FREE VIBRATION

When a system is subjected to an initial disturbance and then left free to vibrate on its own, the
resulting vibrations are referred to as free vibrations. Free vibration occurs when a mechanical
system is set off with an initial input and then allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of this type of
vibration are pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting
it ring. The frequency of free vibration is known as the free/natural frequency.
Basic elements of vibration system:
o Mass or Inertia
o Springiness or Restoring element
o Dissipative element (damper)
o External excitation
Causes of vibration:
1. Unbalance: This is basically in reference to the rotating bodies. The uneven distribution of
mass in a rotating body contributes to the unbalance. A good example of unbalance related
vibration would be the vibrating alert in our mobile phones. Here a small amount of unbalanced
weight is rotated by a motor causing the vibration which makes the mobile phone to vibrate.
2. Misalignment: This is another major cause of vibration particularly in machines that are
driven by motors or any other prime movers.
3. Bent Shaft: A rotating shaft that is bent also produces the vibrating effect since it losses it
rotation capability about its center.
4. Gears in the machine: The gears in the machine always tend to produce vibration, mainly due
to their meshing. Though this may be controlled to some extent, any problem in the gearbox
tends to get enhanced with ease.
5. Bearings: This is a major contributor for vibration. In majority of the cases every initial
problem starts in the bearings and propagates to the rest of the members of the machine. A
bearing devoid of lubrication tends to wear out fast and fails quickly, but before this is noticed
it damages the remaining components in the machine and an initial look would seem as if
something had gone wrong with the other components leading to the bearing failure.

Effects of vibration:
(a) Bad Effects:
The presence of vibration in any mechanical system produces unwanted noise, high stresses,
poor reliability, wear and premature failure of parts. Vibrations are a great source of human
discomfort in the form of physical and mental strains.
(b) Good Effects:
A vibration does useful work in musical instruments, vibrating screens, shakers, relive pain
in physiotherapy.

Methods of reduction of vibration:

o unbalance is its main cause, so balancing of parts is necessary.
o using shock absorbers.
o using dynamic vibration absorbers.
o providing the screens (if noise is to be reduced)

Terms used vibratory motion

1
 (a) Time period (or) period of vibration: It is the time taken by a vibrating body to repeat the
motion itself. Time period is usually expressed in seconds.
(b) Cycle: It is the motion completed in one time period.
(c) Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after equal interval of time.
(d) Amplitude (X): The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from the mean position. It is
usually expressed in millimeter.
(e) Frequency (f): The number of cycles completed in one second is called frequency.

Types of Vibratory Motion

The following types of vibratory motion are important from the subject point of view:
1. Free or natural vibrations: when no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial
displacement, then the body is said to be under free or natural vibrations. The frequency of
free vibrations is called free or natural frequency.
2. Forced vibrations: when the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body
is said to be under forced vibrations. The external force applied to the body is a periodic
disturbing force created by unbalance. The vibrations have the same frequency as the applied
force. Note that when the frequency of the external force is same as that of natural vibrations,
resonance takes place.
3. Damped vibrations: when there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration the
motion is said to be damped vibration. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of energy
possessed by the vibrating system is always dissipated in overcoming frictional resistances to
motion.
Types of Free Vibration
a. Longitudinal vibration: When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the
shaft, then the vibrations known as longitudinal vibrations. In this case, the shaft is elongated
and shortened alternately and thus tensile and compressive stresses are induced alternately in
the shaft.
b. Transverse vibration: when the particles of the shaft or disc moves approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations or known as transverse vibrations. In
such cases, the shaft is bent and straightened alternately and bending stresses are induced in
the shaft.
c. Torsional vibration: when the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of
the shaft, then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations. In this case, the shaft is twisted
and untwisted alternately and torsional stresses are induced in the shaft.

2
Free Undamped Longitudinal Vibrations;
When a body is allowed to vibrate on its own, after giving it an initial displacement, then the
ensuring vibrations are known as free or natural vibrations. When the vibrations take place parallel
to the axis of constraint and no damping is provided, then it is called free undamped longitudinal
vibrations.

