Professional Education 4.) Mr.
Reyes analyzes students’ scores in a reading
comprehension assessment to adjust her teaching
1.) Teacher Carol is developing a lesson plan for Grade strategies. Which role is he performing?
8 Araling Panlipunan based on the Department of
Education’s curriculum standards. What is her primary A. Delivering a lesson about Filipino literature
responsibility as a curriculum planner? B. Evaluating student performance to improve
instruction
A. Delivering the lesson using multimedia presentations C. Planning next week’s lesson on poetry
B. Determining key learning competencies from D. Administering a school-wide survey on student interests
DepEd’s MELCs
C. Administering quizzes to measure learning retention Rationale: Assessment results inform instructional
D. Assigning group work without clear learning goals adjustments, ensuring effective learning.
Rationale: Curriculum planning involves identifying Teachers as Curriculum Evaluators
essential learning competencies as outlined by DepEd • Assessing students’ mastery of MELCs through formative
before designing activities or assessments. and summative assessments
Teachers as Curriculum Planners 5.) The emphasis of the K-12 curriculum on experiential
• Role of teachers in designing lessons that align with learning, where students engage in hands-on activities
MELCs (Most Essential Learning Competencies) and real-life applications, reflects the educational
philosophy of which theorist?
2.) Mr. Santiago is designing a senior high school
Science, Technology, and Society (STS) curriculum that A. John Dewey
integrates local innovations. Which best reflects his B. Jerome Bruner
role as a curriculum designer? C. Paulo Freire
D. Lev Vygotsky
A. Conducting an experiment about global technological
advances Rationale: John Dewey’s experiential learning aligns with
B. Selecting and organizing content to highlight Filipino the K to 12 system’s focus on hands-on activities, real-world
scientific contributions applications, and civic responsibility.
C. Grading students’ reports on technology
D. Asking students to research an international scientist Key Personalities and Contributions – Learning
Theories
Rationale: Curriculum designers ensure that learning • Jean Piaget – Theory of Cognitive Development
materials are structured effectively and contextualized • Lev Vygotsky – Socio-cultural Theory of Learning
within the Philippine setting. • Jerome Bruner – Spiral progression, discovery learning
• Howard Gardner – Multiple intelligence
Teachers as Curriculum Designers • Robert Gagné – Conditions of Learning Theory, Nine
• Structuring lessons (e.g., contextualized learning) Events of Instruction
3.) Teacher Maria is using mother tongue-based Key Personalities and Contributions – Curriculum &
instruction in her Grade 1 classroom, as mandated by Instruction
DepEd. Which role is she fulfilling? • Benjamin Bloom – Taxonomy of higher-order thinking
skills
A. Curriculum Planner • Ralph Tyler – Objective-centered model of curriculum
B. Curriculum Designer • Hilda Taba – Inductive or grassroots model of curriculum
C. Curriculum Implementer • Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe – Understanding by
D. Curriculum Evaluator Design (UbD), backward design
Rationale: She applies DepEd’s curriculum by using the Key Personalities and Contributions – Pedagogy
prescribed instructional approach. • John Dewey – Experiential learning, progressive
education
Teachers as Curriculum Implementers • Paulo Freire – Critical pedagogy
• Executing planned lessons in alignment with DepEd’s • Maria Montessori – Self-directed learning among children
pedagogical approaches • Maxine Greene – Aesthetic education
Key Personalities and Contributions – Behaviorism
• John B. Watson – Observable behavior, role of
conditioning in learning
6.) A school evaluates its senior high school program 7.) A vocational training center offers a curriculum for
by comparing student achievements with DepEd’s automotive mechanics. The evaluation examines
expected competencies. What type of evaluation is whether the curriculum aligns with the local job
this? market's demands and whether it adapts to changes,
such as the introduction of electric vehicles. Which
A. Diagnostic curriculum evaluation model best fits this situation?
B. Formative
C. Summative A. Tyler’s Model
D. Norm-referenced B. CIPP Model
C. Congruence-Contingency Model
Rationale: Summative evaluation measures overall D. Connoisseurship Model
effectiveness of curriculum implementation.
Rationale: Local job market's demands (congruence);
Curriculum Evaluation introduction of electric vehicles (contingency).
• Curriculum evaluation assesses the effectiveness of a
curriculum in achieving its goals 8.) An experienced educator evaluates a literature
➢ Improve curriculum design and implementation course. Through classroom observation and reviewing
➢ Promote continuous improvement in teaching and student work, they use their expertise to assess the
learning richness of discussions, the depth of literary
➢ Ensure quality education analysis, and the overall quality of instruction. Their
➢ Inform decision-making for stakeholders report provides nuanced insights into the course's
• Alignment of assessments with DepEd’s MELCs, CHED’s strengths and areas for improvement.
Outcomes-Based Education (OBE), and TESDA’s Which evaluation model is this?
competency-based education and training.
A. Tyler’s Model
B. CIPP Model
Model Proponent Elements Description
C. Stake’s Responsive Model
D. Connoisseurship Model
Objectives,
Evaluates how
Learning
Tyler’s Objective-
Ralph Tyler Experiences,
well objectives Rationale: Connoisseurship Model relies on expert
Centered are achieved.
