Grammar Issues should be Cover
1. Parts of Speech
Nouns (people, places, things)
Nouns (people, places, things)
Pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
Verbs (action words)
Adjectives (describing words)
Adverbs (describe verbs, adjectives)
Prepositions (in, on, at, by, etc.)
Conjunctions (and, but, or, because, although)
Interjections (wow! oh! hey!)
2. Sentence Structure
Subject + Verb + Object
Types of Sentences:
Declarative (statement)
Interrogative (question)
Imperative (command)
Exclamatory (strong feeling)
3. Verb Tenses
Present (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous)
Past (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous)
Future (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous)
4. Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs
Be (am, is, are, was, were)
Have (have, has, had)
Do (do, does, did)
Modal Verbs (can, could, will, would, shall, should, may,
might, must)
5. Articles
Indefinite: a, an
Definite: the
Zero Article
6. Adjectives and Adverbs
Degrees of comparison (tall, taller, tallest)
Adverb placement (usually, always, never, etc.)
7. Questions and Negatives
Yes/No questions
WH- questions (what, where, why, who, how)
Negative sentences with not
8. Prepositions and Time Expressions
Time: in, on, at, since, for, ago
Place: in, on, at, under, between, beside
Movement: into, onto, out of, off
9. Conditionals
Zero Conditional (facts)
First Conditional (real future)
Second Conditional (unreal present/future)
Third Conditional (unreal past)
Mixed conditionals
10. Reported Speech
Statements, questions, commands
11. Passive Voice
Present, past, and future passive (The cake is eaten. The cake
was eaten.)
12. Gerunds and Infinitives
Verbs followed by -ing or to + verb
13. Relative Clauses
Who, which, that
14. Direct and Indirect Speech
🟡 What is a Verb?
A verb is a word that shows an action, a state, or an
occurrence.
Every sentence must have a verb.
Action: eat, run, read, write
State: be, seem, know, believe
Occurrence: happen, become
🔹 Main Types of Verbs
1. Action Verbs (Dynamic Verbs)
Show physical or mental action.
She runs every day.
I think about you.
2. State Verbs (Stative Verbs)
A stative verb describes a state or condition — not an action.
These verbs show:
Emotions
Possession
Thoughts
Senses
Relationships
They usually describe things that:
Do not change quickly
Are not visible actions
Are usually not used in continuous (-ing) form
✅ Examples of Stative Verbs by Category
1. Emotion / Feelings
Love
Hate
Like
Dislike
Want
Need
Prefer
Care
📌 Example: I love this song.
(Not: ❌ I am loving this song – unless you’re using
casual/informal modern English.)
2. Possession
Have
Own
Belong
Possess
📌 Example: She has a new phone.
(Not: ❌ She is having a new phone.)
3. Thought / Opinion
Know
Believe
Understand
Remember
Forget
Think (when it means opinion)
Mean
Agree
Recognize
Doubt
📌 Example: I know the answer.
(Not: ❌ I am knowing the answer.)
4. Senses (when describing, not acting)
See
Hear
Smell
Taste
Feel
📌 Example: This cake tastes good.
(Not: ❌ This cake is tasting good.)
But!
👉 “She is tasting the cake.” (means: she is trying the food)
— This is action, so it’s OK.
3. Linking Verbs
Connect the subject to more information (like an adjective or
noun).
He is tired.
The food smells delicious.
Common linking verbs:
Be, seem, appear, look, feel, become, grow, taste, smell,
sound
4. Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)
An auxiliary verb (also called a helping verb) is used with a
main verb.
📌 They help the main verb — they don’t work alone.
🔹 There are 2 Main Types of Auxiliary Verbs:
🟦 1. Primary Auxiliary Verbs
Primary auxiliary verbs are the 3 main helping verbs used to
form tenses, questions, and negatives.
🔹 They are:
1. Be – (am, is, are, was, were)
She is reading a book.
2 Have – (have, has, had)
They have finished the work.
3.Do – (do, does, did)
I do not like tea.
🟩 2. Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Modals)
Used to show possibility, ability, necessity, permission, etc.
Modal Verb Meaning Example
Can ability She can swim.
Could past ability / possibility I could help you.
May permission / possibility You may go now.
Might small possibility It might rain.
Must necessity / strong advice You must study.
Shall future (formal) We shall begin.
Should advice You should sleep early.
Will future I will call you.
Would polite request / imaginary I would like some tea.
📝 Important Notes:
Auxiliary verbs always come before the main verb.
In questions, the auxiliary verb usually comes before the
subject.
✔️Do you like apples?
✔️Are they coming?
✔️Have you finished?
In negatives, “not” comes after the auxiliary.
✔️She does not like coffee.
✔️They are not ready.
5. Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
Transitive: Needs an object.
I read a book.
Intransitive: Doesn’t need an object.
She sleeps.
Some verbs can be both:
He runs (intransitive).
He runs a business (transitive).