Natural Frequency of Free Undamped Longitudinal Vibration:

Equilibrium method or Newton’s method:
Consider a constraint (i.e. spring) of negligible mass in an unstrained position
Let s = stiffness of the constraint. It is the force required to produce unit displacement in
the direction of vibration. It is usually expressed in N/m
m = Mass of the body suspended from the constraint in kg
W = Weight of the body in Newtons = mg

δ = Static deflection of the spring in meters due to weight W

x = Displacement given to the body by the external force in meters

In the equilibrium position shown in Fig (b) below, the gravitational pull W = m.g is balanced by
a force of spring such that W = s. δ
Since the mass is now displaced from its equilibrium position by a distance x, as shown in
Fig.(c) and is then released, therefore after time t,
Restoring force = 𝑊 − 𝑠(𝛿 + 𝑥) = 𝑊 − 𝑠. 𝛿 − 𝑠. 𝑥
= 𝑠. 𝛿 − 𝑠. 𝛿 − 𝑠. 𝑥 = −𝑠. 𝑥

3
 Accelerating force = Mass * Acceleration
𝑑2 𝑥
= 𝑚 × 𝑑𝑡 2 (𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) (ii)
Combining equations (i) and (ii), the equation of motion of the body of mass m after time
‘t’ is
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑚 × 2 = −𝑠. 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 × 2 + 𝑠. 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑠
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑚 × 𝑥 = 0 (iii)
The fundamental equation of simple harmonic motion is

𝑑2 𝑥
+ 𝜔2 . 𝑥 = 0 ( iv)
𝑑𝑡 2
Comparing equations (iii) and (iv), we have

𝑠
𝜔 = √𝑚
2𝜋 𝑚
Therefore, Time period, 𝑡𝑝 = 𝜔
= 2𝜋√ 𝑠
1 1 𝑠 1 𝑔
and natural frequency, 𝑓𝑛 = = 2𝜋 √𝑚 = 2𝜋 √𝛿 since (m.g = s.δ)
𝑡𝑝
Taking the value of g as 9.81 m/s2 and δ in meters
1 9.81 0.4985
√ 𝑓𝑛 =
= 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 𝛿 √𝛿
The value of static deflection 𝛿 may be found from the given conditions of the problem. For
longitudinal vibrations, it may be obtained from the relation,
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑊 𝑙 𝑊.𝑙
= 𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 × 𝛿 = 𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝛿 = 𝐸.𝐴
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Where 𝛿 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡

W = Load attached to the free end of the constraint
l = Length of the constraint
E = Young’s modulus for the constraint, and
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 A = cross-sectional area of the constraint
Energy Method
In free vibrations, no energy is transferred into the system or from the system. Therefore, the total
energy (sum of KE and PE) is constant and is same all the times. Kinetic energy is due to the
motion of the body and potential energy with respect to a certain datum position is with respect to
a datum position which is equal to the amount of work required to move the body from the datum
position. In case of vibrations, the datum position is the mean or equilibrium position at which the
potential energy of the body or system is zero.
In free vibrations, no energy is transferred to the system or from the system. Therefore the
summation of kinetic energy and potential energy must be a constant quantity which is the same
at all times
𝑑
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 (𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸) = 0
1 𝑑𝑥 2
But kinetic energy (K.E) = 2 × 𝑚 × ( 𝑑𝑡 )
and potential energy (P.E) =
0+𝑠.𝑥 1
𝑃. 𝐸 = ( ) 𝑥 = 2 × 𝑠. 𝑥 2 (P.E. = mean force x displacement)
2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥 2 1
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 [2 × 𝑚 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) + 2 × 𝑠. 𝑥 2 ] = 0
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 2 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
=
×𝑚×2× × 2 + × 𝑠 × 2𝑥 × =0
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑠
= 𝑚 × 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑠. 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2
+ ×𝑥 =0 (same as previous method)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
Therefore, the time period and natural frequency may be obtained as discussed in previous
method

Rayleigh’s method
In this method, the maximum kinetic energy at the mean position is equal to the maximum
potential energy (strain energy) at the extreme position. Assuming the motion executed by the
vibration to be simple harmonic motion, then
𝑥 = 𝑋 sin 𝜔𝑡 (i)
𝑥 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑋 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Now, differentiating (i), we have
𝑑𝑥
= 𝜔 × 𝑋 × cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Since at the mean position, t = 0, therefore maximum velocity at the mean position
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 𝜔. 𝑋
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, maximum kinetic energy at mean position
1 1
= 2 × 𝑚. 𝑣 2 = 2 × 𝑚. 𝜔2 𝑋 2 (ii)

Maximum potential energy at the extreme position

0+𝑠.𝑋 1
= ( 2 ) 𝑋 = 2 × 𝑠. 𝑋 2 (iii)
Combining (ii) and (iii)

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 1 1 𝑠 𝑠
= × 𝑚. 𝜔2 . 𝑋 2 = × 𝑠. 𝑋 2 𝑜𝑟 𝜔2 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 = √
2 2 𝑚 𝑚

2𝜋 𝑠
Time period, 𝑡𝑝 = = 2𝜋√𝑚 (same as before)
𝜔
TRANSVERSE VIBRATION
Consider a shaft of negligible mass, whose end is fixed and the other end carries the weight W as
shown in the figure below.

