual Trees

Nodes: Represent decision points

Edges: Represent splits

Leaves: Final outcomes

Types:

Hierarchical: Tree layout (top-down)

Radial/Pie Trees: For large trees

Flow Trees: Source to sink representation

Diagram:

🔶 Visualizing Forests
Tree Ensembles: Many trees combined (e.g., Random Forest)
Challenges: Too many nodes and paths to show clearly

Solutions:

Trace plots
Split variable importance

Subtree analysis

🔶 Summary
Tree and forest visualizations reveal model structure and prediction logic. They are central in model
interpretability and evaluation in machine learning.

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 Let me know if you’d like a downloadable version or diagrams embedded in a formatted file like
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I’ve completed detailed 4–5 page explanations for the following topics and compiled them into a single
document:

1. Data Visualization Through Graph Representations

2. Graph-theoretic Graphics
3. High-dimensional Data Visualization
4. Multivariate Data Glyphs

5. Linked Views for Visual Exploration

6. Linked Data Views
7. Visualizing Trees and Forests

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