Organization, evaluation to appreciate the finer details of the curriculum.
Evaluation
Comprehensive 9.) It renamed the Department of Education, Culture,
Context, Input,
CIPP Model
Daniel
Process,
evaluation and Sports (DECS) to the Department of Education
Stufflebeam from planning
Product
to outcomes. (DepEd) and decentralized authority to schools and
local offices to improve accountability and decision-
Stakeholder making.
Focuses on
concerns,
Stake’s addressing
Robert Stake Feedback loops
Responsive stakeholders’
Real-world
concerns. A. RA 4670
relevance
B. RA 10533
Assesses C. RA 9155
Congruence
alignment of D. RA 7836
(alignment),
Congruence- Malcolm curriculum with
Contingency
Contingency Provus the external
(situational
factors)
environment Rationale: RA 9155 established a framework for
and context.
governance in basic education.
Relies on
Qualitative
analysis, Expert
expert 10.) A 25-year-old single mother who dropped out of
evaluation to
Connoisseurship Elliot Eisner judgment,
appreciate the high school to support her family wants to complete
Artistic
perspective
finer details of her education. She works during the day and cannot
the curriculum.
attend regular school hours. What DepEd program
would be most suitable for her?
A. Regular formal high school
B. Special Education (SPED) program
C. Alternative Learning System (ALS)
D. School-Based Feeding Program
Legal Bases Trends in Philippine Education
• 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV: Education, • Outcome-based Education (OBE) – achieving broader
Science, and Technology) and measurable learning outcomes, backward design
• Republic Act 7722 (Higher Education Act of 1994) • Competency-based education – mastering specific skills
• Republic Act 7796 (Technical Education and Skills and knowledge
Development Act of 1994) • 21st century skills – communication, collaboration,
• Republic Act 9155 (Governance of Basic Education Act critical thinking, creativity
of 2001) • ASEAN Integration – regional identity, mobility, and
• Republic Act 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act of cooperation, mutual recognition, harmonization of curricula,
2013) English-language proficiency
• DepEd Memorandum Order No. 31, s. 2012 (Policy • Indigenous People’s education – indigenous rights,
Guidelines on the Implementation of Grades 1 to 10 of the knowledge systems, practices, Mother Tongue-Based
K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum) Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE)
• CHED Memorandum Order No. 20, s. 2013 (General • Localization – contextualization, community partnerships
Education Curriculum) and involvement
• CHED Memorandum Order No. 75, s. 2017 (Policy • Multicultural education – intercultural understanding and
Guidelines for Bachelor of Secondary Education) respect
• CHED Memorandum Order No. 104, s. 2017 (Policies • Inclusive education – education for all learners (EFA)
and guidelines for Student Internship Programs in the regardless of ability, accessible facilities and resources
Philippines) • Differentiated curriculum – total group, alone, paired,
• DepEd Memorandum Order No. 10. s. 2024 (Policy small group (TAPS)
Guidelines on the Implementation of MATATAG Curriculum) • Global citizenship – human rights, social justice,
intercultural competence
Notable DepEd Programs • Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) – SDGs
4, 5, and 10
• Brigada Eskwela – cleaning, repairing, and beautifying • Technology integration and digitalization – ODL, CAI,
school facilities, creating a safe and conducive learning LMS, OERs, AI, online libraries, teleconferencing, e-books,
environment. online libraries, etc.
• Alternative Learning System (ALS) – flexible,
non-formal education opportunities for out-of-school Issues in Philippine Education
children, youth, and adults who cannot access or have not
completed formal basic education. • Second Congressional Commission on Education
• Gulayan sa Paaralan Program – establishment of school (EDCOM II)
gardens to promote food security, nutrition, and ➢ Learning gaps
environmental awareness among students. ➢ Low retention rate
• School-Based Feeding Program – addresses the ➢ Malnutrition
nutritional needs of undernourished students in public ➢ Textbook shortages
schools. ➢ Infrastructure deficits
• Oplan Balik Eskwela – addresses logistical challenges, ➢ Private vs. public education
such as enrollment, resource distribution, and information ➢ Teacher quality and development
dissemination.
• Special Education (SPED) Program – caters to learners • Programme for International Student Assessment
with special needs, providing them with appropriate (PISA)
educational services and support. ➢ Filipino students often struggle with understanding and
• Every Child A Reader Program (ECARP) – aims to interpreting texts.
improve literacy among early grade learners. ➢ There are gaps in mathematical skills and
problem-solving abilities.
11.) Which current trend emphasizes providing ➢ Students demonstrate difficulties in applying scientific
equitable access and opportunities for all learners? concepts to real-
world situations.
A. Homogenization
B. Inclusivity • Southeast Asia Primary Learning Metrics (SEA-PLM)
C. Indigenization ➢ Below-Average Learning outcomes
D. Differentiation ➢ Language barriers
➢ Teacher and school factors
Rationale: Education for All (EFA) promotes inclusivity ➢ Family and socioeconomic factors