Let s = stiffness of shaft

𝛿 = static deflection due to weight of the body
𝑥 = displacement of body from mean position after time t
m = mass of the body
As discussed previously
Restoring force = −𝑠. 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑥
And accelerating force = 𝑚 × 𝑑𝑡 2
Equating the restoring force and accelerating force
𝑑2 𝑥
𝑚 × 2 = −𝑠. 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥
= 𝑚 × 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑠. 𝑥 = 0
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑠
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑚 × 𝑥 = 0
Hence, the time period and natural frequency of the transverse vibrations are the same as that of
longitudinal vibration. Therefore time period
𝑚
𝑡𝑝 = 2𝜋√ 𝑠
1 1 𝑠 1 𝑔
and natural frequency𝑓𝑛 = 𝑡 = 2𝜋 √𝑚 = 2𝜋 √𝛿
𝑝

Note that the shape of the curve into which the vibrating shaft deflects is identical with the static
deflection curve of a cantilever beam loaded at the end. It has been proved that the static
deflection of a cantilever beam loaded at the free end is
𝑊𝑙3
𝛿 = 3𝐸𝐼 in meters
Where W = load at the free end (N)
l = length of the shaft or beam (m)
E = Young’s modulus for the material of shaft or beam (N/m2)
I = moment of inertia of the shaft or beam (m4)

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Damping:
It is the resistance to the motion of a vibrating body. The vibrations associated with this resistance
are known as damped vibrations.
Types of damping:
(1) Viscous damping
(2) Dry friction or coulomb damping
(3) Solid damping or structural damping
(4) Slip or interfacial damping.
Damping Coefficient:
The damping force per unit velocity is known as damping coefficient.
Equivalent damping coefficient:
Dampers may be connected either in series or in parallel to provide required damping.
Damped Vibration:
The vibrations associated with this resistance are known as damped vibrations.
Damping factor:
Damping factor can be defined as the ratio of actual damping coefficient (c) to critical damping
coefficient (cc). Mathematically,
𝑐 𝑐
Damping factor ( ζ) = 𝑐 = 2𝑚.𝜔
𝑐 𝑛
The damping factor is the measure of the relative amount of damping in the existing system with
that necessary for the critical damped system.

Three main cases of damping may exist depending on the value of damping factor
When ζ > 1 (system overdamped)
ζ = 1 (system critically damped)
ζ < 1 (system underdamped)

When the system undergoes a periodically decaying motion and hence such systems are said to be
Overdamped Systems. An example of such a system is a door damper – when we open a door
and enter a room, we want the door to gradually close rather than exhibit oscillatory motion and
bang into the person entering the room behind us! So the damper is designed such that ζ ≥ 1

Critically damped motion (ζ = 1 a hypothetical borderline case separating oscillatory decay from
a periodic decay). The fastest decaying aperiodic motion.
Underdamped systems.When ζ < 1. x(t) is a damped sinusoid and the system exhibits a vibratory
mot ion whose amplitude keeps diminishing. This is the most common vibration case and we will
spend most of our time studying such systems.

Logarithmic decrement:
It is defined as the natural logarithm of ratio of any two successive amplitudes of an under
damped system. It is a dimensionless quantity.

7
 INERTIA FORCES IN RECIPROCATING PARTS
Dynamic forces are associated with accelerating masses. Every machine has some accelerating
parts and dynamic forces are always present when the machines operate. When the dynamic forces
are dominant or comparable with magnitudes of external forces and operating speeds are high
dynamic analysis will be carried out. For example, in rotors which rotates at high speeds in excess
of 80,000 rpm, the slightest eccentricity of the center of mass from the axis of rotation produces
very high dynamic force which may lead to wear, noise or machine failure.
D-Alembert’s Principle
D-Alembert’s principle states that the inertia forces and couples, and the external forces and
torques on a body together give statical equilibrium. Inertia is a property of matter by virtue of
which a body resists any change in its velocity. Inertia force refers to an imaginary force that acts
upon a rigid body to bring it to an equilibrium position. Numerically, it is equivalent to the
accelerating force in magnitude but opposite in direction to the accelerating force. Also, the inertia
torque refers to an imaginary torque, which when applied upon a rigid body brings it to equilibrium
position. However, just like the inertia force, the inertia torque is equal in magnitude to the
accelerating couple but opposite in direction.
Inertia force Fi = −ma
Where m = mass of the body and a = acceleration of the center of mass of the body.
The negative sign indicates that the force acts in the opposite direction to that of the acceleration.
The force acts through the center of mass of the body. Also the inertia couple resists any change
in the angular velocity
Inertia couple Ci = −Iα
Where I = moment of inertia about an axis passing through the center of mass and perpendicular
to the plane of rotation of the body
α = angular acceleration of the body
Let ∑ F = F1 + F2 + F3 + ⋯ Fn = external forces on the body
and ∑ T = Tg1 + Tg2 + Tg3 + ⋯ Tgn = external torques acting about the center of mass G
Based on D’Alembert’s principle, the vector sum of forces and torques (couples) has to be zero,
that is
∑ F + Fi = 0 and ∑ T + Ci = 0
The equations above are similar to those obtained for a body in static equilibrium, that is ∑ F =
0 and ∑ T = 0. This implies that the magnitudes and directions of inertia forces and couples can
be determined and then thy will be treated as static loads on the mechanism. This will reduce
dynamic analysis problems to one requiring static analysis.

Dynamic analysis of Slider-Crank Mechanisms

Analytic approaches for the analysis of the slider-crank mechanism are discussed below:
Velocity and acceleration of a piston
For the slider crank mechanism shown below wherein the crank OA rotates in a clockwise
direction. Let l and r be the lengths of the connecting rod and crank respectively and x =
displacement of piston from the inner dead center (INC). When the crank has turned through an
angle θ from the inner dead center,

8
x = B1 B = BO − B1 O
= BO − (B1 A1 + A1 O)
= (𝑙 + r) − (𝑙 cos β + r cos θ)
= (nr + r) − (nr cos β + r cos θ) Taking 𝑙 ⁄r = n
= r[(n + 1) − (n cos β + cos θ)]
Where cos β = √1 − sin2 β
y2
= √1 − 𝑙2
(r sin θ)2
= √1 − 𝑙2
sin2 θ
= √1 − n2
1 2
= √n − sin2 θ
n
x = r [(n + 1) − (√n2 − sin2 θ + cos θ)]
= r [(n + 1) − (√n2 − sin2 θ + cos θ)]
= r [(1 − cos θ) + (n − √n2 − sin2 θ)]
If the length of connecting rod is very large compared to the crank radius, n2 will be large and the
maximum value of sin2 θ can be unity. Then √n2 − sin2 θ will be approaching √n2 or n and then
x = r(1 − cos θ)
This expression represents the displacement for a simple harmonic motion; therefore, the piston
executes a simple harmonic motion when the connecting rod is very large.

Velocity of Piston
dx dx dθ
v= = .
dt dθ dt
d dθ
= [r{(1 − cos θ) + n − (n2 − sin2 θ)1⁄2 } ]
dθ dt
1 2
= r [(0 + sin θ) + 0 − (n − sin2 θ)−1⁄2 (−2 sin θ cos θ)] ω
2
sin 2θ
= rω [sin θ + ]
2√n2 −sin2 θ
If n is very large compared with sin2 θ,
2
sin 2θ
v = rω [sin θ + ]
2n
sin 2θ
If n is quite large, 2n can be neglected, therefore
v = rω sin θ
Acceleration of Piston

9
 dv dvdθ
a= =
dt dθdt
d sin 2θ
= dθ (rω [sin θ + 2n ]) ω
2cos 2θ
rω [cos θ + ]ω
2n
cos 2θ
rω2 [cos θ + ]
n
When n is very large
a = rω2 cos θ
1
When θ = 0°, at the inner dead center, a = rω2 (1 + n)
1
When θ = 180°, at the outer dead center, a = rω2 (−1 + n)
1
At θ = 180°, when the direction of motion is reversed a = rω2 (n − 1)

Angular velocity and angular acceleration of connecting rod

From the figure earlier shown,

y = 𝑙 sin β = r sin θ
sin θ
sin β = n since n = 𝑙 ⁄r
Differentiating with respect to time
dβ 1 dθ
cos β = cos θ
dt n dt
dβ cos θ
= n cos β ω
dt
cos θ
ωc = ω
1
n. n √n2 − sin2 θ
ωc = angular velocity of connecting rod
cos θ
ωc = ω
√n2 − sin2 θ
If ac = angular accelerating of connecting rod
dω dω dθ
ac = dtc = dθc . dt
d
ω dθ [cos θ(n2 − sin2 θ)−1⁄2 ]ω
1
ω2 [− cos θ 2 (n2 − sin2 θ)−3⁄2 (−2 sin θ cos θ) + ((n2 − sin2 θ)−1⁄2 )(− sin θ)]

cos2 θ−(n2 −sin2 θ)

= ω2 sin θ [ (n2 −sin2 θ)3⁄2
]
2
n −1
ac = −ω2 sin θ [ 2 ]
(n − sin2 θ)3⁄2
The negative sign shows that the sense of angular acceleration of the connecting rod tends to reduce
the angle β. Therefore in the given case, the angular acceleration of the connecting rod is
clockwise.

10
 Engine force analysis
Several forces acts on an engine such as the weight of the reciprocating masses and the connecting
rod, the gas pressure force, forces due to friction and inertia forces due to acceleration and
retardation of engine elements. We will consider the analysis of engine while neglecting the effect
of the weight and the inertia effect of the connecting rod.
i. Piston effect is termed as the net or effective force applied on the piston. In reciprocating
engines, the reciprocating masses accelerate during the first half of the stroke and the inertia
force tends to resist the same. Therefore, the net force on the piston is decreased. During the
latter half of the stroke, the reciprocating masses decelerate and the inertia force opposes this
deceleration or acts in the direction of the applied gas pressure which increases the effective
force on the piston. In vertical engine, the weight of the reciprocating masses assists the piston
during the outstroke (downstroke), thus increasing the piston effort by same amount
If A1 = area of cover end
A2 = area of piston rod end
p1 = pressure on the cover end
p2 = pressure on the piston rod end
Force on the piston due to gas pressure, Fp = p1A1 - p2A2
cos 2θ
Inertia force, Fi = ma = mrω2 (cos θ − n )

The inertia force acts in opposite direction to that of the acceleration of the piston. Therefore
the net effective force on the piston is given by
F = Fp − Fi
When the frictional resistance (Fr ) is considered
Force on the piston F = Fp − Fi − Fr
For a vertical engine, the weight of the reciprocating part also acts, therefore
Force on the piston F = Fp + mg − Fi − Fr
ii. Force (thrust) along connecting rod
If Fc = force in the connecting rod as shown below. We can equate the horizontal components
of the forces

Fc × cos β = F
F
Fc = cos β
iii. Thrust on the cylinder sides:
This represents the normal reaction on the cylinder walls and is represented by
Fn = Fc sin β = F tan β

11
 iv. Crank Effort
Force is exerted on the crank pin due to the force on the piston. Crank effort refers to the net
effort (force) applied at the crank pin perpendicular to the crank which gives the required
turning moment on the crankshaft.
Let Ft = crank effort
Ft × r = Fc r sin(θ + β)
Ft = Fc sin(θ + β)
F
Ft = cos β sin(θ + β)
v. Thrust on bearings
The component Fc along the crank (in the radial direction) produces a thrust on the
crankshaft bearings given by
F
Fr = Fc cos(θ + β) = cos(θ + β)
cos β
Turning Moment on Crankshaft
T = Ft × r
F
= cos β sin(θ + β) × r
Fr
= (sin θ cos β + cos θ sin β)
cos β
1
= Fr (sin θ + cos θ sin β cos β)
sin θ 1
= Fr (sin θ + cos θ 1 )
n √n2 −sin2 θ
n
2 sin θ cos θ
= Fr (sin θ + )
2√n2 −sin2 θ

sin 2θ
= Fr (sin θ + )
2√n2 −sin2 θ
Also, r sin(θ + β) = OD cos β
T = Ft × r
F
T= sin(θ + β)
cos β
F
T = cos β OD cos β
T = F × OD

Example
1. A horizontal gas engine running at 210 rpm has a bore of 220 mm and a stroke of 440 mm.
The connecting rod is 924 mm long and the reciprocating parts weigh 20 kg. When the crank
has turned through an angle of 30° from the inner dead center, the gas pressures on the cover
and the crank sides are 500 kN/m2 and 60 kN/ m2 respectively. Diameter of piston rod is 40
mm. Determine
i. turning moment on the crank shaft
ii. thrust on the bearings
iii. acceleration of the flywheel which has a mass of 8 kg and radius of gyration of 600 mm
while the power of the engine is 22kW

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2. The crank and connecting rod of a vertical petrol engine, running at 1800 rpm are 60 mm and
270 mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is 100 mm and the mass of the reciprocating
parts is 1.2kg. During the expansion stroke when the crank has turned 20° from the top dead
center, the gas pressure is 650 kN/m2. Determine the
i. net force on the piston
ii. load on the gudgeon pin
iii. thrust on the cylinder walls
iv. speed at which gudgeon pin load is reversed in direction

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